Thallium(I) chloride: Difference between revisions

Thallium(I) chloride
Names
	IUPAC names Thallium monochloride; Thallium(I) chloride
	Other names Thallous chloride
Identifiers
CAS Number	7791-12-0 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:37117 ;
ChemSpider	23044 ;
DrugBank	DB09316;
ECHA InfoCard	100.029.311
EC Number	232-241-4;
PubChem CID	24642;
UNII	37CB58V15B ;
UN number	2811 1707
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID6024333 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/ClH.Tl/h1H;/q;+1/p-1 Key: GBECUEIQVRDUKB-UHFFFAOYSA-M ; InChI=1/ClH.Tl/h1H;/q;+1/p-1 Key: GBECUEIQVRDUKB-REWHXWOFAE;
	SMILES Cl[Tl];
Properties
Chemical formula	TlCl
Molar mass	239.836 g/mol
Appearance	white, odorless crystalline solid
Density	7.0 g/cm3
Melting point	431 °C (808 °F; 704 K)
Boiling point	720 °C (1,328 °F; 993 K)
Solubility in water	3.3 g/L (25 °C)
Solubility	insoluble in alcohol
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−57.8·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)	2.247 (0.59 µm); 2.198 (0.75 µm); 2.145 (1 µm); 1.891 (5 µm); 2.193 (20 µm)
Structure
Crystal structure	CsCl, cP2
Space group	Pm3m, No. 221
Lattice constant	a = 0.38416 nm
Lattice volume (V)	0.0567 nm3
Formula units (Z)	1
Coordination geometry	Cubic (Tl+); Cubic (Cl−)
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H300, H330, H373, H411
Precautionary statements	P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P284, P301+P310, P304+P340, P310, P314, P320, P321, P330, P391, P403+P233, P405, P501
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	24 mg/kg, oral, mouse
Safety data sheet (SDS)	http://www.crystran.co.uk/uploads/files/178.pdf
Related compounds
Other anions	Thallium(I) fluoride; Thallium(I) bromide; Thallium(I) iodide
Other cations	Thallium(III) chloride; Silver(I) chloride; Lead(II) chloride
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

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Thallium(I) chloride, also known as thallous chloride, is a chemical compound with the formula TlCl. This colourless salt is an intermediate in the isolation of thallium from its ores. Typically, an acidic solution of thallium(I) sulfate is treated with hydrochloric acid to precipitate insoluble thallium(I) chloride. This solid crystallizes in the caesium chloride motif.^[5]

The low solubility of TlCl is exploited in chemical synthesis: treatment of metal chloride complexes with TlPF₆, gives the corresponding metal hexafluorophosphate derivative. The resulting TlCl precipitate is separated by filtration of the reaction mixture. The overall methodology is similar to the use of AgPF₆, except that Tl⁺ is much less oxidizing.

The crystalline structure is of cubic caesium chloride type at room temperature, but it lowers to the orthorhombic thallium iodide type upon cooling, the transition temperature being likely affected by the impurities.^[6] Nanometer-thin TlCl films grown on KBr substrates exhibit a rocksalt structure, while the films deposited on mica or NaCl are of the regular CsCl type.^[7]

A very rare mineral lafossaite, Tl(Cl,Br), is a natural form of thallium(I) chloride.^[8]

Thallium(I) chloride, like all thallium compounds, is highly toxic, although its low solubility limits its toxicity.^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Haynes, p. 4.94
^ Haynes, p. 4.135
^ Haynes, p. 10.242
^ Müürsepp, T.; Haav, A. (1974). "X-ray diffraction study of the systems TlI-CsI, TlI-RbI, and TlI-Tl Cl". Physica Status Solidi A. 21 (2): K81. Bibcode:1974PSSAR..21...81M. doi:10.1002/pssa.2210210251.
^ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. Inorganic Chemistry. Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
^ Blackman, M; Khan, I H (1961). "The Polymorphism of Thallium and Other Halides at Low Temperatures". Proceedings of the Physical Society. 77 (2): 471. Bibcode:1961PPS....77..471B. doi:10.1088/0370-1328/77/2/331.
^ Schulz, L. G. (1951). "Polymorphism of cesium and thallium halides". Acta Crystallographica. 4 (6): 487–489. Bibcode:1951AcCry...4..487S. doi:10.1107/S0365110X51001641.
^ Lafossaite. Mindat.org
^ Thallium Chloride Material Safety Data Sheet Archived 2019-04-01 at the Wayback Machine. espimetals.com

Cited sources

Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 1-4398-5511-0.

