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{{Short description|Defunct newspaper in Egypt (1900–1912)}}
{{Short description|Newspaper in Egypt (1900–1912)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox newspaper
{{Infobox newspaper
| type =
| type =
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| editor =
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| chiefeditor =
| foundation = 2 January 1910
| foundation = 2 January 1900
| political = Nationalist (1900–1908) <br> Pan-Islamist (1908–1910)
| political = {{ubl|Nationalist (1900–1908)|Pan-Islamist (1908–1910)}}
| language = Arabic
| language = Arabic
| ceased publication = 31 August 1912
| ceased publication = 31 August 1912
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| oclc =
| oclc =
| RNI =
| RNI =
| website =
}}
}}
'''''Al Liwa''''' (''The Standard'' in English) was an Arabic language newspaper which was published in Cairo, Egypt, in the period 1900–1912. The paper was founded by [[Mustafa Kamil Pasha]]. From its start in 1900 to the death of its founder in 1908 it adopted a [[Arab nationalism|nationalist]] political stance. Between 1907 and 1910 it was the official organ of the Watani party which was also established by Mustafa Kamil Pasha. The paper adopted a [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamist]] political stance between 1908 and 1910. ''Al Liwa'' was not affiliated with the Watani Party from 1910 to August 1912 when it was closed down.
'''''Al Liwa''''' ([[Arabic]]: ''The Standard'') was a nationalist newspaper which was published in Cairo, Egypt, in the period 1900–1912. It was the first mass circulation newspaper in the country.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Israel Gershoni|title=The Evolution of National Culture in Modern Egypt: Intellectual Formation and Social Diffusion, 1892-1945|journal=[[Poetics Today]]|date=Summer 1992|volume=13|issue=2|page=344|jstor=1772536
|doi=10.2307/1772536}}</ref> The paper was founded by [[Mustafa Kamil Pasha]]. From its start in 1900 to the death of its founder in 1908, ''Al Liwa'' adopted a [[Arab nationalism|nationalist]] political stance. Between 1907 and 1910 it was the official organ of the [[Watani Party|National Party]] which was also established by Mustafa Kamil Pasha. The paper adopted a [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamist]] political stance between 1908 and 1910. ''Al Liwa'' was not affiliated with the National Party from 1910 to August 1912 when it was closed down.


==History and profile==
==History and profile==
Mustafa Kamil Pasha launched ''Al Liwa'' in 1900 when ''[[Al-Mu'ayyad (newspaper)|Al Muayyad]]'', a newspaper in which he published articles, was shut down by the British.<ref name=dab11>{{cite book|editor1=Henry Louis Gates|editor2=Emmanuel Akyeampong|editor3=Steven J. Niven|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2011
Mustafa Kamil Pasha launched ''Al Liwa'' in 1900 when ''[[Al-Mu'ayyad (newspaper)|Al Muayyad]]'', a newspaper in which he published articles, was shut down by the British.<ref name=dab11>{{cite book|editor=Henry Louis Gates|display-editors=et. al.|title=Dictionary of African Biography
|year=2011|isbn=9780199857258|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|chapter=Kamil, Mustafa (1874–1908)|author=Haggai Erlich|location=Oxford; New York|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001|chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1009}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|author=Donald M. Reid|title=Farah Antun: The life and times of a Syrian Christian journalist in Egypt|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/302477754|page=132|oclc=49371914|id={{ProQuest|302477754}}|location=[[Princeton University]]
|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199857258|chapter=Kamil, Mustafa (1874–1908)|author=Haggai Erlich
|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001|url=https://www-oxfordreference-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1009}}</ref> The first issue of ''Al Liwa'' appeared on 2 January that year.<ref name=majsal/><ref name=nad76>{{cite thesis
|degree=PhD|year=1969|isbn=9798658704937}}</ref> The first issue appeared on 2 January that year.<ref name=majsal/><ref name=nad76>{{cite thesis
|url=https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/tb09j9303|author=Nadia Fahmi|title=Mustafa Kamil. Nationalism and Pan Islamism|page=32
|author=Nadia Fahmi|title=Mustafa Kamil. Nationalism and Pan Islamism|location=McGill University|page=32|degree=MA |date=1976|url=https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/tb09j9303|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204101655/https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/tb09j9303}}</ref> The paper published a biweekly supplement entitled ''Majallat Al Liwa''.<ref name=majsal/> Al Liwa became popular among young men and one of the most read newspapers in the country.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Mustafa and the Mikado: A Francophile Egyptian's turn to Meiji Japan|journal=Japanese Studies|date=1999|volume=19|issue=3|page=278 |doi=10.1080/10371399908727682|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10371399908727682|author=Michael Laffan}}</ref>
|degree=MA|location=[[McGill University]]|year=1976}}</ref> The paper had a biweekly supplement entitled ''Majallat Al Liwa''.<ref name=majsal/> ''Al Liwa'' became popular among young men and one of the most read newspapers in the country.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Helen A. Kitchen
|title="Al-Ahram": The "Times" of the Arab World|journal=[[The Middle East Journal]]|date=April 1950|volume=4|issue=2|page=167|jstor=4322163}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Mustafa and the Mikado: A Francophile Egyptian's turn to Meiji Japan|journal=Japanese Studies|page=278|year=1999
|volume=19|issue=3|doi=10.1080/10371399908727682|author=Michael Laffan}}</ref> It had the largest readership of 14,000 in the period 1900–1908.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Relli Shechter|title=Press Advertising in Egypt: Business Realities and Local Meaning, 1882-1956|journal=The Arab Studies Journal|volume=10-11|date=Fall 2002|issue=1–2|pages=46–47|jstor=27933831}}</ref>


