Al Liwa (newspaper): Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Newspaper in Egypt (1900–1912)}} |
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'''''Al Liwa''''' ([[Arabic]]: ''The Standard'') was |
'''''Al Liwa''''' ([[Arabic]]: ''The Standard'') was a nationalist newspaper which was published in Cairo, Egypt, in the period 1900–1912. It was the first mass circulation newspaper in the country.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Israel Gershoni|title=The Evolution of National Culture in Modern Egypt: Intellectual Formation and Social Diffusion, 1892-1945|journal=[[Poetics Today]]|date=Summer 1992|volume=13|issue=2|page=344|jstor=1772536 |
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| ⚫ | |doi=10.2307/1772536}}</ref> The paper was founded by [[Mustafa Kamil Pasha]]. From its start in 1900 to the death of its founder in 1908, ''Al Liwa'' adopted a [[Arab nationalism|nationalist]] political stance. Between 1907 and 1910 it was the official organ of the [[Watani Party|National Party]] which was also established by Mustafa Kamil Pasha. The paper adopted a [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamist]] political stance between 1908 and 1910. ''Al Liwa'' was not affiliated with the National Party from 1910 to August 1912 when it was closed down. |
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|author=Israel Gershoni|title=The Evolution of National Culture in Modern Egypt: Intellectual Formation and Social Diffusion, 1892-1945|journal=Poetics Today|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1772536|date=Summer 1992|volume=13 |
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| ⚫ | | |
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==History and profile== |
==History and profile== |
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Mustafa Kamil Pasha launched ''Al Liwa'' in 1900 when ''[[Al-Mu'ayyad (newspaper)|Al Muayyad]]'', a newspaper in which he published articles, was shut down by the British.<ref name=dab11>{{cite book|editor=Henry Louis Gates |
Mustafa Kamil Pasha launched ''Al Liwa'' in 1900 when ''[[Al-Mu'ayyad (newspaper)|Al Muayyad]]'', a newspaper in which he published articles, was shut down by the British.<ref name=dab11>{{cite book|editor=Henry Louis Gates|display-editors=et. al.|title=Dictionary of African Biography |
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|year=2011|isbn=9780199857258|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|chapter=Kamil, Mustafa (1874–1908)|author=Haggai Erlich|location=Oxford; New York|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001|chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1009}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|author=Donald M. Reid|title=Farah Antun: The life and times of a Syrian Christian journalist in Egypt|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/302477754|page=132|oclc=49371914|id={{ProQuest|302477754}}|location=[[Princeton University]] |
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|degree=PhD|year=1969|isbn=9798658704937}}</ref> The first issue appeared on 2 January that year.<ref name=majsal/><ref name=nad76>{{cite thesis |
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|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001|chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1009}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|author=Donald M. Reid|title=Farah Antun: The life and times of a Syrian Christian journalist in Egypt |
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|url=https:// |
|url=https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/tb09j9303|author=Nadia Fahmi|title=Mustafa Kamil. Nationalism and Pan Islamism|page=32 |
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|location=McGill University|year=1976}}</ref> The paper had a biweekly supplement entitled ''Majallat Al Liwa''.<ref name=majsal/> ''Al Liwa'' became popular among young men and one of the most read newspapers in the country.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Helen A. Kitchen |
|degree=MA|location=[[McGill University]]|year=1976}}</ref> The paper had a biweekly supplement entitled ''Majallat Al Liwa''.<ref name=majsal/> ''Al Liwa'' became popular among young men and one of the most read newspapers in the country.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Helen A. Kitchen |
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|date=April 1950 |
|title="Al-Ahram": The "Times" of the Arab World|journal=[[The Middle East Journal]]|date=April 1950|volume=4|issue=2|page=167|jstor=4322163}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Mustafa and the Mikado: A Francophile Egyptian's turn to Meiji Japan|journal=Japanese Studies|page=278|year=1999 |
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|volume=19|issue=3|doi=10.1080/10371399908727682|author=Michael Laffan}}</ref> It had the largest readership of 14,000 in the period 1900–1908.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Relli Shechter|title=Press Advertising in Egypt: Business Realities and Local Meaning, 1882-1956|journal=The Arab Studies Journal|volume=10-11|date=Fall 2002|issue=1–2|pages=46–47|jstor=27933831}}</ref> |
