BOOMERanG experiment: Difference between revisions

BOOMERanG experiment
	The telescope being readied for launch
Alternative names	Balloon Observations Of Millimetric Extragalactic Radiation and Geophysics
Location(s)	Antarctica
Telescope style	balloon-borne telescope; cosmic microwave background experiment; radio telescope
Website	cmb.phys.cwru.edu/boomerang/
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BOOMERanG experiment (Balloon Observations Of Millimetric Extragalactic Radiation And Geophysics) was an experiment that flew a telescope on a (high-altitude) balloon and measured the cosmic microwave background radiation of a part of the sky during three sub-orbital flights. It was the first experiment to make large, high-fidelity images of the CMB temperature anisotropies, and is best known for the discovery in 2000 that the geometry of the universe is close to flat,^[1] with similar results from the competing MAXIMA experiment.

By using a telescope which flew at over 42,000 meters high, it was possible to reduce the atmospheric absorption of microwaves to a minimum. This allowed massive cost reduction compared to a satellite probe, though only a tiny part of the sky could be scanned.

The first was a test flight over North America in 1997. In the two subsequent flights in 1998 and 2003 the balloon was launched from McMurdo Station in the Antarctic. It was carried by the Polar vortex winds in a circle around the South Pole, returning after two weeks. From this phenomenon the telescope took its name.

The BOOMERanG team was led by Andrew E. Lange of Caltech and Paolo de Bernardis of the University of Rome La Sapienza.^[2]

Instrumentation

The experiment uses bolometers^[3] for radiation detection. These bolometers are kept at a temperature of 0.27 kelvin. At this temperature the material has a very low heat capacity according to the Debye law, thus incoming microwave light will cause a large temperature change, proportional to the intensity of the incoming waves, which is measured with sensitive thermometers.

An off-axis 1.3-meter primary mirror^[3] focuses the microwaves onto the focal plane, which consist of 16 horns. These horns, operating at 145 GHz, 245 GHz and 345 GHz, are arranged into 8 pixels. Only a tiny fraction of the sky can be seen concurrently, so the telescope must rotate to scan the whole field of view.

Results

Together with experiments like the Saskatoon experiment, MAT/TOCO, MAXIMA, and others, the BOOMERanG data from 1997 and 1998 determined the angular diameter distance to the surface of last scattering with high precision. When combined with complementary data regarding the value of Hubble's constant, the Boomerang data determined the geometry of the Universe to be flat,^[1] supporting the supernova evidence for the existence of dark energy. The 2003 flight of Boomerang resulted in extremely high signal-to-noise ratio maps of the CMB temperature anisotropy, and a measurement of the polarization of the CMB.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b de Bernardis, P.; et al. (27 April 2000). "A Flat Universe from High-Resolution Maps of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation". Nature. 404 (6781): 955–959. arXiv:astro-ph/0004404. Bibcode:2000Natur.404..955D. doi:10.1038/35010035. PMID 10801117. S2CID 4412370.
^ Glanz, James (27 April 2000). "Clearest Picture of Infant Universe Sees It All and Questions It, Too". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-02-23.
^ ^a ^b Crill, B. P.; et al. (October 2003). "BOOMERANG: A Balloon-borne Millimeter Wave Telescope and Total Power Receiver for Mapping Anisotropy in the Cosmic Microwave Background". Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 148 (2): 527–541. arXiv:astro-ph/0206254. Bibcode:2003ApJS..148..527C. doi:10.1086/376894. S2CID 545283.
^ MacTavish, C. J.; et al. (August 2006). "Cosmological Parameters from the 2003 Flight of BOOMERANG". Astrophysical Journal. 647 (2): 799–812. arXiv:astro-ph/0507503. Bibcode:2006ApJ...647..799M. doi:10.1086/505558. S2CID 18690323.

External links

[Nature_27Apr00-1] Bernardis, P.; et al. (27 April 2000). "A Flat Universe from High-Resolution Maps of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation". Nature. 404 (6781): 955–959. arXiv:astro-ph/0004404. Bibcode:2000Natur.404..955D. doi:10.1038/35010035. PMID 10801117. S2CID 4412370.

[NYT_27Apr00-2] Glanz, James (27 April 2000). "Clearest Picture of Infant Universe Sees It All and Questions It, Too". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-02-23.

[Crill-3] Crill, B. P.; et al. (October 2003). "BOOMERANG: A Balloon-borne Millimeter Wave Telescope and Total Power Receiver for Mapping Anisotropy in the Cosmic Microwave Background". Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 148 (2): 527–541. arXiv:astro-ph/0206254. Bibcode:2003ApJS..148..527C. doi:10.1086/376894. S2CID 545283.

