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Coordinates: 54°12′12″N 1°16′15″W / 54.203295°N 1.270723°W / 54.203295; -1.270723
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| population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011 census]])<ref name="2011 census"/>
| population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011 census]])<ref name="2011 census"/>
| civil_parish = Thirkleby High and Low with Osgodby
| civil_parish = Thirkleby High and Low with Osgodby
| shire_county = [[North Yorkshire]]
| unitary_england = [[North Yorkshire (district)|North Yorkshire]]
| lieutenancy_england = [[North Yorkshire]]
| region = Yorkshire and the Humber
| region = Yorkshire and the Humber
| constituency_westminster = [[Thirsk and Malton (UK Parliament constituency)|Thirsk and Malton]]
| constituency_westminster = [[Thirsk and Malton (UK Parliament constituency)|Thirsk and Malton]]
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| os_grid_reference = SE476788
| os_grid_reference = SE476788
}}
}}
'''Thirkleby High and Low with Osgodby''' is a [[civil parish]] in [[North Yorkshire]], [[England]]. The constituents of the parish consist of the villages of Great Thirkleby, Little Thirkleby and the scattered hamlet of Osgodby. The similarly named medieval settlement of [[Thirkleby Manor]] is in the parish of [[Kirby Grindalythe]], [[Ryedale]] district.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1019094|desc=Thirkleby Manor|accessdate=8 September 2013}}</ref> The population of the civil parish taken at the 2011 Census was 266.<ref name="2011 census">{{NOMIS2011|id=1170216937|title=Thirkleby High and Low with Osgodby Parish |accessdate=13 June 2018}}</ref>
'''Thirkleby High and Low with Osgodby''' is a [[civil parish]] in [[North Yorkshire]], [[England]]. The parish includes the villages of Great Thirkleby and Little Thirkleby and the scattered hamlet of Osgodby. The similarly named medieval settlement of [[Thirkleby Manor]] is around 30 miles north, in the parish of [[Kirby Grindalythe]], [[Ryedale]] District.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1019094|desc=Thirkleby Manor|accessdate=8 September 2013}}</ref> The population of the civil parish taken at the 2011 Census was 266.<ref name="2011 census">{{NOMIS2011|id=1170216937|title=Thirkleby High and Low with Osgodby Parish |accessdate=13 June 2018}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
The ''[[Domesday Book]]'' mentions the village of Thirkleby as ''Turchilebi'' in the ''Yarlestre hundred'' and belonging to the ''[[Coxwold]]'' manor. There were 54 villagers with the land consisting of ploughed fields and woodland.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Morris |editor1-first=John |title=Domesday Book Yorkshire |date=1986 |publisher=Phillimore |location=Chichester |page=327B}}</ref> At the time of the Norman invasion, the lands belonged to ''Kofse'' but soon afterwards were granted to ''Hugh, son of Baldric''.<ref>{{OpenDomesday|OS=SE4976|name=thirkleby|display= Thirkleby|accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref> Soon after, the manor was in the hands of the ''Mowbray'' family and followed the descent of the manor of Thirsk until the 16th century. A [[Mesne lord|mesne]] lordship was held in the parish by ''Robert de Buscy'' in the 12th century, with some land granted to Byland Abbey. The ''Buscy'' family held this land until at least 1348. Other land owners in the 12th century in the manor were the ''Meynell'' family. Some of their land seemed to have been granted by marriage to the ''de Burton'' family, who also held lands in ''West Harlsey''.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Page |editor1-first=William |title=The Victoria history of the county of York, North Riding |date=1968 |publisher=Dawsons of Pall Mall for the University of London Institute of Historical Research |location=London |page=56|isbn=0712903100}}</ref>
The [[Domesday Book]] mentions the village of Thirkleby as "Turchilebi" in the [[wapentake]] of [[List of hundreds of England#North Riding|Yarlestre]] and belonging to the [[Coxwold]] manor. There were 54 villagers, and the land consisted of ploughed fields and woodland.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Morris |editor1-first=John |title=Domesday Book Yorkshire |date=1986 |publisher=Phillimore |location=Chichester |page=327B}}</ref> At the time of the Norman invasion, the lands belonged to Kofse, but soon afterwards they were granted to Hugh, son of Baldric.<ref>{{OpenDomesday|OS=SE4976|name=thirkleby|display= Thirkleby|accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref> Soon afterwards, the manor was in the hands of the Mowbray family, and it followed the descent of the manor of Thirsk until the 16th century. A [[Mesne lord|mesne]] lordship was held in the parish by Robert de Buscy in the 12th century, with some land granted to [[Byland Abbey]]. The Buscy family held this land until at least 1348. Other landowners in the 12th century in the manor were the Meynell family. Some of their land seems to have been granted by marriage to the de Burton family, who also held lands in West Harlsey.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Page |editor1-first=William |title=The Victoria history of the county of York, North Riding |date=1968 |publisher=Dawsons of Pall Mall for the University of London Institute of Historical Research |location=London |page=56|isbn=0712903100}}</ref>


