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{{coord|52.939|-3.632|display=title|region:GB_scale:5000}}
{{coord|52.939|-3.632|display=title|region:GB_scale:5000}}
[[File:Memorial stone and plaque at Frongoch.jpg|thumb|Marker stone and plaque at Frongoch on the side of the A4212 road]]
[[File:Memorial stone and plaque at Frongoch.jpg|thumb|Marker stone and plaque at Frongoch on the side of the A4212 road]]

'''Frongoch internment camp''' at [[Frongoch]] in [[Merionethshire]], Wales was a makeshift place of imprisonment during the [[First World War]] and the [[1916 Rising]].
'''Frongoch internment camp''' at [[Frongoch]] in [[Merionethshire]], Wales was a makeshift place of imprisonment during the [[First World War]] and the 1916 [[Easter Rising]].


==History==
==History==
[[File:1916-Frongoch-prisoner-of-war-camp-Wales.jpg|thumb|225x225px|Frongoch prisoners of war from the [[Easter Rising]] of Ireland]]
⚫
Until 1916 the camp housed German [[prisoners of war]] in a yellow [[distillery]] and crude huts, but in the wake of the 1916 [[Easter Rising]] in [[Dublin]], Ireland, the German prisoners were moved and it was used as a place of internment for approximately 1,800 Irish prisoners, among them such notables as [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]]. They were accorded the status of prisoners of war. Among the prisoners were the future [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] actor [[Arthur Shields]]<ref name="boy">{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of Irish Biography|last=Boylan|first=Henry|year=1999 |publisher=Gill and Macmillan|location= Dublin|isbn= 0-7171-2945-4}}</ref> and sportsman and referee [[Thomas Burke (Irish revolutionary and sportsman)|Thomas Burke]]. It is a common misconception that [[Éamon de Valera]] was also imprisoned at Frongoch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ballinagree.freeservers.com/fronwhisk.html|title=Frongoch: Whisky Makers and Prisoners of War|website=www.ballinagree.freeservers.com}}</ref><ref>During this time de Valera was held at [[Dartmoor]], [[Maidstone]] and [[Lewes]] prisons.</ref>

⚫
Originally the camp housed German [[prisoners of war]] in a yellow [[distillery]] and crude huts, but in the wake of the 1916 [[Easter Rising]] in [[Dublin]], Ireland, the German prisoners were moved and it was used as an internment camp for approximately 1,800 [[Irish republicanism|Irish republican]]s, among them such notables as [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]], who were accorded the status of [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]]. Among the prisoners were the future [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] actor [[Arthur Shields]]<ref name="boy">{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of Irish Biography|last=Boylan|first=Henry|year=1999 |publisher=Gill and Macmillan|location= Dublin|isbn= 0-7171-2945-4}}</ref> and sportsman and referee [[Tom Burke (Irish revolutionary and sportsman)|Tom Burke]]. It is a common misconception that [[Éamon de Valera]] was also imprisoned at Frongoch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ballinagree.freeservers.com/fronwhisk.html|title=Frongoch: Whisky Makers and Prisoners of War|website=www.ballinagree.freeservers.com}}</ref><ref>During this time de Valera was held at [[Dartmoor]], [[Maidstone]] and [[Lewes]] prisons.</ref>

⚫
The Irish Republican internees elected their own commandants (this practice was followed in future imprisonments/internments) and established a chain of command.<ref>McGuffin, John (1973), ''Internment!'', Anvil Books Ltd, Tralee, Ireland, pgs 27-28.</ref> The camp became a breeding ground for the guerillas of the [[Irish Republican Army (1917–22)|Irish rebels]], with inspired organisers such as Michael Collins giving impromptu lessons in guerrilla tactics. Later the camp became known as ''ollscoil na réabhlóide'', the "University of Revolution".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irishdemocrat.co.uk/news/2002/frongoch-plaque |title=Plaque marks Frongoch internment camp |date=4 October 2002 |first=David |last=Granville |website= Irish Democrat }}</ref>


