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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Taxobox_begin | color = lightgreen | name = Arnica}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox_image | image = [[Image:Arnica chamissonis0.jpg|225px|Chamisso Arnica]] | caption = [[Chamisso Arnica]] (''Arnica chamissonis'')}}
| image = Arnica_montana_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-015.jpg
{{Taxobox_begin_placement | color = lightgreen}}
| image_caption = ''[[Arnica montana]]''<ref>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/303584 1897 illustration from Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen]</ref>
{{Taxobox_regnum_entry | taxon = [[Plant]]ae}}
| display_parents = 3
{{Taxobox_divisio_entry | taxon = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]}}
| parent_authority = B.G.Baldwin
{{Taxobox_classis_entry | taxon = [[Magnoliopsida]]}}
{{Taxobox_ordo_entry | taxon = [[Asterales]]}}
| taxon = Arnica
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] 1753 not Boehm. 1760
{{Taxobox_familia_entry | taxon = [[Asteraceae]]}}
| synonyms_ref =
{{Taxobox subfamilia entry | taxon = [[Asteroideae]]}}
| synonyms =
{{Taxobox tribus entry | taxon = [[Madieae]] }}
* ''Mallotopus'' <small>Franch. & Sav.</small>
{{Taxobox_genus_entry | taxon = '''Arnica'''}}<br />{{taxobox authority new|Authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]}}
* ''Whitneya'' <small>A.Gray</small>
{{Taxobox_end_placement}}
* ''Gerbera'' <small>Boehm.</small>
{{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = lightgreen | plural_taxon = [[Species]]}}
* ''Aliseta'' <small>Raf.</small>
See text
* ''Epiclinastrum'' <small>Bojer ex DC.</small>
{{Taxobox_end}}
* ''Aphyllocaulon'' <small>Lag.</small>
}}


'''Arnica''' is a genus with about 30 [[perennial plant|perennial ]], herbaceous species, belonging to the sunflower family ([[Asteraceae]]). The name ''Arnica'' means ''lamb's skin'' referring to the soft, hairy leaves.
'''''Arnica''''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑːr|n|ᵻ|k|ə}} is a genus of [[perennial plant|perennial]], herbaceous plants in the sunflower family ([[Asteraceae]]). The genus name ''Arnica'' may be derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''[[wikt:arni|arni]]'', "lamb", in reference to the plants' soft, hairy leaves. ''Arnica'' is also known by the names '''''mountain tobacco''''' and, confusingly, '''''leopard's bane''''' and '''''wolfsbane'''''—two names that it shares with the entirely unrelated genus ''[[Aconitum]]''.


This circumboreal and montane genus occurs mostly in the temperate regions of western [[North America]], while two are native to [[Eurasia]] (''A. angustifolia'' and ''A. montana'').
This [[Circumboreal Region|circumboreal]] and montane (subalpine) genus occurs mostly in the temperate regions of western [[North America]], with a few species native to the [[Arctic Circle|Arctic]] regions of northern [[Eurasia]] and [[North America]].<ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=arnica+montana Altervista Flora Italiana, Arnica, ''Arnica montana'' L. ] includes photos and European distribution maps</ref>


''Arnica'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species, including ''[[Bucculatricidae|Bucculatrix arnicella]]''.
''Arnica'' used to be included in the tribe [[Senecioneae]], because it has a [[pappus]] of fine bristles. This was soon questioned and Nordenstam (1977) placed it tentatively in tribe [[Heliantheae]] s.l. This arrangement became also uncertain because of the [[sesquiterpene]] [[lactone]] chemistry in certain species. Lately Arnica was placed in an unresolved [[cladistics|clade]] together with [[Madiinae]], [[Eupatorieae]], [[Heliantheae]] s.s. and [[Pectidinae]].


''Arnica'' was previously classified in the tribe [[Senecioneae]] because it has a flower or [[pappus (flower structure)|pappus]] of fine bristles.
Several species, such as ''[[Arnica montana]]'' and ''Arnica chamissonis'' contain [[helenalin]], a sesquiterpene lactone that is a major ingredient in [[anti-inflammatory]] preparations (mostly against bruises).