[MacTavish-4] MacTavish, C. J.; et al. (August 2006). "Cosmological Parameters from the 2003 Flight of BOOMERANG". Astrophysical Journal. 647 (2): 799–812. arXiv:astro-ph/0507503. Bibcode:2006ApJ...647..799M. doi:10.1086/505558. S2CID 18690323.

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+{{Short description|High-altitude balloon package measuring the universe's geometry}}
-[[Image:Boomerang Telescope.jpeg|thumb|300px|right|The Telescope being readied for launch]]
+{{Infobox telescope}}
-The '''BOOMERanG experiment''' ('''B'''alloon '''O'''bservations '''O'''f '''M'''illimetric '''E'''xtragalactic '''R'''adiation '''an'''d '''G'''eophysics) measured the [[cosmic microwave background radiation]] of a part of the sky during three sub-orbital ([[high altitude balloon|high altitude]]) [[balloon]] flights. It was the first experiment to make large, high fidelity images of the CMB temperature anisotropies. By using a telescope which flew at over 42,000 meters high, it was possible to reduce the atmospheric absorption of microwaves to a minimum. This allowed massive cost reduction compared to a satellite probe, though only a small part of the sky could be scanned.
+{{Cosmology|experiments}}
+'''BOOMERanG experiment''' ('''Balloon Observations Of Millimetric Extragalactic Radiation And Geophysics''') was an experiment that flew a telescope on a [[high-altitude balloon|(high-altitude) balloon]] and measured the [[cosmic microwave background radiation]] of a part of the sky during three sub-orbital flights. It was the first experiment to make large, high-fidelity images of the CMB temperature anisotropies, and is best known for the discovery in 2000 that the geometry of the universe is close to flat,<ref name="Nature_27Apr00">{{cite journal|last1=de Bernardis|first1=P.|display-authors=etal|journal=Nature|date=27 April 2000|volume=404|issue=6781|pages=955–959|doi=10.1038/35010035|arxiv=astro-ph/0004404 | title=A Flat Universe from High-Resolution Maps of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation|pmid=10801117|bibcode = 2000Natur.404..955D |s2cid=4412370}}</ref> with similar results from the competing [[Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array|MAXIMA]] experiment.
+By using a telescope which flew at over 42,000 meters high, it was possible to reduce the atmospheric absorption of microwaves to a minimum. This allowed massive cost reduction compared to a satellite probe, though only a tiny part of the sky could be scanned.
 The first was a test flight over [[North America]] in 1997. In the two subsequent flights in 1998 and 2003 the balloon was launched from [[McMurdo Station]] in the Antarctic. It was carried by the [[Polar vortex]] winds in a circle around the [[South Pole]], returning after two weeks. From this phenomenon the telescope took its name.
+The BOOMERanG team was led by [[Andrew E. Lange]] of [[Caltech]] and Paolo de Bernardis of the [[University of Rome La Sapienza]].<ref name="NYT_27Apr00">{{cite news |last=Glanz |first=James |date=27 April 2000 |title=Clearest Picture of Infant Universe Sees It All and Questions It, Too |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/27/us/clearest-picture-of-infant-universe-sees-it-all-and-questions-it-too.html?pagewanted=1 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2010-02-23}}</ref>
-The BOOMERanG team was led by [[Andrew E. Lange]] of [[Caltech]] and [[Paolo de Bernardis]] of the
-[[University of Rome La Sapienza]].<ref>
-{{cite news
- |last=Glanz |first=James
- |date=27 April 2000
- |title=Clearest Picture of Infant Universe Sees It All and Questions It, Too
- |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/27/us/clearest-picture-of-infant-universe-sees-it-all-and-questions-it-too.html?pagewanted=1
- |work=[[The New York Times]]
- |accessdate=2010-02-23
-}}</ref>
 ==Instrumentation==
-The experiment uses [[bolometer]]s<ref>{{cite web | title = Instrumentation of the BOOMERranG experiment | publisher = Ted's Weblog | date = 2002-01-29 | url = http://cmb.phys.cwru.edu/kisner/b2kweblog/hardware.html | accessdate = 2007-04-06}}</ref> for  radiation detection. These bolometers are kept at a temperature of 0.27 [[kelvin]]. At this temperature the material has a very low heat capacity according to the [[Debye model|Debye law]], thus incoming microwave light will cause a strong temperature change, proportional to the intensity of the incoming waves, which is measured with sensitive thermometers.