⚫
[[John Beresford, 5th Baron Decies|Lord Decies]] was appointed as Chief Press Censor for Ireland after the Rising in 1916, and he warned the press to be careful about what they published. [[William O'Brien]]'s ''Cork Free Press'' was one of the first papers he suppressed under the [[Defence of the Realm Act 1914]] (DORA regulations) after its republican editor, [[Frank Gallagher (author)|Frank Gallagher]], accused the British authorities of lying about the conditions and treatment of republican prisoners at the camp.<ref>Peter Martin ''Censorship in the two Irelands 1922-39'', Introduction p.9, Irish Academic Press (2008) {{ISBN|0-7165-2829-0}}</ref>
⚫
The camp became a breeding ground for the guerillas of the [[Irish Republican Army (1917–22)|Irish rebels]], with inspired organisers such as Michael Collins giving impromptu lessons in guerrilla tactics. Later the camp became known as ''ollscoil na réabhlóide'', the "University of Revolution".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irishdemocrat.co.uk/news/2002/frongoch-plaque |title=Plaque marks Frongoch internment camp |date=4 October 2002 |first=David |last=Granville |website= Irish Democrat }}</ref>


The camp was emptied in late December 1916 when [[David Lloyd George]] replaced [[H. H. Asquith]] as Prime Minister.<ref>McGuffin, pg 28.</ref>
⚫
[[John Beresford, 5th Baron Decies|Lord Decies]] was appointed as Chief Press Censrr for Ireland after the Rising in 1916, and he warned the press to be careful about what they published. [[William O'Brien]]'s ''Cork Free Press'' was one of the first papers he suppressed under the [[Defence of the Realm Act 1914]] (DORA regulations) after its republican editor, [[Frank Gallagher (author)|Frank Gallagher]], accused the British authorities of lying about the conditions and situation of republican prisoners at the camp.<ref>Peter Martin ''Censorship in the two Irelands 1922-39'', Introduction p.9, Irish Academic Press (2008) {{ISBN|0-7165-2829-0}}</ref>


== Commemoration ==
The camp was emptied in December 1916 when [[David Lloyd George]] replaced [[H. H. Asquith]] as Prime Minister. The local school ''Ysgol Bro gyijhhan'' now stands on the site of the former camp but a commemorative plaque stands nearby, with inscriptions in [[Irish language|Irish]], [[Welsh language|Welsh]] and English.
The local [[Welsh-medium education|Welsh medium school]], ''Ysgol Bro Tryweryn'', now stands on the site of the internment camp, but a commemorative plaque stands nearby, with inscriptions in [[Irish language|Irish]], [[Welsh language|Welsh]] and English.{{Cn|date=May 2024}}