==Characteristics==
==Characteristics==
''Arnica'' plants have a deep-rooted, erect [[Plant stem|stem]] that is usually unbranched. Their downy [[opposite leaves]] are borne towards the apex of the stem. The ovoid, leathery basal leaves are arranged in a rosette.<ref name=n>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=102636 Flora of North America, ''Arnica'' Linnaeus]</ref>


They show large yellow or orange [[flower]]s, {{convert|6–8|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} wide with {{convert|10–15|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} long ray florets and numerous disc florets. The [[phyllary|phyllaries]] (a [[bract]] under the flowerhead) has long spreading hairs. Each phyllary is associated with a ray floret. Species of ''Arnica'', with an [[involucral bract|involucre]] (a circle of bracts arranged surrounding the flower head) arranged in two rows, have only their outer phyllaries associated with ray florets. The flowers have a slight [[aroma compound|aromatic]] smell.<ref name=n/>
They have a deep-rooted, erect [[stem]], that is usually unbranched. Their downy, opposite [[Leaf|leaves]] are borne towards the [[apex]] of the stem. The ovoid, leathery, basal leaves are arranged in a rosette.


The seedlike [[fruit]] has a [[pappus (botany)|pappus]] of plumose, white or pale tan bristles. The entire plant has a strong and distinct pine-sage odor when the leaves of mature plants are rubbed or bruised.<ref name=n/>
They show large yellow or orange [[Flower|flower]]s, 6-8 cm wide with 10-15 long ray florets and numerous disc florets. The [[phyllary|phyllaries]] (= a [[bract]] under the flowerhead) has long spreading hairs Each phyllary is associated with a ray floret. Species of ''Arnica'', with an [[involucre]] (= a circle of bracts arranged surrounding the flower head) arranged in two rows, have only their outer phyllaries associated with ray florets. The flowers have a slight [[aromatic]] smell.


== ''Arnica montana'' ==
The seed-like [[fruit]] has a [[pappus]] of plumose, white or pale tan bristles.
{{main|Arnica montana}}
The species ''Arnica montana'', native to [[Europe]], has long been used medicinally, but the effectiveness of this use has not been substantiated.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Efficacy of Homeopathic Arnica A Systematic Review of Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials |author=E. Ernst |author2= M. H. Pittler |journal=JAMA Surgery |volume=133 |number=11 |date=November 1998 |pages=1187–1190 |doi=10.1001/archsurg.133.11.1187 |pmid=9820349|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Toxicity===
''Arnica montana'' contains the toxin [[helenalin]], which can be poisonous if large amounts of the plant are eaten, and contact with the plant can also cause skin irritation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/Arnicmo.htm |title=Poisonous Plants: Arnica montana |publisher=Ces.ncsu.edu |access-date=2009-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017023928/http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/Arnicmo.htm |archive-date=2013-10-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==Species==
==Species==
Accepted species:<ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Arnica The Plant List search for ''Arnica'']</ref>


