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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| image = Arnica_montana_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-015.jpg
| name = Arnica
| image_caption = ''[[Arnica montana]]''<ref>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/303584 1897 illustration from Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen]</ref>
| image = Arnica chamissonis0.jpg
| display_parents = 3
| image_width = 225px
| parent_authority = B.G.Baldwin
| image_caption = [[Chamisso Arnica]] (''Arnica chamissonis'')
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| taxon = Arnica
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] 1753 not Boehm. 1760
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| synonyms_ref =
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| synonyms =
| ordo = [[Asterales]]
* ''Mallotopus'' <small>Franch. & Sav.</small>
| familia = [[Asteraceae]]
* ''Whitneya'' <small>A.Gray</small>
| subfamilia = [[Asteroideae]]
* ''Gerbera'' <small>Boehm.</small>
| tribus = [[Heliantheae]]
* ''Aliseta'' <small>Raf.</small>
| subtribus = [[Madiinae]]
* ''Epiclinastrum'' <small>Bojer ex DC.</small>
| genus = '''''Arnica'''''
* ''Aphyllocaulon'' <small>Lag.</small>
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
See text.
}}
}}


'''''Arnica''''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑːr|n|ᵻ|k|ə}} is a genus of [[perennial plant|perennial]], herbaceous plants in the sunflower family ([[Asteraceae]]). The genus name ''Arnica'' may be derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''[[wikt:arni|arni]]'', "lamb", in reference to the plants' soft, hairy leaves. ''Arnica'' is also known by the names '''''mountain tobacco''''' and, confusingly, '''''leopard's bane''''' and '''''wolfsbane'''''—two names that it shares with the entirely unrelated genus ''[[Aconitum]]''.
'Arnica' usually refers to ''Arnica montana'', a mountain plant used for relief of bruises, stiffness, and muscle soreness in herbal medicine. Arnica is widely used as a salve for bruises and sprains [http://www.herbcorner.net/recipes/r_arnica.html], and sometimes as a tincture [http://www.drweil.com/u/Article/A46/], for the same anti-inflmmatory, pain-relieving purposes. It is available in natural/health food stores, most commonly in gel form, to be applied to the affected area approximately three times daily.


This [[Circumboreal Region|circumboreal]] and montane (subalpine) genus occurs mostly in the temperate regions of western [[North America]], with a few species native to the [[Arctic Circle|Arctic]] regions of northern [[Eurasia]] and [[North America]].<ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=arnica+montana Altervista Flora Italiana, Arnica, ''Arnica montana'' L. ] includes photos and European distribution maps</ref>


''Arnica'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species, including ''[[Bucculatricidae|Bucculatrix arnicella]]''.
== Botanical Description ==


''Arnica'' was previously classified in the tribe [[Senecioneae]] because it has a flower or [[pappus (flower structure)|pappus]] of fine bristles.
'''Arnica''' is a genus with about 30 [[perennial plant|perennial ]], herbaceous species, belonging to the sunflower family ([[Asteraceae]]). The genus name ''Arnica'' may be derived from the [[Latin]] ''arna'', "lamb", in reference to the soft, hairy leaves.


==Characteristics==
This circumboreal and montane genus occurs mostly in the temperate regions of western [[North America]], while two are native to [[Eurasia]] (''A. angustifolia'' and ''A. montana'').
''Arnica'' plants have a deep-rooted, erect [[Plant stem|stem]] that is usually unbranched. Their downy [[opposite leaves]] are borne towards the apex of the stem. The ovoid, leathery basal leaves are arranged in a rosette.<ref name=n>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=102636 Flora of North America, ''Arnica'' Linnaeus]</ref>


They show large yellow or orange [[flower]]s, {{convert|6–8|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} wide with {{convert|10–15|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} long ray florets and numerous disc florets. The [[phyllary|phyllaries]] (a [[bract]] under the flowerhead) has long spreading hairs. Each phyllary is associated with a ray floret. Species of ''Arnica'', with an [[involucral bract|involucre]] (a circle of bracts arranged surrounding the flower head) arranged in two rows, have only their outer phyllaries associated with ray florets. The flowers have a slight [[aroma compound|aromatic]] smell.<ref name=n/>
''Arnica'' used to be included in the tribe [[Senecioneae]], because it has a [[pappus]] of fine bristles. This was soon questioned and Nordenstam (1977) placed it tentatively in tribe [[Heliantheae]] s.l. This arrangement became also uncertain because of the [[sesquiterpene]] [[lactone]] chemistry in certain species. Lately Arnica was placed in an unresolved [[cladistics|clade]] together with [[Madiinae]], [[Eupatorieae]], [[Heliantheae]] s.s. and [[Pectidinae]].