In 2016, the hundredth anniversary of the internment of Irish prisoners at Frongoch, the local community organized a number of commemoration events and the history of the camp was widely reported.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.easter-rising-frongoch.wales/marking-100-years/|title=Marking 100 years - Frongoch, Wales - a unique place in Irish history|website=www.easter-rising-frongoch.wales}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/dec/27/welsh-village-frongoch-summons-ghosts-irelands-revolutionary-past|title=Welsh village summons ghosts of Ireland's revolutionary past|first=Maev|last=Kennedy|date=27 December 2015|newspaper=[[The Guardian]] }}</ref>
In 2016, on the hundredth anniversary of the internment of Irish prisoners at Frongoch, the local community organized a number of commemoration events and the history of the camp was widely reported.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.easter-rising-frongoch.wales/marking-100-years/ |title=Marking 100 years - Frongoch, Wales - a unique place in Irish history|website=easter-rising-frongoch.wales}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/dec/27/welsh-village-frongoch-summons-ghosts-irelands-revolutionary-past |title=Welsh village summons ghosts of Ireland's revolutionary past|first=Maev|last=Kennedy|date=27 December 2015|newspaper=[[The Guardian]] }}</ref> In the same year there was also an exhibition at the [[National Museum of Ireland – Decorative Arts and History|National Museum of Ireland]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Launch of "Frongoch and 1916: Recreating a Lost Landscape" |url=https://dri.ie/news/launch-frongoch-1916-exhibitions/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Digital Repository Ireland |language=en}}</ref> Objects in their collection include: a Gaelic football adapted from a rugby ball, used in games at the camp;<ref>{{Cite web |title=GAA: People, Objects & Stories {{!}} Decorative Arts & History |url=https://www.museum.ie/en-IE/Museums/Decorative-Arts-History/Exhibitions/GAA-People-Objects-and-Stories |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=National Museum of Ireland |language=en}}</ref> puttees made by Patrick Keegan;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homemade military puttees, Frongoch, 1916 |url=https://www.museum.ie/en-IE/Collections-Research/Collection/Arming-and-training-the-IRA/Artefact/Homemade-military-puttees/dda047cc-db57-4df0-ad89-a6dd9614d448 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=National Museum of Ireland |language=en}}</ref> amongst others.


==List of Internees involved in the Easter Rising==
==List of notable internees involved in the Easter Rising==
⚫
Non-exhaustive list of notable internees:<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/regionals/fingalindependent/localnotes/fingal-fighters-were-held-in-welsh-prison-camp-27765794.html |title=Fingal fighters were held in Welsh prison camp|date=April 12, 2006|newspaper=[[Irish Independent]]}}</ref>
{{More citations needed|date=August 2018}}
⚫
This list is not complete.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/regionals/fingalindependent/localnotes/fingal-fighters-were-held-in-welsh-prison-camp-27765794.html |title=Fingal fighters were held in Welsh prison camp |date=April 12, 2006 |newspaper=[[Irish Independent]] }}</ref>