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Kamil's articles published in the paper mostly contained his call to resist British existence in Egypt.<ref name=majsal>{{cite book|author=Majid Salman Hussain|title=British Policy and the Nationalist Movement in Egypt, 1914-1924: A political study|publisher=De Gruyter|year=2020|isbn=978-3-11-220916-5|pages=82,84|location=Basel; Berlin; Boston|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4rT8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82}}</ref> In March 1907 the French and English language editions of ''Al Liwa'' were launched, namely ''L'Etendard Egyptien'' and ''The Standard Egyptian'', respectively.<ref name=majsal/> All of these publications were financed by [[Abbas II of Egypt|Khedive Abbas Hilmi]].<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Kristin Shawn Tassin|title=Egyptian nationalism, 1882-1919: Elite competition, transnational networks, empire, and independence|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2152/28411|location=The University of Texas at Austin|page=73|degree=PhD|year=2014|hdl=2152/28411}}</ref> In 1908 one of the contributors of the paper was [[Salama Moussa]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Stephen Sheehi|title=Arabic Literary-Scientific Journals: Precedence for Globalization and the Creation of Modernity|journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East |
Kamil's articles published in the paper mostly contained his call to resist British existence in Egypt.<ref name=majsal>{{cite book|author=Majid Salman Hussain|title=British Policy and the Nationalist Movement in Egypt, 1914-1924: A political study|publisher=[[De Gruyter]]|year=2020 |
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|isbn=978-3-11-220916-5|pages=82, 84|location=Basel; Berlin; Boston|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4rT8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82}}</ref> In 1906 the paper harshly criticized the appointment of [[Saad Zaghloul]] as [[Ministry of Education (Egypt)|education minister]] due to his pro-British tendency.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rania Maher|title=Saad Zaghloul Pro- or Anti-Concession Extension of the Suez Canal 1909-1910|date=October 2017|journal=International Academic Journal Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management|volume=3|issue=3|page=68|doi=10.21608/ijaf.2017.95527|doi-access=free}}</ref> In March 1907 the French and English language editions of ''Al Liwa'' were launched, namely ''L'Etendard Egyptien'' and ''The Standard Egyptian'', respectively.<ref name=majsal/> All of these publications were financed by [[Abbas II of Egypt|Khedive Abbas Hilmi]].<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Kristin Shawn Tassin|title=Egyptian nationalism, 1882-1919: Elite competition, transnational networks, empire, and independence|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2152/28411|location=The University of Texas at Austin|page=73|degree=PhD|year=2014|hdl=2152/28411}}</ref> In 1908 one of the contributors of the paper was [[Salama Moussa]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Stephen Sheehi|title=Arabic Literary-Scientific Journals: Precedence for Globalization and the Creation of Modernity|journal=[[Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East]] |
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|year=2005|volume=25|issue=2|page=439|doi=10.1215/1089201X-25-2-439}}</ref> |
|year=2005|volume=25|issue=2|page=439|doi=10.1215/1089201X-25-2-439|s2cid=143166875}}</ref> |
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Kamil established a political party, |
Kamil established a political party, the National Party (mostly known as Al-Watani party or Patriotic Party), in [[Alexandria]] on 22 October 1907, and ''Al Liwa'' became its official organ.<ref name=dab11/><ref>{{Cite book|author=Fawaz A. Gerges|isbn=978-1-4008-9007-1|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/64675|title=Making the Arab world: Nasser, Qutb, and the clash that shaped the Middle East|year=2018 |
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|publisher=Princeton University Press|oclc=1022845920|location=Princeton, NJ}}</ref> Following the death of Mustafa Kamil on 10 February 1908 [[Mohammad Farid]] took over the leadership of the party |
|page=44|publisher=Princeton University Press|oclc=1022845920|location=Princeton, NJ}}</ref> Following the death of Mustafa Kamil on 10 February 1908 [[Mohammad Farid]] took over the leadership of the party and reshaped the ideological approach of the paper.<ref name=ziad>{{cite book |
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|year=2011|author=Ziad Fahmy|title=Ordinary Egyptians. Creating the Modern Nation through Popular Culture|pages=101,103,105–106|s2cid=242288608 |
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|location=Stanford, CA|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804777742-007|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8047-7774-2 |
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|doi=10.1515/9780804777742-007}}</ref> Farid fired Mahmud Izzat who had been the executive director of ''Al Liwa'' and who was close to Ali Fahmi Kamil, brother of the Mustafa Kamil.<ref name=eliezer>{{cite journal|author=Eliezer Tauber|title=Egyptian Secret Societies, 1911|year=2006 |