[r1-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Haynes, p. 4.94

[2] Haynes, p. 4.135

[3] Haynes, p. 10.242

[str2-4] Müürsepp, T.; Haav, A. (1974). "X-ray diffraction study of the systems TlI-CsI, TlI-RbI, and TlI-Tl Cl". Physica Status Solidi A. 21 (2): K81. Bibcode:1974PSSAR..21...81M. doi:10.1002/pssa.2210210251.

[5] Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. Inorganic Chemistry. Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.

[6] Blackman, M; Khan, I H (1961). "The Polymorphism of Thallium and Other Halides at Low Temperatures". Proceedings of the Physical Society. 77 (2): 471. Bibcode:1961PPS....77..471B. doi:10.1088/0370-1328/77/2/331.

[str-7] Schulz, L. G. (1951). "Polymorphism of cesium and thallium halides". Acta Crystallographica. 4 (6): 487–489. Bibcode:1951AcCry...4..487S. doi:10.1107/S0365110X51001641.

[8] Lafossaite. Mindat.org

[9] Thallium Chloride Material Safety Data Sheet Archived 2019-04-01 at the Wayback Machine. espimetals.com

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{chembox
+| Verifiedfields = changed
-| verifiedrevid = 447133598
+| Watchedfields = changed
-|   Name = Thallium(I) chloride
+| verifiedrevid = 470605497
-|   ImageFileL1 = Thallium(I)-chloride-3D-SF-C.png
+| Name = Thallium(I) chloride
-|   ImageFileR1 = CsCl polyhedra.png
+| ImageFileL1 = Thallium(I)-chloride-3D-SF-C.png
-<!-- | ImageSize1 = 200px -->
+| ImageFileR1 = CsCl polyhedra.png
-|   ImageFile2 = Thallium(I) chloride.jpg
-|   IUPACName = Thallium monochloride<br/>Thallium(I) chloride
+| ImageFile2 = Thallium(I) chloride.jpg
+| ImageSize2 = 240px
-|   OtherNames = Thallous chloride
+| IUPACName = Thallium monochloride<br/>Thallium(I) chloride
-| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
+| OtherNames = Thallous chloride
-|   ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
+|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
+| CASNo = 7791-12-0
+| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
+| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
+| ChEBI = 37117
+| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
 | ChemSpiderID = 23044
+| DrugBank = DB09316
+| EC_number = 232-241-4
+| UNNumber = 2811 1707
+| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
+| UNII = 37CB58V15B
+| PubChem = 24642
 | InChI = 1/ClH.Tl/h1H;/q;+1/p-1
 | InChIKey = GBECUEIQVRDUKB-REWHXWOFAE
-| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
-| ChEBI = 37117
-| SMILES = Cl[Tl]
 | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
 | StdInChI = 1S/ClH.Tl/h1H;/q;+1/p-1
 | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
 | StdInChIKey = GBECUEIQVRDUKB-UHFFFAOYSA-M
-| CASNo = 7791-12-0
+| SMILES = Cl[Tl]
-|    CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
-| PubChem = 24642
   }}
-| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
+|Section2={{Chembox Properties
-|   Formula = TlCl
+| Formula = TlCl
-|   MolarMass = 239.82 g/mol
+| MolarMass = 239.836 g/mol<ref name=r1>Haynes, p. 4.94</ref>
-|   Appearance = white, odorless crystalline solid
+| Appearance = white, odorless crystalline solid<ref name=r1/>
-|   Density = 7.004 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (20 °C)
+| Density = 7.0 g/cm<sup>3</sup><ref name=r1/>
+| Solubility = 3.3 g/L (25 °C)<ref name=r1/>
-|   Solubility = 0.29 g/100 mL (15.5 °C) <br> 0.318 g/100 mL (20 °C) <br> 2.41 g/100 mL (100 °C) <ref>Pradyot Patnaik. ''Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals''. McGraw-Hill, 2002, ISBN 0-07-049439-8</ref>
-|   SolubleOther = insoluble in [[alcohol]], [[acetone]], [[ammonium hydroxide|NH<sub>4</sub>OH]]