The seedlike [[fruit]] has a [[pappus (botany)|pappus]] of plumose, white or pale tan bristles. The entire plant has a strong and distinct pine-sage odor when the leaves of mature plants are rubbed or bruised.<ref name=n/>
Several species, such as ''[[Arnica montana]]'' and ''Arnica chamissonis'' contain [[helenalin]], a sesquiterpene lactone that is a major ingredient in [[anti-inflammatory]] preparations (mostly against bruises).


== ''Arnica montana'' ==
''Arnica'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including ''[[Bucculatricidae|Bucculatrix arnicella]]''.
{{main|Arnica montana}}
The species ''Arnica montana'', native to [[Europe]], has long been used medicinally, but the effectiveness of this use has not been substantiated.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Efficacy of Homeopathic Arnica A Systematic Review of Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials |author=E. Ernst |author2= M. H. Pittler |journal=JAMA Surgery |volume=133 |number=11 |date=November 1998 |pages=1187–1190 |doi=10.1001/archsurg.133.11.1187 |pmid=9820349|doi-access=free }}</ref>


==Characteristics==
===Toxicity===
''Arnica montana'' contains the toxin [[helenalin]], which can be poisonous if large amounts of the plant are eaten, and contact with the plant can also cause skin irritation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/Arnicmo.htm |title=Poisonous Plants: Arnica montana |publisher=Ces.ncsu.edu |access-date=2009-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017023928/http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/Arnicmo.htm |archive-date=2013-10-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==Species==
They have a deep-rooted, erect [[Plant stem|stem]], that is usually unbranched. Their downy, opposite [[Leaf|leaves]] are borne towards the [[apex]] of the stem. The ovoid, leathery, basal leaves are arranged in a rosette.
Accepted species:<ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Arnica The Plant List search for ''Arnica'']</ref>