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| ⚫ | |pages=606,608|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=42|issue=4|jstor=4284478|doi=10.1080/00263200600642290|s2cid=143221110}}</ref> In addition, Farid appointed a new [[editor-in-chief]] to the paper, Abdulaziz Jawish, who was a religious conservative figure.<ref name=ziad/><ref name=eliezer/> In 1909 the French and English editions of ''Al Liwa'' ceased publication.<ref name=majsal/> |
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|title=Egyptian Secret Societies, 1911|year=2006|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=42|issue=4|pages=606,608 |
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| ⚫ | |jstor=4284478|doi=10.1080/00263200600642290|s2cid=143221110}}</ref> In addition, Farid appointed a new [[editor-in-chief]] to the paper, Abdulaziz Jawish, who was a religious conservative figure.<ref name=ziad/><ref name=eliezer/> In 1909 |
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Jawish published articles in the paper |
Jawish published articles in the paper, criticising the Khedive and his Coptic Prime Minister [[Boutros Ghali]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Arthur Goldschmidt Jr.|title=The Butrus Ghali Family|journal=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt|year=1993|volume=30|doi=10.2307/40000236 |
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|page=185|jstor=40000236 }}</ref> He supported radical conservative views which led to his arrest and imprisonment in 1909.<ref name=ziad/> However, Jawish's writings produced much more significant consequences for both Muslims and [[Copts in Egypt|Copts]] in that Prime Minister Boutros Ghali was assassinated by Ibrahim Al Wardani on 21 February 1910.<ref name=ziad/> Wardani was close to the National party.<ref>{{cite book|author=Malak Badrawi|title=Political Violence in Egypt 1910-1925: Secret Societies, Plots and Assassinations|publisher=[[Routledge]] |
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|year=2014|isbn=978-1-136-83229-1|page=29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LS-tAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|location=London; New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Beth Baron|editor1=Ida Blom|editor2=Karen Hagemann|editor3=Catherine Hall|title=Gendered Nations. Nationalisms and Gender Order in the Long Nineteenth Century|year=2000|publisher=Berg Publishers|location=Oxford; New York|page=147|isbn=978-1859732649|chapter-url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/gendered-nations-9781859732649/|chapter=The making of the Egyptian nation}}</ref> The British authorities demanded that the paper should change its editorial stance, but Farid denied their request.<ref name=eliezer/> Instead, he announced that ''Al Liwa'' was not affiliated to the National party anymore.<ref name=eliezer/> Farid and other party members established another paper, ''Al Alam'', which was made the official organ of the National party.<ref name=eliezer/> The last issue of ''Al Liwa'' was published on 31 August 1912.<ref name=majsal/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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{{Portal|Egypt|Journalism}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Liwa}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Liwa}} |
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[[Category:1900 establishments in Egypt]] |
[[Category:1900 establishments in Egypt]] |
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[[Category:1912 disestablishments in Egypt]] |
[[Category:1912 disestablishments in Egypt]] |
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[[Category:Arab nationalism in Egypt]] |
[[Category:Arab nationalism in Egypt]] |
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[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in Egypt]] |
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in Egypt]] |
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[[Category:Newspapers published in Cairo]] |
[[Category:Newspapers published in Cairo]] |
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[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1912]] |
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1912]] |
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[[Category:Pan-Islamism]] |
[[Category:Pan-Islamism]] |
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[[Category:Nationalist newspapers]] |
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Latest revision as of 21:39, 3 May 2024
| Founder(s) | Mustafa Kamil Pasha |
|---|---|
| Founded | 2 January 1900 |
| Political alignment |
|
| Language | Arabic |
| Ceased publication | 31 August 1912 |
| Headquarters | Cairo |
| Country | Egypt |
Al Liwa (Arabic: The Standard) was a nationalist newspaper which was published in Cairo, Egypt, in the period 1900–1912. It was the first mass circulation newspaper in the country.[1] The paper was founded by Mustafa Kamil Pasha. From its start in 1900 to the death of its founder in 1908, Al Liwa adopted a nationalist political stance. Between 1907 and 1910 it was the official organ of the National Party which was also established by Mustafa Kamil Pasha. The paper adopted a pan-Islamist political stance between 1908 and 1910. Al Liwa was not affiliated with the National Party from 1910 to August 1912 when it was closed down.