Mustafa Kamil's articles published in the paper mostly contained his call to resist British existence in Egypt.<ref name=majsal>{{cite book|author=Majid Salman Hussain|title=British Policy and the Nationalist Movement in Egypt, 1914-1924: A political study|publisher=De Gruyter|year=2020|isbn=978-3-11-220916-5|url=https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=4rT8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|pages=82, 84}}</ref> In March 2007 the French and English language editions of ''Al Liwa'' were launched, namely ''L'Etendard Egyptien'' and ''The Standard Egyptian'', respectively.<ref name=majsal/> Mustafa Kamil Pasha established a political party, al-Hizb al-Watani party (mostly known as Watani party; The Patriotic Party in English), in [[Alexandria]] on 22 October 1907, and ''Al Liwa'' became its official organ.<ref name=dab11/> Following the death of Mustafa Kamil on 10 February 1908 [[Mohammad Farid]] took over the leadership of the party which reshaped the ideological approach of the paper.<ref name=ziad>{{cite book|author=Ziad Fahmy|title=Ordinary Egyptians. Creating the Modern Nation through Popular Culture|date=2011|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford, California|isbn=978-0-8047-7774-2|pages=101, 103, 105-106|doi=10.1515/9780804777742-007
Kamil's articles published in the paper mostly contained his call to resist British existence in Egypt.<ref name=majsal>{{cite book|author=Majid Salman Hussain|title=British Policy and the Nationalist Movement in Egypt, 1914-1924: A political study|publisher=[[De Gruyter]]|year=2020
|isbn=978-3-11-220916-5|pages=82, 84|location=Basel; Berlin; Boston|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4rT8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82}}</ref> In 1906 the paper harshly criticized the appointment of [[Saad Zaghloul]] as [[Ministry of Education (Egypt)|education minister]] due to his pro-British tendency.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rania Maher|title=Saad Zaghloul Pro- or Anti-Concession Extension of the Suez Canal 1909-1910|date=October 2017|journal=International Academic Journal Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management|volume=3|issue=3|page=68|doi=10.21608/ijaf.2017.95527|doi-access=free}}</ref> In March 1907 the French and English language editions of ''Al Liwa'' were launched, namely ''L'Etendard Egyptien'' and ''The Standard Egyptian'', respectively.<ref name=majsal/> All of these publications were financed by [[Abbas II of Egypt|Khedive Abbas Hilmi]].<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Kristin Shawn Tassin|title=Egyptian nationalism, 1882-1919: Elite competition, transnational networks, empire, and independence|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2152/28411|location=The University of Texas at Austin|page=73|degree=PhD|year=2014|hdl=2152/28411}}</ref> In 1908 one of the contributors of the paper was [[Salama Moussa]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Stephen Sheehi|title=Arabic Literary-Scientific Journals: Precedence for Globalization and the Creation of Modernity|journal=[[Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East]]
⚫
|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804777742-007}}</ref> Farid fired Mahmud Izzat who had been the executive director of ''Al Liwa'' and who was close to Ali Fahmi Kamil, brother of the Mustafa Kamil.<ref name=eliezer>{{cite journal
|year=2005|volume=25|issue=2|page=439|doi=10.1215/1089201X-25-2-439|s2cid=143166875}}</ref>
|author=Eliezer Tauber|title=Egyptian Secret Societies, 1911|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|date=2006
⚫
|volume=42|issue=4|pages=606, 608|doi=10.1080/00263200600642290|jstor=4284478 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284478}}</ref> In addition, Farid appointed a new [[editor-in-chief]] to the paper, Abdulaziz Jawish who was a religious conservative figure.<ref name=ziad/><ref name=eliezer/> In 1909 The French and English editions of Al Liwa ceased publication.<ref name=majsal/>