+The experiment uses [[bolometer]]s<ref name="Crill">{{cite journal|title=BOOMERANG: A Balloon-borne Millimeter Wave Telescope and Total Power Receiver for Mapping Anisotropy in the Cosmic Microwave Background|journal=[[Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series]]|volume=148|pages=527–541|doi=10.1086/376894|arxiv=astro-ph/0206254|last1=Crill|first1=B. P.|display-authors=etal|date=October 2003|issue=2|bibcode=2003ApJS..148..527C|s2cid=545283}}</ref> for  radiation detection. These bolometers are kept at a temperature of 0.27 [[kelvin]]. At this temperature the material has a very low heat capacity according to the [[Debye model|Debye law]], thus incoming microwave light will cause a large temperature change, proportional to the intensity of the incoming waves, which is measured with sensitive thermometers.
-A 1.2 mirror<ref>{{cite web | title = Boomerang Instrument | publisher = Caltech Observational Cosmology Group | date = 2003-06-01 | url = http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~lgg/boomerang_instr.htm | accessdate = 2007-04-06}}</ref> focuses the microwaves onto the focal plane which consist of 16 horns. These horns, operating at 145 GHz, 245 GHz and 345 GHz, are arranged into 8 pixel. So only a tiny fraction of the sky can be seen concurrently so the telescope has to rotate to scan the whole field of view.
+An off-axis 1.3-meter primary mirror<ref name="Crill"/> focuses the microwaves onto the focal plane, which consist of 16 horns. These horns, operating at 145&nbsp;GHz, 245&nbsp;GHz and 345&nbsp;GHz, are arranged into 8 pixels. Only a tiny fraction of the sky can be seen concurrently, so the telescope must rotate to scan the whole field of view.
 ==Results==
 [[Image:Boomerang CMB.jpeg|thumb|200px|right|CMB Anisotropy measured by BOOMERanG]]
-Together with experiments like Saskatoon, TOCO, MAXIMA, and others, the BOOMERanG data from 1997 and 1998 determined the angular diameter distance to the surface of last scattering with high precision.  When combined with complementary data regarding the value of [[Hubble's law|Hubble's constant]], the Boomerang data determined the geometry of the Universe to be flat (see
+Together with experiments like the [[Saskatoon experiment]], [[Mobile Anisotropy Telescope|MAT/TOCO]], MAXIMA, and others, the BOOMERanG data from 1997 and 1998 determined the angular diameter distance to the surface of last scattering with high precision.  When combined with complementary data regarding the value of [[Hubble's law|Hubble's constant]], the Boomerang data determined the [[Friedmann equations|geometry of the Universe]] to be flat,<ref name="Nature_27Apr00"/> supporting the [[supernova]] evidence for the existence of [[dark energy]].  The 2003 flight of Boomerang resulted in extremely high [[signal-to-noise ratio]] maps of the CMB temperature anisotropy, and a measurement of the polarization of the [[Cosmic microwave background|CMB]].<ref name="MacTavish">{{cite journal|title=Cosmological Parameters from the 2003 Flight of BOOMERANG|date=August 2006|journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=647|pages=799–812|last1=MacTavish|first1=C. J.|issue=2|display-authors=etal|doi=10.1086/505558|arxiv=astro-ph/0507503|bibcode=2006ApJ...647..799M|s2cid=18690323}}</ref>
-[http://xxx.arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9911445] and [http://xxx.arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0004404]) , supporting the [[supernova]] evidence for the existence of dark energy.  The 2003 flight of Boomerang resulted in extremely high signal-to-noise ratio maps of the CMB temperature anisotropy, and a measurement of the polarization of the CMB.
 ==See also==
+* [[BESS (experiment)]]
-*[[Cosmic microwave background experiments]]
-*[[Observational cosmology]]
 ==References==
+{{Reflist}}
-<references/>
 ==External links==
-*[http://boom.caltech.edu Main (Caltech) Site]
-*[http://cmb.phys.cwru.edu/boomerang/ Data site]
 *[http://stratocat.com.ar/fichas-e/1998/MCM-19981229.htm report on the 1998 flight]
 *[http://stratocat.com.ar/fichas-e/2003/MCM-20030106.htm report on the 2003 flight]
-*[http://it.arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0209132v1 Polarization Sensitive Bolometric Detector]
+*[https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0209132v1 Polarization Sensitive Bolometric Detector]
 {{CMB_experiments}}
-[[Category:Radio astronomy]]
 [[Category:Cosmic microwave background experiments]]
 [[Category:Balloon-borne telescopes]]
+[[Category: Astronomical experiments in the Antarctic]]
-[[ar:تجربة بوميرانج]]
-[[bn:বুমেরাং পরীক্ষণ]]
-[[cs:BOOMERanG]]
-[[de:BOOMERanG]]
-[[fr:BOOMERanG]]
-[[it:Esperimento BOOMERanG]]
-[[ja:BOOMERanG]]
-[[fi:BOOMERanG-koe]]
-[[th:โครงการ BOOMERanG]]
-[[zh:毫米波段氣球觀天計畫]]