* ''[[Arnica acaulis]]''—Common leopardbane—eastern [[United States|US]] from [[Alabama]] to [[New Jersey]]
They show large yellow or orange [[Flower|flower]]s, 6-8 cm wide with 10-15 long ray florets and numerous disc florets. The [[phyllary|phyllaries]] (= a [[bract]] under the flowerhead) has long spreading hairs Each phyllary is associated with a ray floret. Species of ''Arnica'', with an [[involucre]] (= a circle of bracts arranged surrounding the flower head) arranged in two rows, have only their outer phyllaries associated with ray florets. The flowers have a slight [[Aroma compound|aromatic]] smell.
* ''[[Arnica angustifolia]]''—Narrowleaf arnica—[[Canada]] (from [[British Columbia]] to [[Quebec]]), US ([[Montana]], [[Idaho]], [[Wyoming]], [[Colorado]]); Russia, Scandinavia
* ''[[Arnica cernua]]''—Serpentine arnica—[[California]], [[Oregon]]
* ''[[Arnica chamissonis]]''—Chamisso arnica—US west of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] including [[Alaska]]; [[Canada]] ([[British Columbia]] to [[Quebec]] plus [[Yukon]] + [[Northwest Territories]])
* ''[[Arnica cordifolia]]''—Heart-leaf leopardbane, heartleaf arnica—US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] plus [[Alaska]] + [[Michigan]]; [[Canada]] (from [[British Columbia]] to [[Quebec]] plus [[Yukon]] + [[Northwest Territories]])
* ''[[Arnica dealbata]]''—[[California]]
* ''[[Arnica discoidea]]''—Rayless arnica—[[California]], [[Oregon]], [[Nevada]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
* ''[[Arnica fulgens]]''—Foothill arnica, orange arnica, shining leopardbane—USA (west of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] plus [[Michigan]]); [[Canada]] (from [[British Columbia]] to [[Manitoba]])
* ''[[Arnica gracilis]]''—Smallhead arnica (''A. latifolia'' x ''A. cordifolia'')—US ([[Montana]], [[Idaho]], [[Wyoming]], [[Colorado]], [[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]); [[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], [[Northwest Territories]]
* ''[[Arnica griscomii]]''—[[Russia]], [[Canada]], [[Alaska]]
* ''[[Arnica intermedia]]''—eastern [[Russia]] ([[Yakutsk]]iya, [[Khabarovsk]], [[Magadan]])
* ''[[Arnica lanceolata]]''—Arnica, lanceleaf arnica—US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] plus [[Alaska]], [[Maine]] [[New Hampshire]], [[Vermont]], [[New York State]]; Canada ([[British Columbia]], [[Quebec]], [[New Brunswick]])
* ''[[Arnica latifolia]]''—Broadleaf arnica—western US, western [[Canada]]
* ''[[Arnica lessingii]]''—Nodding arnica—[[Kamchatka]], [[Alaska]], [[Yukon]], [[Northwest Territories]], [[British Columbia]]
* ''[[Arnica lonchophylla]]''—Longleaf arnica—most of Canada; [[Alaska]], [[Montana]], [[Minnesota]], [[South Dakota]]
* ''[[Arnica longifolia]]''—Longleaf arnica, spearleaf arnica—US west of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]], [[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]]
* ''[[Arnica louiseana]]''—Lake Louise arnica—[[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]]
* ''[[Arnica mallotopus]]''—[[Honshu]] Island in [[Japan]]
* ''[[Arnica mollis]]''—Hairy arnica, wooly arnica——US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] plus [[Alaska]], [[New Hampshire]] + [[Vermont]]; [[Canada]] (from [[British Columbia]] to [[Quebec]] plus [[Yukon]] + [[Northwest Territories]])
* ''[[Arnica montana]]''—Mountain arnica—most of [[Europe]] plus [[Greenland]]; naturalized in [[India]]
* ''[[Arnica nevadensis]]''—Nevada arnica—[[California]], [[Oregon]], [[Nevada]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
* ''[[Arnica ovata]]''—[[British Columbia]] [[Alberta]], [[Yukon]], US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]]
* ''[[Arnica parryi]]''—Nodding arnica, Parry's arnica—[[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], [[Yukon]], US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]]
* ''[[Arnica porsildiorum]]''—[[Kamchatka]], [[Yukon]] [[Northwest Territories]]
* ''[[Arnica rydbergii]]''—Rydberg arnica, Rydberg's arnica, subalpine arnica—[[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], northwestern USA
* ''[[Arnica sachalinensis]]''—[[Hokkaido]], [[Sakhalin]], [[Kuril Islands|Kuril]], [[Irkutsk]]
* ''[[Arnica sororia]]''—Twin arnica—[[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]], US West of [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]]
* ''[[Arnica spathulata]]''—Klamath arnica—[[California]] [[Oregon]]
* ''[[Arnica unalaschcensis]]''—Alaska arnica—[[Hokkaido]], [[Honshu]], [[Kamchatka]], [[Sakhalin]], [[Kuril Islands|Kuril]], [[Alaska]]
* ''[[Arnica venosa]]''—Shasta County arnica—[[California]]
* ''[[Arnica viscosa]]''—Mt. Shasta arnica—[[California]], [[Oregon]]


<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
The seed-like [[fruit]] has a [[pappus]] of plumose, white or pale tan bristles.
Image:Arnica chamissonis0.jpg|''[[Arnica chamissonis]]''

Image:Arnica griscomii.jpg|''[[Arnica griscomii]]'' in the Alaskan Interior
==Species==
Image:Arnicamontana.jpg|[[Mountain arnica]] (''Arnica montana'')