+| SolubleOther = insoluble in [[ethanol|alcohol]]<ref name=r1/>
-|   MeltingPtC = 430
+| MeltingPtC = 431
-|   BoilingPtC = 720
+| BoilingPtC = 720
+| MeltingPt_ref = <ref name=r1/>
-|    Boiling_notes = decomp
+| BoilingPt_ref = <ref name=r1/>
-|   RefractIndex = 2.247
+| RefractIndex = 2.247 (0.59 µm)<br>2.198 (0.75 µm)<br>2.145 (1 µm)<br>1.891 (5 µm)<br>2.193 (20 µm)<ref>Haynes, p. 10.242</ref>
+| MagSus = &minus;57.8·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol<ref>Haynes, p. 4.135</ref>
   }}
-| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
+|Section3={{Chembox Structure
+| CrystalStruct = [[Caesium chloride|CsCl]], [[Pearson symbol|cP2]]
-|   ExternalMSDS = http://www.crystran.co.uk/uploads/files/178.pdf
+| SpaceGroup = Pm{{overline|3}}m, No. 221<ref name=str2>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/pssa.2210210251|title=X-ray diffraction study of the systems TlI-CsI, TlI-RbI, and TlI-Tl ''Cl''|journal=Physica Status Solidi A|volume=21|issue=2|pages=K81|year=1974|last1=Müürsepp|first1=T.|last2=Haav|first2=A.|bibcode=1974PSSAR..21...81M}}</ref>
-|   EUIndex = 081-002-00-9
+| LattConst_a = 0.38416 nm
-|   EUClass = Very toxic ('''T+''')<br/>Dangerous for the environment ('''N''')
+| UnitCellFormulas = 1
-|   RPhrases = {{R26/28}}, {{R33}}, {{R51/53}}
+| UnitCellVolume =0.0567 nm<sup>3</sup>
-|   SPhrases = {{S1/2}}, {{S13}}, {{S28}}, {{S45}}, {{S61}}
+| Coordination = Cubic (Tl<sup>+</sup>)<br/>Cubic (Cl<sup>−</sup>)
-|   NFPA-H =
-|   NFPA-F =
-|   NFPA-R =
-|   NFPA-O =
-|   LD50 = 24 mg/kg, oral, mouse
   }}
-| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
+|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
+| ExternalSDS = http://www.crystran.co.uk/uploads/files/178.pdf
-|   OtherAnions = [[Thallium(I) fluoride]]<br/>[[Thallium(I) bromide]]<br/>[[Thallium(I) iodide]]
+| GHSPictograms = {{GHS06}}{{GHS08}}{{GHS09}}
-|   OtherCations = [[Thallium(III) chloride]]<br/>[[Silver(I) chloride]]<br/>[[Lead(II) chloride]]
+| GHSSignalWord = Danger
+| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|300|330|373|411}}
+| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|260|264|270|271|273|284|301+310|304+340|310|314|320|321|330|391|403+233|405|501}}
+| NFPA-H =
+| NFPA-F =
+| NFPA-R =
+| NFPA-S =
+| LD50 = 24 mg/kg, oral, mouse
+  }}
+|Section8={{Chembox Related
+| OtherAnions = [[Thallium(I) fluoride]]<br/>[[Thallium(I) bromide]]<br/>[[Thallium(I) iodide]]
+| OtherCations = [[Thallium(III) chloride]]<br/>[[Silver(I) chloride]]<br/>[[Lead(II) chloride]]
   }}
 }}
-'''Thallium(I) chloride''' is the [[chemical compound]] with the formula [[Thallium|Tl]][[Chlorine|Cl]]. This colourless solid is an intermediate in the isolation of thallium from its ores.  Typically, an acidic solution of [[thallium(I) sulfate]] is treated with [[hydrochloric acid]] to precipitate insoluble thallium(I) chloride.  This solid crystallizes in the [[caesium chloride]] motif.<ref>Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.</ref>
+'''Thallium(I) chloride''', also known as '''thallous chloride''', is a [[chemical compound]] with the formula TlCl. This colourless salt is an intermediate in the isolation of [[thallium]] from its ores.  Typically, an acidic solution of [[thallium(I) sulfate]] is treated with [[hydrochloric acid]] to precipitate insoluble thallium(I) [[chloride]]. This solid crystallizes in the [[caesium chloride]] motif.<ref>Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. ''Inorganic Chemistry''. Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. {{ISBN|0-12-352651-5}}.</ref>
