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'''''Arnica''''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑːr|n|ᵻ|k|ə}} is a genus of [[perennial plant|perennial]], herbaceous plants in the sunflower family ([[Asteraceae]]). The genus name ''Arnica'' ma be derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''[[wikt:arni|arni]]'', "lamb", in reference to the plants' soft, hairy leaves. ''Arnica'' is also known by the names '''''mountain tobacco''''' and confusingly, '''''leopard's bane''''' and '''''wolfsbane'''''—two names that it shares with the entirely unrelated genus ''[[Aconitum]]''.
'''''Arnica''''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑːr|n|ᵻ|k|ə}} is a genus of [[perennial plant|perennial]], herbaceous plants in the sunflower family ([[Asteraceae]]). The genus name ''Arnica'' may be derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''[[wikt:arni|arni]]'', "lamb", in reference to the plants' soft, hairy leaves. ''Arnica'' is also known by the names '''''mountain tobacco''''' and, confusingly, '''''leopard's bane''''' and '''''wolfsbane'''''—two names that it shares with the entirely unrelated genus ''[[Aconitum]]''.


This [[Circumboreal Region|Circumboreal]] and montane (subalpine) genus occurs mostly in the temperate regions of western [[North America]], with a few species native to the [[Arctic Circle|Arctic]] regions of northern [[Eurasia]] and [[North America]].<ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=arnica+montana Altervista Flora Italiana, Arnica, ''Arnica montana'' L. ] includes photos and European distribution maps</ref>
This [[Circumboreal Region|circumboreal]] and montane (subalpine) genus occurs mostly in the temperate regions of western [[North America]], with a few species native to the [[Arctic Circle|Arctic]] regions of northern [[Eurasia]] and [[North America]].<ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=arnica+montana Altervista Flora Italiana, Arnica, ''Arnica montana'' L. ] includes photos and European distribution maps</ref>


''Arnica'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species, including ''[[Bucculatricidae|Bucculatrix arnicella]]''.
''Arnica'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species, including ''[[Bucculatricidae|Bucculatrix arnicella]]''.
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==Characteristics==
==Characteristics==
⚫
[[Image:Arnica chamissonis0.jpg|thumb|''[[Arnica chamissonis]]'']]
⚫
[[Image:Arnica griscomii.jpg|175px|thumb|''[[Arnica griscomii]]'' in the Alaskan Interior]]
''Arnica'' plants have a deep-rooted, erect [[Plant stem|stem]] that is usually unbranched. Their downy [[opposite leaves]] are borne towards the apex of the stem. The ovoid, leathery basal leaves are arranged in a rosette.<ref name=n>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=102636 Flora of North America, ''Arnica'' Linnaeus]</ref>
''Arnica'' plants have a deep-rooted, erect [[Plant stem|stem]] that is usually unbranched. Their downy [[opposite leaves]] are borne towards the apex of the stem. The ovoid, leathery basal leaves are arranged in a rosette.<ref name=n>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=102636 Flora of North America, ''Arnica'' Linnaeus]</ref>


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==Species==
==Species==
⚫
[[Image:Arnicamontana.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Mountain arnica]] (''Arnica montana'')]]
⚫
[[Image:Arnica longifolia0.jpg|thumb|Longleaf arnica (''[[Arnica longifolia]]'')]]

Accepted species:<ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Arnica The Plant List search for ''Arnica'']</ref>
Accepted species:<ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Arnica The Plant List search for ''Arnica'']</ref>