Kamil established a political party, the National Party (mostly known as Al-Watani party or Patriotic Party), in [[Alexandria]] on 22 October 1907, and ''Al Liwa'' became its official organ.<ref name=dab11/><ref>{{Cite book|author=Fawaz A. Gerges|isbn=978-1-4008-9007-1|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/64675|title=Making the Arab world: Nasser, Qutb, and the clash that shaped the Middle East|year=2018
⚫
Jawish published articles in the paper which contained radical conservative views which led to his arrest and imprisonment in 1909.<ref name=ziad/> However, Jawish's actions produced much more significant consequences for both Muslims and Copts, and Coptic Prime Minister Boutros Ghali was assassinated by Ibrahim Al Wardani on 21 February 1910.<ref name=ziad/> Wardani was close to the Watani party.<ref>{{cite book|author=Malak Badrawi| title=Political Violence in Egypt 1910-1925: Secret Societies, Plots and Assassinations|publisher=Taylor & Francis| year=2014|isbn=978-1-136-83229-1|url=https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=LS-tAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|page=29}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Beth Baron|editor1=Ida Blom|editor2=Karen Hagemann|editor3=Catherine Hall|title=Gendered Nations. Nationalisms and Gender Order in the Long Nineteenth Century|date=2000|publisher=Berg Publishers|location=Oxford; New York|isbn=978-1859732649|page=147|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/gendered-nations-9781859732649/|chapter=The making of the Egyptian nation}}</ref> The British authorities demanded that the paper should change its editorial stance, but Farid did not obey their request.<ref name=eliezer/> Instead, he announced that ''Al Liwa'' was not affiliated to the Watani party anymore.<ref name=eliezer/> Farid and other party members established another paper, ''Al Alam'', which was made the official organ of the Watani party.<ref name=eliezer/> The last issue ''Al Liwa'' was published on 31 August 1912.<ref name=majsal/>
|page=44|publisher=Princeton University Press|oclc=1022845920|location=Princeton, NJ}}</ref> Following the death of Mustafa Kamil on 10 February 1908 [[Mohammad Farid]] took over the leadership of the party and reshaped the ideological approach of the paper.<ref name=ziad>{{cite book
|year=2011|author=Ziad Fahmy|title=Ordinary Egyptians. Creating the Modern Nation through Popular Culture|pages=101,103,105–106|s2cid=242288608
|location=Stanford, CA|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804777742-007|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8047-7774-2
⚫
|doi=10.1515/9780804777742-007}}</ref> Farid fired Mahmud Izzat who had been the executive director of ''Al Liwa'' and who was close to Ali Fahmi Kamil, brother of the Mustafa Kamil.<ref name=eliezer>{{cite journal|author=Eliezer Tauber|title=Egyptian Secret Societies, 1911|year=2006
⚫
|pages=606,608|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=42|issue=4|jstor=4284478|doi=10.1080/00263200600642290|s2cid=143221110}}</ref> In addition, Farid appointed a new [[editor-in-chief]] to the paper, Abdulaziz Jawish, who was a religious conservative figure.<ref name=ziad/><ref name=eliezer/> In 1909 the French and English editions of ''Al Liwa'' ceased publication.<ref name=majsal/>