{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
•Charles Purcell
*Richard Aungier
*[[Denny Barry]]<ref name="roll">"[http://www.easter-rising-frongoch.wales/list-of-prisoners-names/ List of prisoners' names]", Frongoch</ref>
*[[Denny Barry]]<ref name="roll">"[http://www.easter-rising-frongoch.wales/list-of-prisoners-names/ List of prisoners' names]", Frongoch</ref>
*Joseph Beggs
*[[Gerald Boland]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[Gerald Boland]]<ref name="roll" />
*Michael Brady<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kilmainhamgaolautographbooks.ie/people/michael-brady/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022123142/http://www.kilmainhamgaolautographbooks.ie/people/michael-brady/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2020 |title=Michael Brady |publisher=[[Kilmainham Gaol]] Museum }}</ref>
*Patrick Brogan
*Daniel Brophy
*Batt Burke
*[[Tom Burke (Irish revolutionary and sportsman)|Tom Burke]]
*[[Tom Burke (Irish revolutionary and sportsman)|Tom Burke]]
*Pat Caddell
*[[Michael Carolan]]
*[[Michael Carolan]]
*[[Joe Clarke (Irish republican)|Joe Clarke]]
*[[Joe Clarke (Irish republican)|Joe Clarke]]
*[[Harry Colley]]
*[[Con Collins]]
*[[Con Collins]]
*[[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]]
*[[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]]
*James Connor
*[[W. T. Cosgrave]]
*[[W. T. Cosgrave]]
*[[Philip Cosgrave]]
*[[Philip Cosgrave]]
*[[Paddy Daly]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[Paddy Daly]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[P. T. Daly]]
*[[P. T. Daly]]
*Matthias Derham
*John Devine
*[[Henry Dixon (Irish republican)|Henry Dixon]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[Henry Dixon (Irish republican)|Henry Dixon]]<ref name="roll" />
*Peter Doyle
*Thomas J Doyle
*William Doyle
*Thomas Duff
*Thomas P. Duke
*Patrick J. Early
*[[Dick Fitzgerald (Gaelic footballer)|Dick Fitzgerald]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[Dick Fitzgerald (Gaelic footballer)|Dick Fitzgerald]]<ref name="roll" />
⚫
*[[Thomas Hand (Irish republican)|Thomas Hand]]<ref name="ind.ie">{{Cite web |url=http://www.independent.ie/regionals/fingalindependent/news/skerries-honour-for-irish-volunteer-thomas-hand-27770270.html |title=Skerries honour for Irish volunteer Thomas Hand |last=Maddock |first=Fergal |date=8 September 2005 |publisher=independent.ie |access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>
*William Ganly
*Peter Gibbons
*James Gough
⚫
*[[Thomas Hand (Irish republican)|Thomas Hand]]<ref name="ind.ie">{{Cite web |url=http://www.independent.ie/regionals/fingalindependent/news/skerries-honour-for-irish-volunteer-thomas-hand-27770270.html |title=Skerries honour for Irish volunteer Thomas Hand |last=Maddock |first=Fergal |publisher=independent.ie |access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>
*Arthur Hannon
*Thomas Halpin
*William Halpin<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mspcsearch.militaryarchives.ie/search.aspx?session=false|title=Military Service Pension Collection {{!}} Defence Forces Military Archives|website=mspcsearch.militaryarchives.ie|access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref>
*John Hynes
*Dick Kelly
*J. Kelly
*Joseph P. Kelly
*Matt Kelly
*Thomas Kelly
*Edward Lawless
*Joseph Lawless
*Bernard McAllister
*John McCann
*William McCann
*[[John MacDonagh]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[John MacDonagh]]<ref name="roll" />
*James McDonnell
*[[Tom McEllistrim (1894–1973)|Tom McEllistrim]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[Tom McEllistrim (1894–1973)|Tom McEllistrim]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[Seán McGarry]]
*[[Seán McGarry]]
*[[Patrick McGrath (Irish republican)|Patrick McGrath]]
*[[Patrick McGrath (Irish republican)|Patrick McGrath]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[Dick McKee]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[Dick McKee]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[Seán McLoughlin (communist)|Seán McLoughlin]]