* ''[[Arnica acaulis]]'' —Common leopardbane - eastern [[United States|US]] from [[Alabama]] to [[New Jersey]]
* ''[[Arnica angustifolia]]'' —Narrowleaf arnica - [[Canada]] (from [[British Columbia]] to [[Quebec]]), US ([[Montana]], [[Idaho]], [[Wyoming]], [[Colorado]]); Russia, Scandinavia
* ''[[Arnica acaulis]]''—Common leopardbane—eastern [[United States|US]] from [[Alabama]] to [[New Jersey]]
* ''[[Arnica angustifolia]]''—Narrowleaf arnica—[[Canada]] (from [[British Columbia]] to [[Quebec]]), US ([[Montana]], [[Idaho]], [[Wyoming]], [[Colorado]]); Russia, Scandinavia
* ''[[Arnica cernua]]'' —Serpentine arnica - [[California]], [[Oregon]]
* ''[[Arnica cernua]]''—Serpentine arnica—[[California]], [[Oregon]]
⚫
* ''[[Arnica chamissonis]]'' —Chamisso arnica - US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] incl [[Alaska]]; [[Canada]] ([[British Columbia]] to [[Quebec]] plus [[Yukon]] + [[Northwest Territories]])
* ''[[Arnica cordifolia]]'' —Heart-leaf leopardbane, heartleaf arnica - US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] plus [[Alaska]] + [[Michigan]]; [[Canada]] (from [[British Columbia]] to [[Quebec]] plus [[Yukon]] + [[Northwest Territories]])
* ''[[Arnica chamissonis]]''—Chamisso arnica—US west of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] including [[Alaska]]; [[Canada]] ([[British Columbia]] to [[Quebec]] plus [[Yukon]] + [[Northwest Territories]])
⚫
* ''[[Arnica cordifolia]]''—Heart-leaf leopardbane, heartleaf arnica—US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] plus [[Alaska]] + [[Michigan]]; [[Canada]] (from [[British Columbia]] to [[Quebec]] plus [[Yukon]] + [[Northwest Territories]])
* ''[[Arnica dealbata]]'' - [[California]]
* ''[[Arnica discoidea]]'' Rayless arnica - [[California]], [[Oregon]], [[Nevada]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
* ''[[Arnica dealbata]]''—[[California]]
* ''[[Arnica discoidea]]''—Rayless arnica—[[California]], [[Oregon]], [[Nevada]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
* ''[[Arnica fulgens]]'' Foothill arnica, orange arnica, shining leopardbane - USA= West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] plus [[Michigan]]; [[Canada]] (from [[British Columbia]] to [[Manitoba]])
* ''[[Arnica gracilis]]'' —Smallhead arnica (''A. latifolia'' x ''A. cordifolia'') - US ([[Montana]], [[Idaho]], [[Wyoming]], [[Colorado]], [[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]); [[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], [[Northwest Territories]]
* ''[[Arnica fulgens]]''—Foothill arnica, orange arnica, shining leopardbane—USA (west of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] plus [[Michigan]]); [[Canada]] (from [[British Columbia]] to [[Manitoba]])
* ''[[Arnica gracilis]]''—Smallhead arnica (''A. latifolia'' x ''A. cordifolia'')—US ([[Montana]], [[Idaho]], [[Wyoming]], [[Colorado]], [[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]); [[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], [[Northwest Territories]]
* ''[[Arnica griscomii]]'' - [[Russia]], [[Canada]], [[Alaska]]
* ''[[Arnica intermedia]]'' - eastern [[Russia]] ([[Yakutsk]]iya, [[Khabarovsk]], [[Magadan]])
* ''[[Arnica griscomii]]''—[[Russia]], [[Canada]], [[Alaska]]
* ''[[Arnica lanceolata]]'' —Arnica, lanceleaf arnica - US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] plus [[Alaska]], [[Maine]] [[New Hampshire]], [[Vermont]], [[New York State]]; Canada ([[British Columbia]], [[Quebec]], [[New Brunswick]])
* ''[[Arnica intermedia]]''—eastern [[Russia]] ([[Yakutsk]]iya, [[Khabarovsk]], [[Magadan]])
* ''[[Arnica lanceolata]]''—Arnica, lanceleaf arnica—US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] plus [[Alaska]], [[Maine]] [[New Hampshire]], [[Vermont]], [[New York State]]; Canada ([[British Columbia]], [[Quebec]], [[New Brunswick]])
* ''[[Arnica latifolia]]'' —Broadleaf arnica - western US, western [[Canada]]
* ''[[Arnica latifolia]]''—Broadleaf arnica—western US, western [[Canada]]
* ''[[Arnica lessingii]]'' —Nodding arnica - [[Kamchatka]], [[Alaska]], [[Yukon]], [[Northwest Territories]], [[British Columbia]]
* ''[[Arnica lessingii]]''—Nodding arnica—[[Kamchatka]], [[Alaska]], [[Yukon]], [[Northwest Territories]], [[British Columbia]]