Jawish published articles in the paper, criticising the Khedive and his Coptic Prime Minister [[Boutros Ghali]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Arthur Goldschmidt Jr.|title=The Butrus Ghali Family|journal=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt|year=1993|volume=30|doi=10.2307/40000236
|page=185|jstor=40000236 }}</ref> He supported radical conservative views which led to his arrest and imprisonment in 1909.<ref name=ziad/> However, Jawish's writings produced much more significant consequences for both Muslims and [[Copts in Egypt|Copts]] in that Prime Minister Boutros Ghali was assassinated by Ibrahim Al Wardani on 21 February 1910.<ref name=ziad/> Wardani was close to the National party.<ref>{{cite book|author=Malak Badrawi|title=Political Violence in Egypt 1910-1925: Secret Societies, Plots and Assassinations|publisher=[[Routledge]]
⚫
|year=2014|isbn=978-1-136-83229-1|page=29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LS-tAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|location=London; New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Beth Baron|editor1=Ida Blom|editor2=Karen Hagemann|editor3=Catherine Hall|title=Gendered Nations. Nationalisms and Gender Order in the Long Nineteenth Century|year=2000|publisher=Berg Publishers|location=Oxford; New York|page=147|isbn=978-1859732649|chapter-url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/gendered-nations-9781859732649/|chapter=The making of the Egyptian nation}}</ref> The British authorities demanded that the paper should change its editorial stance, but Farid denied their request.<ref name=eliezer/> Instead, he announced that ''Al Liwa'' was not affiliated to the National party anymore.<ref name=eliezer/> Farid and other party members established another paper, ''Al Alam'', which was made the official organ of the National party.<ref name=eliezer/> The last issue of ''Al Liwa'' was published on 31 August 1912.<ref name=majsal/>


==References==
==References==
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{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal|Egypt|Journalism}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Liwa}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Liwa}}
[[Category:1900 establishments in Egypt]]
[[Category:1900 establishments in Egypt]]
[[Category:1912 disestablishments in Egypt]]
[[Category:1912 disestablishments in Egypt]]
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[[Category:Arabic-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Arab nationalism in Egypt]]
[[Category:Arab nationalism in Egypt]]
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[[Category:Defunct Arabic-language newspapers]]
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[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in Egypt]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Cairo]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Cairo]]
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[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1912]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1912]]
[[Category:Pan-Islamism]]
[[Category:Pan-Islamism]]
[[Category:Nationalist newspapers]]

Latest revision as of 21:39, 3 May 2024

Al Liwa
Founder(s)Mustafa Kamil Pasha
Founded2 January 1900
Political alignment
  • Nationalist (1900–1908)
  • Pan-Islamist (1908–1910)
LanguageArabic
Ceased publication31 August 1912
HeadquartersCairo
CountryEgypt

Al Liwa (Arabic: The Standard) was a nationalist newspaper which was published in Cairo, Egypt, in the period 1900–1912. It was the first mass circulation newspaper in the country.[1] The paper was founded by Mustafa Kamil Pasha. From its start in 1900 to the death of its founder in 1908, Al Liwa adopted a nationalist political stance. Between 1907 and 1910 it was the official organ of the National Party which was also established by Mustafa Kamil Pasha. The paper adopted a pan-Islamist political stance between 1908 and 1910. Al Liwa was not affiliated with the National Party from 1910 to August 1912 when it was closed down.

History and profile

[edit]

Mustafa Kamil Pasha launched Al Liwa in 1900 when Al Muayyad, a newspaper in which he published articles, was shut down by the British.[2][3] The first issue appeared on 2 January that year.[4][5] The paper had a biweekly supplement entitled Majallat Al Liwa.[4] Al Liwa became popular among young men and one of the most read newspapers in the country.[6][7] It had the largest readership of 14,000 in the period 1900–1908.[8]

Kamil's articles published in the paper mostly contained his call to resist British existence in Egypt.[4] In 1906 the paper harshly criticized the appointment of Saad Zaghloul as education minister due to his pro-British tendency.[9] In March 1907 the French and English language editions of Al Liwa were launched, namely L'Etendard Egyptien and The Standard Egyptian, respectively.[4] All of these publications were financed by Khedive Abbas Hilmi.[10] In 1908 one of the contributors of the paper was Salama Moussa.[11]

Kamil established a political party, the National Party (mostly known as Al-Watani party or Patriotic Party), in Alexandria on 22 October 1907, and Al Liwa became its official organ.[2][12] Following the death of Mustafa Kamil on 10 February 1908 Mohammad Farid took over the leadership of the party and reshaped the ideological approach of the paper.[13] Farid fired Mahmud Izzat who had been the executive director of Al Liwa and who was close to Ali Fahmi Kamil, brother of the Mustafa Kamil.[14] In addition, Farid appointed a new editor-in-chief to the paper, Abdulaziz Jawish, who was a religious conservative figure.[13][14] In 1909 the French and English editions of Al Liwa ceased publication.[4]