*[[Seán McLoughlin (communist)|Seán McLoughlin]]
*[[Seán Mac Mahon]]
*[[Seán Mac Mahon]]
*J. J. McNally
*Joseph McGuinness
*Thomas Maxwell
*Christopher Moran
*[[Patrick Moran (Irish republican)|Patrick Moran]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[Patrick Moran (Irish republican)|Patrick Moran]]<ref name="roll" />
*Peter Moran
*Christopher Mullen
*[[Richard Mulcahy]]
*Fred Murphy
*Hubert Murphy
*[[James Nowlan]]
*[[James Nowlan]]
*Christopher Nugent
*[[Seán Nunan]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[Seán Nunan]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[J. J. "Ginger" O'Connell|J. J. O'Connell]]
*[[J. J. "Ginger" O'Connell|J. J. O'Connell]]
*James O'Brien
*James O'Connell
*[[Batt O'Connor]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[Batt O'Connor]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[Joseph O'Connor (Irish politician)|Joseph O'Connor]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[Joseph O'Connor (Irish politician)|Joseph O'Connor]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[Joseph O'Doherty]]
*[[Joseph O'Doherty]]
*Sean O'Hanlon
*[[Brian O'Higgins]]
*[[Brian O'Higgins]]
*[[Patrick O'Keeffe (politician)|Patrick O'Keeffe]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[Patrick O'Keeffe (politician)|Patrick O'Keeffe]]<ref name="roll" />
*Peter O'Kelly
*[[Seán O'Mahony]]
*[[Seán O'Mahony]]
*[[Cathal Ó Murchadha]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[Cathal Ó Murchadha]]<ref name="roll" />
*Thomas O'Reilly
*[[Liam Ó Rinn]]
*[[Liam Ó Rinn]]
*[[Gearóid O'Sullivan]]
*[[Gearóid O'Sullivan]]
*[[Kit Poole]]
*[[Kit Poole]]
*[[Séumas Robinson (Irish republican)|Séumas Robinson]]
*John Rafferty
*James Rickard
*Séamus Robinson
*Edward Rooney
*James Rooney
*James Ryan<ref name="roll" />
*P. J. Ryan
*Thomas Seaver
*Martin Shannon
*Patrick Sherwin
*[[Arthur Shields]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[Arthur Shields]]<ref name="roll" />
*Edward Stafford
*[[Michael Staines]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[Michael Staines]]<ref name="roll" />
*Christopher Taylor
*J. Taylor
*Thomas Taylor
*Joseph Thornton
*[[Thomas Traynor]]<ref name="roll" />
*[[Thomas Traynor]]<ref name="roll" />
*Joseph Vize
*Bartle Weston
*Charles Weston
*Thomas Weston
*Walter Williams
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
* Brennan-Whitmore, W, ''With the Irish in Frongoch'' (Dublin 1918)
* Brennan-Whitmore, W, ''With the Irish in Frongoch'' (Dublin 1918; republished 2013)<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jzBDwAAQBAJ&q=Brennan-Whitmore,+W,+With+the+Irish+in+Frongoch | isbn=9781781172124| title=With the Irish in Frongoch | date=7 June 2013 | publisher=Mercier Press }}</ref>
* Ebenezer, Lyn, ''Fron-Goch and the birth of the IRA'' (London 2006)
* Ebenezer, Lyn, ''Fron-Goch and the birth of the IRA'' (London 2006)
* {{cite book |last=O'Mahony |first=Sean |title=Frongoch: University of Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fsiGAAAAIAAJ |publisher=FDR Teoranta |location=Dublin |year=1987 }}
* {{cite book |last=O'Mahony |first=Sean |title=Frongoch: University of Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fsiGAAAAIAAJ |publisher=FDR Teoranta |location=Dublin |year=1987 }}
Line 141: Line 78:
==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.easter-rising-frongoch.wales/ Frongoch, Wales - a unique place in Irish history] - a website in English, Welsh and Irish dedicated to the history of Frongoch camp, including a list of Irish prisoners’ names.
* [http://www.easter-rising-frongoch.wales/ Frongoch, Wales - a unique place in Irish history] - a website in English, Welsh and Irish dedicated to the history of Frongoch camp, including a list of Irish prisoners’ names.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntkBGWggiGY Talk: The Rugby Ball used in Gaelic football games by Irishmen held at Frongoch Prison Camp]