History and profile
[edit]Mustafa Kamil Pasha launched Al Liwa in 1900 when Al Muayyad, a newspaper in which he published articles, was shut down by the British.[2][3] The first issue appeared on 2 January that year.[4][5] The paper had a biweekly supplement entitled Majallat Al Liwa.[4] Al Liwa became popular among young men and one of the most read newspapers in the country.[6][7] It had the largest readership of 14,000 in the period 1900–1908.[8]
Kamil's articles published in the paper mostly contained his call to resist British existence in Egypt.[4] In 1906 the paper harshly criticized the appointment of Saad Zaghloul as education minister due to his pro-British tendency.[9] In March 1907 the French and English language editions of Al Liwa were launched, namely L'Etendard Egyptien and The Standard Egyptian, respectively.[4] All of these publications were financed by Khedive Abbas Hilmi.[10] In 1908 one of the contributors of the paper was Salama Moussa.[11]
Kamil established a political party, the National Party (mostly known as Al-Watani party or Patriotic Party), in Alexandria on 22 October 1907, and Al Liwa became its official organ.[2][12] Following the death of Mustafa Kamil on 10 February 1908 Mohammad Farid took over the leadership of the party and reshaped the ideological approach of the paper.[13] Farid fired Mahmud Izzat who had been the executive director of Al Liwa and who was close to Ali Fahmi Kamil, brother of the Mustafa Kamil.[14] In addition, Farid appointed a new editor-in-chief to the paper, Abdulaziz Jawish, who was a religious conservative figure.[13][14] In 1909 the French and English editions of Al Liwa ceased publication.[4]
Jawish published articles in the paper, criticising the Khedive and his Coptic Prime Minister Boutros Ghali.[15] He supported radical conservative views which led to his arrest and imprisonment in 1909.[13] However, Jawish's writings produced much more significant consequences for both Muslims and Copts in that Prime Minister Boutros Ghali was assassinated by Ibrahim Al Wardani on 21 February 1910.[13] Wardani was close to the National party.[16][17] The British authorities demanded that the paper should change its editorial stance, but Farid denied their request.[14] Instead, he announced that Al Liwa was not affiliated to the National party anymore.[14] Farid and other party members established another paper, Al Alam, which was made the official organ of the National party.[14] The last issue of Al Liwa was published on 31 August 1912.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ Israel Gershoni (Summer 1992). "The Evolution of National Culture in Modern Egypt: Intellectual Formation and Social Diffusion, 1892-1945". Poetics Today. 13 (2): 344. doi:10.2307/1772536. JSTOR 1772536.
- ^ a b Haggai Erlich (2011). "Kamil, Mustafa (1874–1908)". In Henry Louis Gates; et al. (eds.). Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001. ISBN 9780199857258.
- ^ Donald M. Reid (1969). Farah Antun: The life and times of a Syrian Christian journalist in Egypt (PhD thesis). Princeton University. p. 132. ISBN 9798658704937. OCLC 49371914. ProQuest 302477754.
- ^ a b c d e f Majid Salman Hussain (2020). British Policy and the Nationalist Movement in Egypt, 1914-1924: A political study. Basel; Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 82, 84. ISBN 978-3-11-220916-5.
- ^ Nadia Fahmi (1976). Mustafa Kamil. Nationalism and Pan Islamism (MA thesis). McGill University. p. 32.
- ^ Helen A. Kitchen (April 1950). ""Al-Ahram": The "Times" of the Arab World". The Middle East Journal. 4 (2): 167. JSTOR 4322163.
- ^ Michael Laffan (1999). "Mustafa and the Mikado: A Francophile Egyptian's turn to Meiji Japan". Japanese Studies. 19 (3): 278. doi:10.1080/10371399908727682.
- ^ Relli Shechter (Fall 2002). "Press Advertising in Egypt: Business Realities and Local Meaning, 1882-1956". The Arab Studies Journal. 10–11 (1–2): 46–47. JSTOR 27933831.
- ^ Rania Maher (October 2017). "Saad Zaghloul Pro- or Anti-Concession Extension of the Suez Canal 1909-1910". International Academic Journal Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management. 3 (3): 68. doi:10.21608/ijaf.2017.95527.
- ^ Kristin Shawn Tassin (2014). Egyptian nationalism, 1882-1919: Elite competition, transnational networks, empire, and independence (PhD thesis). The University of Texas at Austin. p. 73. hdl:2152/28411.
- ^ Stephen Sheehi (2005). "Arabic Literary-Scientific Journals: Precedence for Globalization and the Creation of Modernity". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 25 (2): 439. doi:10.1215/1089201X-25-2-439. S2CID 143166875.
- ^ Fawaz A. Gerges (2018). Making the Arab world: Nasser, Qutb, and the clash that shaped the Middle East. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-4008-9007-1. OCLC 1022845920.
- ^ a b c d Ziad Fahmy (2011). Ordinary Egyptians. Creating the Modern Nation through Popular Culture. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 101, 103, 105–106. doi:10.1515/9780804777742-007. ISBN 978-0-8047-7774-2. S2CID 242288608.
- ^ a b c d e Eliezer Tauber (2006). "Egyptian Secret Societies, 1911". Middle Eastern Studies. 42 (4): 606, 608. doi:10.1080/00263200600642290. JSTOR 4284478. S2CID 143221110.
- ^ Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. (1993). "The Butrus Ghali Family". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 30: 185. doi:10.2307/40000236. JSTOR 40000236.
- ^ Malak Badrawi (2014). Political Violence in Egypt 1910-1925: Secret Societies, Plots and Assassinations. London; New York: Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-136-83229-1.
- ^ Beth Baron (2000). "The making of the Egyptian nation". In Ida Blom; Karen Hagemann; Catherine Hall (eds.). Gendered Nations. Nationalisms and Gender Order in the Long Nineteenth Century. Oxford; New York: Berg Publishers. p. 147. ISBN 978-1859732649.