Jawish published articles in the paper, criticising the Khedive and his Coptic Prime Minister Boutros Ghali.[15] He supported radical conservative views which led to his arrest and imprisonment in 1909.[13] However, Jawish's writings produced much more significant consequences for both Muslims and Copts in that Prime Minister Boutros Ghali was assassinated by Ibrahim Al Wardani on 21 February 1910.[13] Wardani was close to the National party.[16][17] The British authorities demanded that the paper should change its editorial stance, but Farid denied their request.[14] Instead, he announced that Al Liwa was not affiliated to the National party anymore.[14] Farid and other party members established another paper, Al Alam, which was made the official organ of the National party.[14] The last issue of Al Liwa was published on 31 August 1912.[4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Israel Gershoni (Summer 1992). "The Evolution of National Culture in Modern Egypt: Intellectual Formation and Social Diffusion, 1892-1945". Poetics Today. 13 (2): 344. doi:10.2307/1772536. JSTOR 1772536.
  2. ^ a b Haggai Erlich (2011). "Kamil, Mustafa (1874–1908)". In Henry Louis Gates; et al. (eds.). Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001. ISBN 9780199857258.
  3. ^ Donald M. Reid (1969). Farah Antun: The life and times of a Syrian Christian journalist in Egypt (PhD thesis). Princeton University. p. 132. ISBN 9798658704937. OCLC 49371914. ProQuest 302477754.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Majid Salman Hussain (2020). British Policy and the Nationalist Movement in Egypt, 1914-1924: A political study. Basel; Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 82, 84. ISBN 978-3-11-220916-5.
  5. ^ Nadia Fahmi (1976). Mustafa Kamil. Nationalism and Pan Islamism (MA thesis). McGill University. p. 32.
  6. ^ Helen A. Kitchen (April 1950). ""Al-Ahram": The "Times" of the Arab World". The Middle East Journal. 4 (2): 167. JSTOR 4322163.
  7. ^ Michael Laffan (1999). "Mustafa and the Mikado: A Francophile Egyptian's turn to Meiji Japan". Japanese Studies. 19 (3): 278. doi:10.1080/10371399908727682.
  8. ^ Relli Shechter (Fall 2002). "Press Advertising in Egypt: Business Realities and Local Meaning, 1882-1956". The Arab Studies Journal. 10–11 (1–2): 46–47. JSTOR 27933831.
  9. ^ Rania Maher (October 2017). "Saad Zaghloul Pro- or Anti-Concession Extension of the Suez Canal 1909-1910". International Academic Journal Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management. 3 (3): 68. doi:10.21608/ijaf.2017.95527.
  10. ^ Kristin Shawn Tassin (2014). Egyptian nationalism, 1882-1919: Elite competition, transnational networks, empire, and independence (PhD thesis). The University of Texas at Austin. p. 73. hdl:2152/28411.
  11. ^ Stephen Sheehi (2005). "Arabic Literary-Scientific Journals: Precedence for Globalization and the Creation of Modernity". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 25 (2): 439. doi:10.1215/1089201X-25-2-439. S2CID 143166875.
  12. ^ Fawaz A. Gerges (2018). Making the Arab world: Nasser, Qutb, and the clash that shaped the Middle East. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-4008-9007-1. OCLC 1022845920.
  13. ^ a b c d Ziad Fahmy (2011). Ordinary Egyptians. Creating the Modern Nation through Popular Culture. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 101, 103, 105–106. doi:10.1515/9780804777742-007. ISBN 978-0-8047-7774-2. S2CID 242288608.
  14. ^ a b c d e Eliezer Tauber (2006). "Egyptian Secret Societies, 1911". Middle Eastern Studies. 42 (4): 606, 608. doi:10.1080/00263200600642290. JSTOR 4284478. S2CID 143221110.
  15. ^ Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. (1993). "The Butrus Ghali Family". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 30: 185. doi:10.2307/40000236. JSTOR 40000236.
  16. ^ Malak Badrawi (2014). Political Violence in Egypt 1910-1925: Secret Societies, Plots and Assassinations. London; New York: Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-136-83229-1.
  17. ^ Beth Baron (2000). "The making of the Egyptian nation". In Ida Blom; Karen Hagemann; Catherine Hall (eds.). Gendered Nations. Nationalisms and Gender Order in the Long Nineteenth Century. Oxford; New York: Berg Publishers. p. 147. ISBN 978-1859732649.


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