Image:Arnica longifolia0.jpg|Longleaf arnica (''[[Arnica longifolia]]'')
*''[[Arnica acaulis]]'' (Walt.) B.S.P. -- Common Leopardbane
</gallery>
*''[[Arnica alpina]]'' (L.) Olin -- Alpine Arnica (synonym of ''Arnica angustifolia'' subsp. ''alpina'')
*''[[Arnica amplexicaulis]]'' Nutt. -- Clasping Arnica, Streambank Arnica (synonym of ''Arnica lanceolata'' subsp. ''amplexicaulis'')
*''[[Arnica angustifolia]]'' Vahl -- Narrowleaf Arnica
**''Arnica angustifolia'' subsp. ''alpina'' (L.) I. K. Ferguson
**''Arnica angustifolia'' subsp. ''tomentosa'' Downie & Denford
*''[[Arnica cernua]]'' T.J. Howell -- Serpentine Arnica
*''[[Arnica chamissonis]]'' Less. -- Chamisso Arnica
**''Arnica chamissonis'' subsp. ''foliosa'' (Nutt.) Maguire
*''[[Arnica cordifolia]]'' Hook. -- Heart-leaf Leopardbane, Heartleaf Arnica
*''[[Arnica dealbata]]'' Baldwin (formerly Whitneya dealbata)
*''[[Arnica discoidea]]'' Benth. -- Rayless Arnica
*''[[Arnica X diversifolia]]'' Greene (pro sp.) -- Curtis Churchmouse Threeawn, Rayless Arnica, Sticky Arnica
*''[[Arnica frigida]]'' C.A. Mey. ex Iljin -- Snow Arnica (synonym of A''rnica griscomii'' subsp. ''frigida'')
*''[[Arnica fulgens]]'' Pursh -- Foothill Arnica, Orange Arnica, Shining Leopardbane
*''[[Arnica x gracilis]]'' Rydb. -- Smallhead Arnica (a natural hybrid between ''A. latifolia'' and ''A. cordifolia'')
*''[[Arnica griscomii]]'' Fernald
**''Arnica griscomii'' subsp. ''frigida'' (C. A. Mey. ex Iljin) S. J. Wolf
**''Arnica griscomii'' subsp. ''griscomii'' Downie & Denford
*''[[Arnica lanceolata]]'' Nutt. -- Arnica, Lanceleaf Arnica
**''Arnica lanceolata'' subsp. ''amplexicaulis'' (Nutt.) Gruezo & Denford
**''Arnica lanceolata'' subsp. ''lanceolata'' Gruezo & Denford
*''[[Arnica latifolia]]'' Bong. -- Broadleaf Arnica
*''[[Arnica lessingii]]'' (Torr. & Gray) Greene -- Nodding Arnica
**''Arnica lessingii'' subsp. ''lessengii''
**''Arnica lessingii'' subsp. ''norbergii'' Hult. & Maguire
*''[[Arnica lonchophylla]]'' Greene -- Longleaf Arnica
**''Arnica lonchophylla'' subsp. ''arnoglossa'' (Greene) Maguire
**''Arnica lonchophylla'' subsp. ''lonchophylla''
*''[[Arnica longifolia]]'' D.C. Eat. -- Longleaf Arnica, Spearleaf Arnica
*''[[Arnica louiseana]]'' Farr -- Lake Louise Arnica
*''[[Arnica mallotopus]]'' (formerly Mallotopus japonicus)
*''[[Arnica mollis]]'' Hook. -- hairy arnica, wooly arnica
*''[[Arnica montana]]'' L. -- Mountain Arnica
*''[[Arnica nevadensis]]'' Gray -- Nevada Arnica
*''[[Arnica ovata]]'' Greene
*''[[Arnica parryi]]'' Gray -- Nodding Arnica, Parry's Arnica
*''[[Arnica rydbergii]]'' Greene -- Rydberg Arnica, Rydberg's Arnica, Subalpine Arnica
*''[[Arnica sachalinensis]]'' (Regel) A. Gray
*''[[Arnica sororia]]'' Greene -- Twin Arnica
*''[[Arnica spathulata]]'' Greene -- Klamath Arnica
*''[[Arnica unalaschcensis]]'' Less. -- Alaska Arnica
*''[[Arnica venosa]]'' Hall -- Shasta County Arnica
*''[[Arnica viscosa]]'' Gray -- Mt. Shasta Arnica


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite journal|author = Maguire, B. |title= A monograph of the genus Arnica (Senecioneae, Compositae)|year= 1943| journal = Brittonia|volume = 4|pages= 386–510}}
*{{cite journal|author=Wolf, S.J. & K.E. Denford|year= 1984|title= Taxonomy of Arnica (Compositae) subgenus Austromontana|journal= Rhodora Journal of the New England Botanical Club|volume= 86|issue=847|pages= 239 - 309 }}
* Nordenstam, B. 1977 Senecioneae and Liabeae—[[systematic review]]. In V. H. Heywood, J. B. Harborne, and B. L. Turner [eds.], The biology and chemistry of the Compositae, vol. II, 799–830. Academic Press, London, UK
* {{cite journal|author=Baldwin, B. G.|year= 1999|title= New combinations in Californian Arnica and Monolopia|journal= Novon|volume= 9|pages= 460–461}}
* {{cite journal|author = Lyss, G., T. J. Schmidt, H. L. Pahl, and I. Merfort|year= 1999 | title= Anti-inflammatory activity of Arnica tincture (DAB 1998) using the transcription factor NF-kappaB as molecular target|journal= Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Letters|volume= 9|pages= 5–8}}
* {{cite journal| author=Wolf, S. J., and K. E. Denford|year= 1984|title= Taxonomy of Arnica (Compositae) subgenus Austromontana|journal= Rhodora|volume= 86|pages= 239–309}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{wiktionary}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{EB1911 poster|Arnica}}
*[http://arnica.csustan.edu/herbarium/taxa.htm Arnica species]
* {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Arnica |short=x}}
*[http://herbarium.uvsc.edu/Virtual/search.asp?s=genus&p=1&n=1318&t=Arnica UVSC Herbarium - Arnica]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Illustration Arnica montana-clean.jpg|[[Mountain Arnica]] (''Arnica montana'')
Image:Arnicamontana.jpg|Mountain Arnica (''Arnica montana'')
Image:Arnica longifolia0.jpg|[[Longleaf Arnica]] (''Arnica longifolia'')
</gallery>


