Glycemia: Difference between revisions

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Glycemia is the presence or level of glucose in the blood. Derived words include:

Dysglycemia, an abnormal level of glucose in the blood
- Aglycemia, the absence of glucose in the blood
- Hyperglycemia, an abnormally high level of glucose in the blood
- Hypoglycemia, an abnormally low level of glucose in the blood
Euglycemia or normoglycemia, a normal level of glucose in the blood
Glycemic, relating to glycemia

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Glycemia.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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+{{wiktionary}}
-'''Glycemia''' is the concentration of [[glucose]] in the [[blood]]. It is usually expressed in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl)] in the US and other countries. It may also be expressed in millimol per decilitre (mmol/dl) especially in Europe. Both of these are SI units. It is one of the most important controlled variables in the internal milieu of animals ([[homeostasis]]), as it was first proposed by [[France|French]] [[physiologist]] [[Claude Bernard]] (1813-1878).
+'''Glycemia''' is the presence or [[Blood sugar level|level]] of glucose in the blood. Derived words include:
+* [[Dysglycemia]], an abnormal level of glucose in the blood
+** Aglycemia, the absence of glucose in the blood
+** [[Hyperglycemia]], an abnormally high level of glucose in the blood
+** [[Hypoglycemia]], an abnormally low level of glucose in the blood
+* Euglycemia or normoglycemia, a normal level of glucose in the blood
+* [[Glycemic]], relating to glycemia
+{{disambiguation}}
-==Physiological regulation==
-Glycemia is controlled by several [[physiology|physiological]] processes. It tends to fluctuate to higher levels after meals, due to the [[stomach|gastric]] and [[intestinal]] [[absorption (digestive)|absorption]] of [[carbohydrate]]s of low [[molecular weight]] present in the [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] or broken down from other kinds of [[foodstuff]]s, such as [[starch]]es ([[polysaccharide]]s), and to lower levels with usage by [[cell metabolism]], particularly after [[stress (medicine)|stress]], [[temperature regulation]] and [[exercise|physical exhertion]]. Another input to glycemia levels is [[gluconeogenesis]], whereby [[glycogen]] stored in the [[liver]] and [[skeletal muscle]]s, or [[aminoacid]]s and [[lipid]]s are converted to glucose via several metabolic chains. Excess glucose is converted to glycogen or to [[triglyceride]]s for energy storage.
-Glucose is the most important source of metabolic energy for the majority of [[cell (biology)|cells]], particularly for some cells (e.g., [[neuron]]s and [[erythrocyte]]s) which are almost totally dependent on it. The [[brain]], requires a fairly stable glycemia in order to function normally. Concentrations of less than about 30 mg/dl or greater than about 300 mg/dl can produce [[confusion]], [[unconsciousness]] and [[convulsion]]s.
-Several [[hormones]] are involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism, such as [[insulin]], [[glucagon]] (secreted by the [[pancreas]]), [[adrenalin]] (secreted by the [[adrenal gland]]s), [[glucocorticoids]] and [[steroid hormones]] (secreted by the [[gonads]] and adrenal glands).
-==Measurement==
-For clinical evaluation purposes, there are two ways of measuring glycemia:
-* Fasting glycemia: measured in a blood sample taken after 8 hours of complete [[fasting]];
-* Blood [[glucose tolerance test]] (OGTT): measured in several blood samples taken at intervals following a given glucose load (oral intake of endovenous injection).
-In certain conditions, it is recommended that [[blood glucose monitoring]] be performed regularly, usually by the patient himself, who is trained to do a digital [[venipuncture]] and use a small portable [[glucometer]] device to evaluate glycemia levels instantly.
-Glycemia fluctuates physiologically within a narrow range. Excessively low levels (e.g. a fasting glycemia of 70 mg/dl or below) are classed as [[hypoglycemia]]. These may result from poor diet, or as a side effect of [[diabetes]] medication.  Excessively high levels (e.g., 250 mg/dl or more) are classed as [[hyperglycemia]] and are a particular threat to [[diabetes]] sufferers.
-* 70-100 mg/dl: Normal
-* 101-125 mg/dl: Impaired fasting glucose
-* 126 mg/dl and above: Risk of diabetes
-==Abnormal values==
-Many forms of severe stress and [[Physical trauma|trauma]], [[stroke]], [[heart attack]], and [[surgery]] can temporarily increase glucose levels. Glycemia can also be increased by certain  [[Medication|drugs]] such as [[antidepressants]], [[corticosteroids]], [[diuretics]], [[estrogen]]s, [[lithium]], [[phenotiazine]], [[phenytoin]] and [[salicilate]]s, or decreased by others, such as [[acetaminophen]], [[alcohol]], [[steroids]], [[clofibrate]], [[gemfibrozil]].
-However, the disease most directly associated to chronic increase of glycemia is [[diabetes mellitus]], due to a decrease in the secretion of insulin, excess of its breakdown or decreased capacity of cells to transport it across its [[cell membrane|membranes]] ([[insulin resistance]]).
-==See also==
-* [[Hypoglycemia]]
-* [[Hyperglycemia]]
-* [[Glucose]]
-* [[Diabetes]]
-==External links==
-* [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003482.htm Glucose test]. Medline Plus.
-* [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003438.htm Blood glucose monitoring]. Medline Plus.
-* [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003466.htm Glucose tolerance test]. Medline Plus.
-[[Category:Medical tests]]
-[[Category:Physiology]]
-[[es:Glucemia]]
-[[it:Glicemia]]
-[[pt:Glicemia]]