* ''[[Arnica lonchophylla]]'' —Longleaf arnica - most of Canada; [[Alaska]], [[Montana]], [[Minnesota]], [[South Dakota]]
* ''[[Arnica lonchophylla]]''—Longleaf arnica—most of Canada; [[Alaska]], [[Montana]], [[Minnesota]], [[South Dakota]]
* ''[[Arnica longifolia]]'' —Longleaf arnica, spearleaf arnica - US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]], [[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]]
* ''[[Arnica longifolia]]''—Longleaf arnica, spearleaf arnica—US west of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]], [[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]]
* ''[[Arnica louiseana]]'' —Lake Louise arnica - [[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]]
* ''[[Arnica louiseana]]''—Lake Louise arnica—[[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]]
* ''[[Arnica mallotopus]]'' - [[Honshu]] Island in [[Japan]]
* ''[[Arnica mallotopus]]''—[[Honshu]] Island in [[Japan]]
* ''[[Arnica mollis]]'' —Hairy arnica, wooly arnica - - US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] plus [[Alaska]], [[New Hampshire]] + [[Vermont]]; [[Canada]] (from [[British Columbia]] to [[Quebec]] plus [[Yukon]] + [[Northwest Territories]])
* ''[[Arnica mollis]]''—Hairy arnica, wooly arnica——US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] plus [[Alaska]], [[New Hampshire]] + [[Vermont]]; [[Canada]] (from [[British Columbia]] to [[Quebec]] plus [[Yukon]] + [[Northwest Territories]])
* ''[[Arnica montana]]'' — Mountain arnica - most of [[Europe]] plus [[Greenland]]; naturalized in [[India]]
* ''[[Arnica montana]]''—Mountain arnica—most of [[Europe]] plus [[Greenland]]; naturalized in [[India]]
* ''[[Arnica nevadensis]]'' —Nevada arnica - [[California]], [[Oregon]], [[Nevada]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
* ''[[Arnica nevadensis]]''—Nevada arnica—[[California]], [[Oregon]], [[Nevada]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
* ''[[Arnica ovata]]'' - [[British Columbia]] [[Alberta]], [[Yukon]], US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]]
* ''[[Arnica ovata]]''—[[British Columbia]] [[Alberta]], [[Yukon]], US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]]
* ''[[Arnica parryi]]'' —Nodding arnica, Parry's arnica - [[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], [[Yukon]], US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]]
* ''[[Arnica parryi]]''—Nodding arnica, Parry's arnica—[[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], [[Yukon]], US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]]
* ''[[Arnica porsildiorum]]'' - [[Kamchatka]], [[Yukon]] [[Northwest Territories]]
* ''[[Arnica porsildiorum]]''—[[Kamchatka]], [[Yukon]] [[Northwest Territories]]
* ''[[Arnica rydbergii]]'' —Rydberg arnica, Rydberg's arnica, subalpine arnica - [[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], northwestern USA
* ''[[Arnica rydbergii]]''—Rydberg arnica, Rydberg's arnica, subalpine arnica—[[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], northwestern USA
* ''[[Arnica sachalinensis]]'' - [[Hokkaido]], [[Sakhalin]], [[Kuril Islands|Kuril]], [[Irkutsk]]
* ''[[Arnica sachalinensis]]''—[[Hokkaido]], [[Sakhalin]], [[Kuril Islands|Kuril]], [[Irkutsk]]
* ''[[Arnica sororia]]'' —Twin arnica - [[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]], US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]]
* ''[[Arnica sororia]]''—Twin arnica—[[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]], US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]]
* ''[[Arnica spathulata]]'' —Klamath arnica - [[California]] [[Oregon]]
* ''[[Arnica spathulata]]''—Klamath arnica—[[California]] [[Oregon]]
* ''[[Arnica unalaschcensis]]'' —Alaska arnica - [[Hokkaido]], [[Honshu]], [[Kamchatka]], [[Sakhalin]], [[Kuril Islands|Kuril]], [[Alaska]]
* ''[[Arnica unalaschcensis]]''—Alaska arnica—[[Hokkaido]], [[Honshu]], [[Kamchatka]], [[Sakhalin]], [[Kuril Islands|Kuril]], [[Alaska]]
* ''[[Arnica venosa]]'' —Shasta County arnica - [[California]]
* ''[[Arnica venosa]]''—Shasta County arnica—[[California]]
* ''[[Arnica viscosa]]'' —Mt. Shasta arnica - [[California]], [[Oregon]]
* ''[[Arnica viscosa]]''—Mt. Shasta arnica—[[California]], [[Oregon]]