{{Taxonbar|from1=Q693908|from2=Q55829762}}
[[Category:Asteraceae]]
{{Authority control}}


[[cs:Prha]]
[[Category:Arnica| ]]
[[Category:Asteraceae genera]]
[[da:Guldblomme]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[de:Arnika (Gattung)]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[es:Arnica]]
[[fr:Arnica (genre)]]
[[lt:Arnika]]
[[pl:Arnika]]
[[pt:Arnica]]
[[sq:Arnica]]

Latest revision as of 03:12, 1 May 2024

Arnica
Arnica montana[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Madieae
Subtribe: Arnicinae
B.G.Baldwin
Genus: Arnica
L. 1753 not Boehm. 1760
Synonyms
  • Mallotopus Franch. & Sav.
  • Whitneya A.Gray
  • Gerbera Boehm.
  • Aliseta Raf.
  • Epiclinastrum Bojer ex DC.
  • Aphyllocaulon Lag.

Arnica /ˈɑːrnɪkə/ is a genus of perennial, herbaceous plants in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The genus name Arnica may be derived from the Greek arni, "lamb", in reference to the plants' soft, hairy leaves. Arnica is also known by the names mountain tobacco and, confusingly, leopard's bane and wolfsbane—two names that it shares with the entirely unrelated genus Aconitum.

This circumboreal and montane (subalpine) genus occurs mostly in the temperate regions of western North America, with a few species native to the Arctic regions of northern Eurasia and North America.[2]

Arnica species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including Bucculatrix arnicella.

Arnica was previously classified in the tribe Senecioneae because it has a flower or pappus of fine bristles.

Characteristics

[edit]

Arnica plants have a deep-rooted, erect stem that is usually unbranched. Their downy opposite leaves are borne towards the apex of the stem. The ovoid, leathery basal leaves are arranged in a rosette.[3]

They show large yellow or orange flowers, 6–8 cm (2–3 in) wide with 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long ray florets and numerous disc florets. The phyllaries (a bract under the flowerhead) has long spreading hairs. Each phyllary is associated with a ray floret. Species of Arnica, with an involucre (a circle of bracts arranged surrounding the flower head) arranged in two rows, have only their outer phyllaries associated with ray florets. The flowers have a slight aromatic smell.[3]

The seedlike fruit has a pappus of plumose, white or pale tan bristles. The entire plant has a strong and distinct pine-sage odor when the leaves of mature plants are rubbed or bruised.[3]

Arnica montana

[edit]
Main article: Arnica montana

The species Arnica montana, native to Europe, has long been used medicinally, but the effectiveness of this use has not been substantiated.[4]

Toxicity

[edit]

Arnica montana contains the toxin helenalin, which can be poisonous if large amounts of the plant are eaten, and contact with the plant can also cause skin irritation.[5]

Species

[edit]

Accepted species:[6]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ 1897 illustration from Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen
  2. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Arnica, Arnica montana L. includes photos and European distribution maps
  3. ^ a b c Flora of North America, Arnica Linnaeus
  4. ^ E. Ernst; M. H. Pittler (November 1998). "Efficacy of Homeopathic Arnica A Systematic Review of Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials". JAMA Surgery. 133 (11): 1187–1190. doi:10.1001/archsurg.133.11.1187. PMID 9820349.
  5. ^ "Poisonous Plants: Arnica montana". Ces.ncsu.edu. Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2009-12-22.
  6. ^ The Plant List search for Arnica
[edit]
Look up arnica in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Arnica".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Arnica&oldid=1221641132"