*''[[Arnica acaulis]]'' (Walt.) B.S.P. -- Common Leopardbane
* ''[[Arnica acaulis]]''—Common leopardbane—eastern [[United States|US]] from [[Alabama]] to [[New Jersey]]
* ''[[Arnica angustifolia]]''—Narrowleaf arnica—[[Canada]] (from [[British Columbia]] to [[Quebec]]), US ([[Montana]], [[Idaho]], [[Wyoming]], [[Colorado]]); Russia, Scandinavia
*''[[Arnica alpina]]'' (L.) Olin -- Alpine Arnica (synonym of ''Arnica angustifolia'' subsp. ''alpina'')
* ''[[Arnica cernua]]''—Serpentine arnica—[[California]], [[Oregon]]
*''[[Arnica amplexicaulis]]'' Nutt. -- Clasping Arnica, Streambank Arnica (synonym of ''Arnica lanceolata'' subsp. ''amplexicaulis'')
* ''[[Arnica chamissonis]]''—Chamisso arnica—US west of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] including [[Alaska]]; [[Canada]] ([[British Columbia]] to [[Quebec]] plus [[Yukon]] + [[Northwest Territories]])
*''[[Arnica angustifolia]]'' Vahl -- Narrowleaf Arnica
* ''[[Arnica cordifolia]]''—Heart-leaf leopardbane, heartleaf arnica—US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] plus [[Alaska]] + [[Michigan]]; [[Canada]] (from [[British Columbia]] to [[Quebec]] plus [[Yukon]] + [[Northwest Territories]])
**''Arnica angustifolia'' subsp. ''alpina'' (L.) I. K. Ferguson
* ''[[Arnica dealbata]]''—[[California]]
**''Arnica angustifolia'' subsp. ''tomentosa'' Downie & Denford
* ''[[Arnica discoidea]]''—Rayless arnica—[[California]], [[Oregon]], [[Nevada]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
*''[[Arnica cernua]]'' T.J. Howell -- Serpentine Arnica
* ''[[Arnica fulgens]]''—Foothill arnica, orange arnica, shining leopardbane—USA (west of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] plus [[Michigan]]); [[Canada]] (from [[British Columbia]] to [[Manitoba]])
*''[[Arnica chamissonis]]'' Less. -- Chamisso Arnica
* ''[[Arnica gracilis]]''—Smallhead arnica (''A. latifolia'' x ''A. cordifolia'')—US ([[Montana]], [[Idaho]], [[Wyoming]], [[Colorado]], [[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]); [[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], [[Northwest Territories]]
**''Arnica chamissonis'' subsp. ''foliosa'' (Nutt.) Maguire
*''[[Arnica cordifolia]]'' Hook. -- Heart-leaf Leopardbane, Heartleaf Arnica
* ''[[Arnica griscomii]]''—[[Russia]], [[Canada]], [[Alaska]]
*''[[Arnica dealbata]]'' Baldwin (formerly Whitneya dealbata)
* ''[[Arnica intermedia]]''—eastern [[Russia]] ([[Yakutsk]]iya, [[Khabarovsk]], [[Magadan]])
* ''[[Arnica lanceolata]]''—Arnica, lanceleaf arnica—US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] plus [[Alaska]], [[Maine]] [[New Hampshire]], [[Vermont]], [[New York State]]; Canada ([[British Columbia]], [[Quebec]], [[New Brunswick]])
*''[[Arnica discoidea]]'' Benth. -- Rayless Arnica
* ''[[Arnica latifolia]]''—Broadleaf arnica—western US, western [[Canada]]
*''[[Arnica X diversifolia]]'' Greene (pro sp.) -- Curtis Churchmouse Threeawn, Rayless Arnica, Sticky Arnica
* ''[[Arnica lessingii]]''—Nodding arnica—[[Kamchatka]], [[Alaska]], [[Yukon]], [[Northwest Territories]], [[British Columbia]]
*''[[Arnica frigida]]'' C.A. Mey. ex Iljin -- Snow Arnica (synonym of A''rnica griscomii'' subsp. ''frigida'')
*''[[Arnica fulgens]]'' Pursh -- Foothill Arnica, Orange Arnica, Shining Leopardbane
* ''[[Arnica lonchophylla]]''—Longleaf arnica—most of Canada; [[Alaska]], [[Montana]], [[Minnesota]], [[South Dakota]]
* ''[[Arnica longifolia]]''—Longleaf arnica, spearleaf arnica—US west of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]], [[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]]
*''[[Arnica x gracilis]]'' Rydb. -- Smallhead Arnica (a natural hybrid between ''A. latifolia'' and ''A. cordifolia'')
*''[[Arnica griscomii]]'' Fernald
* ''[[Arnica louiseana]]''—Lake Louise arnica—[[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]]
* ''[[Arnica mallotopus]]''—[[Honshu]] Island in [[Japan]]
**''Arnica griscomii'' subsp. ''frigida'' (C. A. Mey. ex Iljin) S. J. Wolf
* ''[[Arnica mollis]]''—Hairy arnica, wooly arnica——US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] plus [[Alaska]], [[New Hampshire]] + [[Vermont]]; [[Canada]] (from [[British Columbia]] to [[Quebec]] plus [[Yukon]] + [[Northwest Territories]])
**''Arnica griscomii'' subsp. ''griscomii'' Downie & Denford
* ''[[Arnica montana]]''—Mountain arnica—most of [[Europe]] plus [[Greenland]]; naturalized in [[India]]
*''[[Arnica lanceolata]]'' Nutt. -- Arnica, Lanceleaf Arnica
* ''[[Arnica nevadensis]]''—Nevada arnica—[[California]], [[Oregon]], [[Nevada]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
**''Arnica lanceolata'' subsp. ''amplexicaulis'' (Nutt.) Gruezo & Denford
* ''[[Arnica ovata]]''—[[British Columbia]] [[Alberta]], [[Yukon]], US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]]
**''Arnica lanceolata'' subsp. ''lanceolata'' Gruezo & Denford
* ''[[Arnica parryi]]''—Nodding arnica, Parry's arnica—[[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], [[Yukon]], US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]]
*''[[Arnica latifolia]]'' Bong. -- Broadleaf Arnica
* ''[[Arnica porsildiorum]]''—[[Kamchatka]], [[Yukon]] [[Northwest Territories]]
*''[[Arnica lessingii]]'' (Torr. & Gray) Greene -- Nodding Arnica
* ''[[Arnica rydbergii]]''—Rydberg arnica, Rydberg's arnica, subalpine arnica—[[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], northwestern USA
**''Arnica lessingii'' subsp. ''lessengii''
* ''[[Arnica sachalinensis]]''—[[Hokkaido]], [[Sakhalin]], [[Kuril Islands|Kuril]], [[Irkutsk]]
**''Arnica lessingii'' subsp. ''norbergii'' Hult. & Maguire
* ''[[Arnica sororia]]''—Twin arnica—[[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]], US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]]
*''[[Arnica lonchophylla]]'' Greene -- Longleaf Arnica
* ''[[Arnica spathulata]]''—Klamath arnica—[[California]] [[Oregon]]
**''Arnica lonchophylla'' subsp. ''arnoglossa'' (Greene) Maguire
* ''[[Arnica unalaschcensis]]''—Alaska arnica—[[Hokkaido]], [[Honshu]], [[Kamchatka]], [[Sakhalin]], [[Kuril Islands|Kuril]], [[Alaska]]
**''Arnica lonchophylla'' subsp. ''lonchophylla''
*''[[Arnica longifolia]]'' D.C. Eat. -- Longleaf Arnica, Spearleaf Arnica
* ''[[Arnica venosa]]''—Shasta County arnica—[[California]]
*''[[Arnica louiseana]]'' Farr -- Lake Louise Arnica
* ''[[Arnica viscosa]]''—Mt. Shasta arnica—[[California]], [[Oregon]]
*''[[Arnica mallotopus]]'' (formerly Mallotopus japonicus)
*''[[Arnica mollis]]'' Hook. -- hairy arnica, wooly arnica
*''[[Arnica montana]]'' L. -- Mountain Arnica
*''[[Arnica nevadensis]]'' Gray -- Nevada Arnica
*''[[Arnica ovata]]'' Greene
*''[[Arnica parryi]]'' Gray -- Nodding Arnica, Parry's Arnica
*''[[Arnica rydbergii]]'' Greene -- Rydberg Arnica, Rydberg's Arnica, Subalpine Arnica
*''[[Arnica sachalinensis]]'' (Regel) A. Gray
*''[[Arnica sororia]]'' Greene -- Twin Arnica
*''[[Arnica spathulata]]'' Greene -- Klamath Arnica
*''[[Arnica unalaschcensis]]'' Less. -- Alaska Arnica
*''[[Arnica venosa]]'' Hall -- Shasta County Arnica
*''[[Arnica viscosa]]'' Gray -- Mt. Shasta Arnica