The greater manor passed from the ''Buscy'' family to the Crown following their involvement in the 1322 uprisings. They were acquired by [[Thomas Ughtred, 1st Baron Ughtred|Sir Thomas Ughtred]] in 1361. The manor was sold to ''Sir Roger Fulthorpe'' in 1383 and remained in the family until the late 16th century when it was seized by the Crown. It was subsequently sold to the [[Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick|Earl of Warwick]] who sold it in turn to ''William Frankland''. It remained in the Frankland family, though not always through direct line of succession, until the late 19th century.<ref name="History">{{cite web |title=Parishes: Thirkleby {{!}} British History Online |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/north/vol2/pp55-58 |website=www.british-history.ac.uk |access-date=12 June 2023}}</ref>
The greater manor passed from the Buscy family to the Crown following their involvement in the [[Battle of Boroughbridge|1322 uprisings]]. They were acquired by [[Thomas Ughtred, 1st Baron Ughtred|Sir Thomas Ughtred]] in 1361. The manor was sold to Sir Roger Fulthorpe in 1383 and remained in the family until the late 16th century, when it was seized by the Crown. It was subsequently sold to the [[Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick|Earl of Warwick]], who sold it in turn to William Frankland. It remained in the Frankland family, though not always in the direct line of succession, until the late 19th century.<ref name="History">{{cite web |title=Parishes: Thirkleby {{!}} British History Online |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/north/vol2/pp55-58 |website=www.british-history.ac.uk |access-date=12 June 2023}}</ref>


The lesser manor passed from the ''de Burton'' family to Marmaduke Darell in 1363 and thereafter followed the inheritance of the manor of [[Sessay]]. The lands that make up Osgodby were those that were granted to the church.<ref name="History"/>
The lesser manor passed from the de Burton family to Marmaduke Darell in 1363 and thereafter followed the inheritance of the manor of [[Sessay]]. The lands that make up Osgodby were those that were granted to the church.<ref name="History"/>


The [[toponymy]] is derived from the [[Danish language|Danish]] personal name of ''Thorkel'' or ''Thirkel'' suffixed with ''by'' to give the meaning of ''Thorkel's farm''.<ref name="Bulmers">{{cite book|title=Bulmer's Topography, History and Directory (Private and Commercial) of North Yorkshire 1890 |pages=812–813|year=1890 |publisher= S&N Publishing|isbn= 1-86150-299-0}}</ref>
The [[toponymy]] is derived from the [[Danish language|Danish]] personal name of ''Thorkel'' or ''Thirkel'', suffixed with ''by'' to give the meaning of ''Thorkel's farm''.<ref name="Bulmers">{{cite book|title=Bulmer's Topography, History and Directory (Private and Commercial) of North Yorkshire 1890 |pages=812–813|year=1890 |publisher= S&N Publishing|isbn= 1-86150-299-0}}</ref>


[[Thirkleby Hall]] used to stand to the west of Great Thirkleby and was built between 1780 and 1785 for [[Sir Thomas Frankland, 6th Baronet]] and was situated in around {{convert|200|acre|ha}} of grounds. At the end of the First World War, the estate was without any heir and was auctioned off, except for the hall which did not find a buyer until 1927 when it was dismantled entirely. The grounds are now used for holiday accommodation in the form of cottages and static caravans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thirklebyhall.co.uk/about-thirkleby-hall.html|title=Hall and Grounds|access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref>
[[Thirkleby Hall]] used to stand to the west of Great Thirkleby. It was built between 1780 and 1785 for [[Sir Thomas Frankland, 6th Baronet]] and was situated in around {{convert|200|acre|ha}} of grounds. At the end of the First World War, the estate was without any heir and was auctioned off, except for the hall which did not find a buyer until 1927 when it was dismantled entirely. The grounds are now used for holiday accommodation in the form of cottages and static caravans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thirklebyhall.co.uk/about-thirkleby-hall.html|title=Hall and Grounds|access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenwoodparks.net/thirkleby/ |title=Thirkleby Hall Caravan Park }}</ref>


[[Prisoner of war camp]] number 108 was built at Sandhill (on Low Road at the southern edge of Little Thirkleby) as a working camp for German prisoners during the [[Second World War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/prisoner-of-war-camps/prisoner-of-war-camps.pdf/|title=English Heritage list of POW camps (1939–1948)|access-date=8 September 2013}}</ref> It has been used as a pig farm for many years but the water tower and many of the buildings have survived.
[[Prisoner of war camp]] number 108 was built at Sandhill (on Low Road at the southern edge of Little Thirkleby) as a working camp for German prisoners during the [[Second World War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/prisoner-of-war-camps/prisoner-of-war-camps.pdf/|title=English Heritage list of POW camps (1939–1948)|access-date=8 September 2013}}</ref> It has been used as a pig farm for many years, but the water tower and many of the buildings have survived.