 The low solubility of TlCl is exploited in chemical synthesis: treatment of metal chloride [[coordination chemistry|complexes]] with TlPF<sub>6</sub>, gives the corresponding metal [[hexafluorophosphate]] derivative.   The resulting TlCl precipitate is separated by filtration of the reaction mixture.  The overall methodology is similar to the use of AgPF<sub>6</sub>, except that Tl<sup>+</sup> is much less oxidizing.
-The crystalline structure is of cubic [[Caesium chloride|CsCl]] type at room temperature, but it lowers to the [[orthorombic]] [[Thallium(I) iodide|thallium iodide]] type upon cooling, the transition temperature being likely affected by the impurities.<ref>M Blackman et al "The Polymorphism of Thallium and Other Halides at Low Temperatures" [http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0370-1328/77/2/331 Proc. Phys. Soc. 77 (1961) 471]</ref><ref>A-V Mudring "Thallium Halides – New Aspects of the Stereochemical Activity of Electron Lone Pairs of Heavier Main-Group Elements" [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/114066398/abstract Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 6 (2007) 882]</ref><ref>R. P. Lowndes and C. H. Perry "Molecular structure and anharmonicity in thallium iodide" [http://link.aip.org/link/?JCPSA6/58/271/1 J. Chem. Phys. 58, 271 (1973)]</ref>
+The crystalline structure is of cubic caesium chloride type at room temperature, but it lowers to the [[orthorhombic]] [[Thallium(I) iodide|thallium iodide]] type upon cooling, the transition temperature being likely affected by the impurities.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1088/0370-1328/77/2/331|title=The Polymorphism of Thallium and Other Halides at Low Temperatures|journal=Proceedings of the Physical Society|volume=77|issue=2|pages=471|year=1961|last1=Blackman|first1=M|last2=Khan|first2=I H|bibcode=1961PPS....77..471B}}</ref> Nanometer-thin TlCl films grown on KBr substrates exhibit a [[rocksalt]] structure, while the films deposited on [[mica]] or NaCl are of the regular CsCl type.<ref name=str>{{cite journal|doi=10.1107/S0365110X51001641|title=Polymorphism of cesium and thallium halides|journal=Acta Crystallographica|volume=4|issue=6|pages=487–489|year=1951|last1=Schulz|first1=L. G.|bibcode=1951AcCry...4..487S }}</ref>
-A very rare mineral lafossaite, Tl(Cl,Br), is a natural form of thallium(I) chloride.<ref>http://www.mindat.org/min-27521.html</ref>
+A very rare mineral [[lafossaite]], {{chem2|Tl(Cl,Br)}}, is a natural form of thallium(I) chloride.<ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-27521.html Lafossaite]. Mindat.org</ref>
-Thallium(I) chloride, like all thallium compounds, is highly toxic, although its insolubility limits its toxicity to a degree.
+Thallium(I) chloride, like all thallium compounds, is highly toxic, although its low solubility limits its toxicity.<ref>[http://www.espimetals.com/index.php/722-msds/thallium-chloride/738-thallium-chloride Thallium Chloride Material Safety Data Sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401160424/http://espimetals.com/index.php/722-msds/thallium-chloride/738-thallium-chloride |date=2019-04-01 }}. espimetals.com</ref>
 ==References==
 {{reflist}}
+==Cited sources==
+{{Commons category}}
+*{{RubberBible92nd}}
 {{Thallium compounds}}
+{{Chlorides}}
 [[Category:Chlorides]]
-[[Category:Thallium compounds]]
+[[Category:Thallium(I) compounds]]
 [[Category:Metal halides]]
-[[Category:Inorganic compound stubs]]
+[[Category:Caesium chloride crystal structure]]
-{{inorganic-compound-stub}}
-[[ar:كلوريد ثاليوم أحادي]]
-[[de:Thallium(I)-chlorid]]
-[[fa:کلرید تالیم(I)]]
-[[ja:塩化タリウム(I)]]
-[[ru:Хлорид таллия(I)]]
-[[simple:Thallium(I) chloride]]