<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
Image:Arnica chamissonis0.jpg|''[[Arnica chamissonis]]''
Image:Arnica griscomii.jpg|''[[Arnica griscomii]]'' in the Alaskan Interior
Image:Arnicamontana.jpg|[[Mountain arnica]] (''Arnica montana'')
Image:Arnica longifolia0.jpg|Longleaf arnica (''[[Arnica longifolia]]'')
</gallery>


== Reference ==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Maguire, B. 1943 A monograph of the genus Arnica (Senecioneae, Compositae). Brittonia 4: 386–510
*Wolf, S.J. & K.E. Denford. 1984. Taxonomy of Arnica (Compositae) subgenus Austromontana. Rhodora Journal of the New England Botanical Club 86(847): 239 - 309.
* Nordenstam, B. 1977 Senecioneae and Liabeae—systematic review. In V. H. Heywood, J. B. Harborne, and B. L. Turner [eds.], The biology and chemistry of the Compositae, vol. II, 799–830. Academic Press, London, UK
* Baldwin, B. G. 1999 New combinations in Californian Arnica and Monolopia. Novon 9: 460–461
* Lyss, G., T. J. Schmidt, H. L. Pahl, and I. Merfort. 1999 Anti-inflammatory activity of Arnica tincture (DAB 1998) using the transcription factor NF-kappaB as molecular target. Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Letters 9: 5–8
* Wolf, S. J., and K. E. Denford. 1984 Taxonomy of Arnica (Compositae) subgenus Austromontana. Rhodora 86: 239–309