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
⚫
Image:Arnica chamissonis0.jpg|''[[Arnica chamissonis]]''
⚫
Image:Arnica griscomii.jpg|''[[Arnica griscomii]]'' in the Alaskan Interior
⚫
Image:Arnicamontana.jpg|[[Mountain arnica]] (''Arnica montana'')
⚫
Image:Arnica longifolia0.jpg|Longleaf arnica (''[[Arnica longifolia]]'')
</gallery>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 03:12, 1 May 2024

Arnica
Arnica montana[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Madieae
Subtribe: Arnicinae
B.G.Baldwin
Genus: Arnica
L. 1753 not Boehm. 1760
Synonyms
  • Mallotopus Franch. & Sav.
  • Whitneya A.Gray
  • Gerbera Boehm.
  • Aliseta Raf.
  • Epiclinastrum Bojer ex DC.
  • Aphyllocaulon Lag.

Arnica /ˈɑːrnɪkə/ is a genus of perennial, herbaceous plants in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The genus name Arnica may be derived from the Greek arni, "lamb", in reference to the plants' soft, hairy leaves. Arnica is also known by the names mountain tobacco and, confusingly, leopard's bane and wolfsbane—two names that it shares with the entirely unrelated genus Aconitum.

This circumboreal and montane (subalpine) genus occurs mostly in the temperate regions of western North America, with a few species native to the Arctic regions of northern Eurasia and North America.[2]

Arnica species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including Bucculatrix arnicella.

Arnica was previously classified in the tribe Senecioneae because it has a flower or pappus of fine bristles.

Characteristics

[edit]

Arnica plants have a deep-rooted, erect stem that is usually unbranched. Their downy opposite leaves are borne towards the apex of the stem. The ovoid, leathery basal leaves are arranged in a rosette.[3]

They show large yellow or orange flowers, 6–8 cm (2–3 in) wide with 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long ray florets and numerous disc florets. The phyllaries (a bract under the flowerhead) has long spreading hairs. Each phyllary is associated with a ray floret. Species of Arnica, with an involucre (a circle of bracts arranged surrounding the flower head) arranged in two rows, have only their outer phyllaries associated with ray florets. The flowers have a slight aromatic smell.[3]

The seedlike fruit has a pappus of plumose, white or pale tan bristles. The entire plant has a strong and distinct pine-sage odor when the leaves of mature plants are rubbed or bruised.[3]

Arnica montana

[edit]
Main article: Arnica montana

The species Arnica montana, native to Europe, has long been used medicinally, but the effectiveness of this use has not been substantiated.[4]

Toxicity

[edit]

Arnica montana contains the toxin helenalin, which can be poisonous if large amounts of the plant are eaten, and contact with the plant can also cause skin irritation.[5]

Species

[edit]

Accepted species:[6]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ 1897 illustration from Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen
  2. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Arnica, Arnica montana L. includes photos and European distribution maps
  3. ^ a b c Flora of North America, Arnica Linnaeus
  4. ^ E. Ernst; M. H. Pittler (November 1998). "Efficacy of Homeopathic Arnica A Systematic Review of Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials". JAMA Surgery. 133 (11): 1187–1190. doi:10.1001/archsurg.133.11.1187. PMID 9820349.
  5. ^ "Poisonous Plants: Arnica montana". Ces.ncsu.edu. Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2009-12-22.
  6. ^ The Plant List search for Arnica
[edit]
Look up arnica in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Arnica".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Arnica&oldid=1221641132"