{{Prisons in Wales}}
{{Prisons in Wales}}
Line 153: Line 91:
[[Category:Easter Rising]]
[[Category:Easter Rising]]
[[Category:World War I internment camps]]
[[Category:World War I internment camps]]
⚫
[[Category:World War I prisoner-of-war camps]]
[[Category:Wales in World War I]]
[[Category:Wales in World War I]]
[[Category:Internment camps of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Internment camps of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Internment camps in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Internment camps in the United Kingdom]]
⚫
[[Category:World War I prisoner-of-war camps in the United Kingdom]]

Latest revision as of 21:19, 1 May 2024

52°56′20″N 3°37′55″W / 52.939°N 3.632°W / 52.939; -3.632

Marker stone and plaque at Frongoch on the side of the A4212 road

Frongoch internment camp at Frongoch in Merionethshire, Wales was a makeshift place of imprisonment during the First World War and the 1916 Easter Rising.

History

[edit]
Frongoch prisoners of war from the Easter Rising of Ireland

Originally the camp housed German prisoners of war in a yellow distillery and crude huts, but in the wake of the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin, Ireland, the German prisoners were moved and it was used as an internment camp for approximately 1,800 Irish republicans, among them such notables as Michael Collins, who were accorded the status of prisoners of war. Among the prisoners were the future Hollywood actor Arthur Shields[1] and sportsman and referee Tom Burke. It is a common misconception that Éamon de Valera was also imprisoned at Frongoch.[2][3]

The Irish Republican internees elected their own commandants (this practice was followed in future imprisonments/internments) and established a chain of command.[4] The camp became a breeding ground for the guerillas of the Irish rebels, with inspired organisers such as Michael Collins giving impromptu lessons in guerrilla tactics. Later the camp became known as ollscoil na réabhlóide, the "University of Revolution".[5]

Lord Decies was appointed as Chief Press Censor for Ireland after the Rising in 1916, and he warned the press to be careful about what they published. William O'Brien's Cork Free Press was one of the first papers he suppressed under the Defence of the Realm Act 1914 (DORA regulations) after its republican editor, Frank Gallagher, accused the British authorities of lying about the conditions and treatment of republican prisoners at the camp.[6]

The camp was emptied in late December 1916 when David Lloyd George replaced H. H. Asquith as Prime Minister.[7]

Commemoration

[edit]

The local Welsh medium school, Ysgol Bro Tryweryn, now stands on the site of the internment camp, but a commemorative plaque stands nearby, with inscriptions in Irish, Welsh and English.[citation needed]

In 2016, on the hundredth anniversary of the internment of Irish prisoners at Frongoch, the local community organized a number of commemoration events and the history of the camp was widely reported.[8][9] In the same year there was also an exhibition at the National Museum of Ireland.[10] Objects in their collection include: a Gaelic football adapted from a rugby ball, used in games at the camp;[11] puttees made by Patrick Keegan;[12] amongst others.

List of notable internees involved in the Easter Rising

[edit]

Non-exhaustive list of notable internees:[13]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Brennan-Whitmore, W, With the Irish in Frongoch (Dublin 1918; republished 2013)[16]
  • Ebenezer, Lyn, Fron-Goch and the birth of the IRA (London 2006)
  • O'Mahony, Sean (1987). Frongoch: University of Revolution. Dublin: FDR Teoranta.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Boylan, Henry (1999). A Dictionary of Irish Biography. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. ISBN 0-7171-2945-4.
  2. ^ "Frongoch: Whisky Makers and Prisoners of War". www.ballinagree.freeservers.com.
  3. ^ During this time de Valera was held at Dartmoor, Maidstone and Lewes prisons.
  4. ^ McGuffin, John (1973), Internment!, Anvil Books Ltd, Tralee, Ireland, pgs 27-28.
  5. ^ Granville, David (4 October 2002). "Plaque marks Frongoch internment camp". Irish Democrat.
  6. ^ Peter Martin Censorship in the two Irelands 1922-39, Introduction p.9, Irish Academic Press (2008) ISBN 0-7165-2829-0
  7. ^ McGuffin, pg 28.
  8. ^ "Marking 100 years - Frongoch, Wales - a unique place in Irish history". easter-rising-frongoch.wales.
  9. ^ Kennedy, Maev (27 December 2015). "Welsh village summons ghosts of Ireland's revolutionary past". The Guardian.
  10. ^ "Launch of "Frongoch and 1916: Recreating a Lost Landscape"". Digital Repository Ireland. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  11. ^ "GAA: People, Objects & Stories | Decorative Arts & History". National Museum of Ireland. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  12. ^ "Homemade military puttees, Frongoch, 1916". National Museum of Ireland. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  13. ^ "Fingal fighters were held in Welsh prison camp". Irish Independent. 12 April 2006.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "List of prisoners' names", Frongoch
  15. ^ Maddock, Fergal (8 September 2005). "Skerries honour for Irish volunteer Thomas Hand". independent.ie. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  16. ^ With the Irish in Frongoch. Mercier Press. 7 June 2013. ISBN 9781781172124.
[edit]
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