==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{EB1911 poster|Arnica}}
* {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Arnica |short=x}}


{{Taxonbar|from1=Q693908|from2=Q55829762}}
== External link ==
{{Authority control}}

*[http://arnica.csustan.edu/herbarium/taxa.htm Arnica species]

== Gallery ==

<gallery>
Image:Illustration Arnica montana0.jpg|[[Mountain Arnica]] (''Arnica montana'')
Image:Arnicamontana.jpg|Mountain Arnica (''Arnica montana'')
Image:Arnica longifolia0.jpg|[[Longleaf Arnica]] (''Arnica longifolia'')
</gallery>



[[Category:Arnica| ]]
[[Category:Arnica| ]]
[[Category:Asteraceae genera]]
[[da:Guldblomme (Arnica)]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[de:Arnika (Gattung)]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[fr:Arnica]]

Latest revision as of 03:12, 1 May 2024

Arnica
Arnica montana[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Madieae
Subtribe: Arnicinae
B.G.Baldwin
Genus: Arnica
L. 1753 not Boehm. 1760
Synonyms
  • Mallotopus Franch. & Sav.
  • Whitneya A.Gray
  • Gerbera Boehm.
  • Aliseta Raf.
  • Epiclinastrum Bojer ex DC.
  • Aphyllocaulon Lag.

Arnica /ˈɑːrnɪkə/ is a genus of perennial, herbaceous plants in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The genus name Arnica may be derived from the Greek arni, "lamb", in reference to the plants' soft, hairy leaves. Arnica is also known by the names mountain tobacco and, confusingly, leopard's bane and wolfsbane—two names that it shares with the entirely unrelated genus Aconitum.

This circumboreal and montane (subalpine) genus occurs mostly in the temperate regions of western North America, with a few species native to the Arctic regions of northern Eurasia and North America.[2]

Arnica species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including Bucculatrix arnicella.

Arnica was previously classified in the tribe Senecioneae because it has a flower or pappus of fine bristles.

Characteristics

[edit]

Arnica plants have a deep-rooted, erect stem that is usually unbranched. Their downy opposite leaves are borne towards the apex of the stem. The ovoid, leathery basal leaves are arranged in a rosette.[3]

They show large yellow or orange flowers, 6–8 cm (2–3 in) wide with 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long ray florets and numerous disc florets. The phyllaries (a bract under the flowerhead) has long spreading hairs. Each phyllary is associated with a ray floret. Species of Arnica, with an involucre (a circle of bracts arranged surrounding the flower head) arranged in two rows, have only their outer phyllaries associated with ray florets. The flowers have a slight aromatic smell.[3]

The seedlike fruit has a pappus of plumose, white or pale tan bristles. The entire plant has a strong and distinct pine-sage odor when the leaves of mature plants are rubbed or bruised.[3]

Arnica montana

[edit]
Main article: Arnica montana

The species Arnica montana, native to Europe, has long been used medicinally, but the effectiveness of this use has not been substantiated.[4]

Toxicity

[edit]

Arnica montana contains the toxin helenalin, which can be poisonous if large amounts of the plant are eaten, and contact with the plant can also cause skin irritation.[5]

Species

[edit]

Accepted species:[6]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ 1897 illustration from Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen
  2. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Arnica, Arnica montana L. includes photos and European distribution maps
  3. ^ a b c Flora of North America, Arnica Linnaeus
  4. ^ E. Ernst; M. H. Pittler (November 1998). "Efficacy of Homeopathic Arnica A Systematic Review of Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials". JAMA Surgery. 133 (11): 1187–1190. doi:10.1001/archsurg.133.11.1187. PMID 9820349.
  5. ^ "Poisonous Plants: Arnica montana". Ces.ncsu.edu. Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2009-12-22.
  6. ^ The Plant List search for Arnica
[edit]
Look up arnica in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Arnica".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Arnica&oldid=1221641132"