A [[Roman Empire|Roman]] fort was discovered at Thirkleby in 2018, through the study of aerial photography. The fort is considered to date to the [[Flavian dynasty|Flavian]] period on the basis of its layout.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Millett|first1=Martin|last2=Brickstock|first2=Richard|date=2020|title=An Early Roman Fort at Thirkleby, North Yorkshire|journal=Britannia|volume=51 |language=en|pages=318–323|doi=10.1017/S0068113X20000021|issn=0068-113X|doi-access=free}}</ref>
A [[Roman Empire|Roman]] fort was discovered at Thirkleby in 2018, through the study of aerial photography. The fort is considered to date to the [[Flavian dynasty|Flavian]] period on the basis of its layout.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Millett|first1=Martin|last2=Brickstock|first2=Richard|date=2020|title=An Early Roman Fort at Thirkleby, North Yorkshire|journal=Britannia|volume=51 |language=en|pages=318–323|doi=10.1017/S0068113X20000021|issn=0068-113X|doi-access=free}}</ref>
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==Geography==
==Geography==
[[File:Great Thirkleby.jpg|thumb|View of Great Thirkleby towards The White Horse at Kilburn]]
[[File:Great Thirkleby.jpg|thumb|View of Great Thirkleby towards The White Horse at Kilburn]]
The parish is {{convert|2,592|acre|ha}} in size. The parish consists of the villages of Great (or High) Thirkleby, Little (or Low) Thirkleby and the scattered hamlet of Osgodby. Thirkleby Beck divides Great and Little Thirkleby and runs south as part of the tributary system of the [[River Swale]]. The [[A19 road]] passes north westward through the southern part of the parish. The two villages are linked by ''Arden Bridge'' which is a Grade II listed structure probably built by [[John Carr (architect)|John Carr]] in the 18th century.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1191018|desc=ARDEN BRIDGE OVER THIRKLEBY BECK|accessdate=1 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="Survey"/>
The parish is {{convert|2,592|acre|ha}} in size. The parish consists of the villages of Great (or High) Thirkleby and Little (or Low) Thirkleby, and the scattered hamlet of Osgodby. Thirkleby Beck divides Great and Little Thirkleby and runs south as part of the tributary system of the [[River Swale]]. The [[A19 road]] passes north-westward through the southern part of the parish. The two villages are linked by ''Arden Bridge'', which is a Grade II listed structure probably built by [[John Carr (architect)|John Carr]] in the 18th century.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1191018|desc=ARDEN BRIDGE OVER THIRKLEBY BECK|accessdate=1 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="Survey"/>


The nearest settlements to the centre point of the two villages are [[Bagby]] {{convert|1.3|mi}} to the north-west, [[Kilburn, North Yorkshire|Kilburn]] {{convert|2.3|mi}} to the east, [[Carlton Husthwaite]] {{convert|1.8|mi}} to the south-east and [[Hutton Sessay]] {{convert|1.5| mi}} to the south.<ref name="Survey"/>
The nearest settlements to the centre point of the two villages are [[Bagby]] {{convert|1.3|mi}} to the north-west, [[Kilburn, North Yorkshire|Kilburn]] {{convert|2.3|mi}} to the east, [[Carlton Husthwaite]] {{convert|1.8|mi}} to the south-east and [[Hutton Sessay]] {{convert|1.5| mi}} to the south.<ref name="Survey"/>


== Demography ==
== Demography ==
In 1881, the UK Census recorded the population as 261.<ref name="Bulmers"/> In 2001 the UK Census recorded a population of 224 of which 47.8% were male and 52.2% were female and 191 were over the age of sixteen years.<ref>{{NOMIS2001|id=36UC149|title=Thirkleby High and Low with Osgodby Parish|accessdate=1 October 2022}}</ref> The 2011 UK Census recorded a population of 266, of which 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female and 232 were over the age of sixteen years. Population density was recorded as 0.2 per hectare.<ref name="2011 census"/>
In 1881, the UK Census recorded the population as 261.<ref name="Bulmers"/> In 2001 the UK Census recorded a population of 224, of whom 47.8% were male and 52.2% were female, and 191 were over the age of sixteen years.<ref>{{NOMIS2001|id=36UC149|title=Thirkleby High and Low with Osgodby Parish|accessdate=1 October 2022}}</ref> The 2011 UK Census recorded a population of 266, of which 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female and 232 were over the age of sixteen years. Population density was recorded as 0.2 per hectare.<ref name="2011 census"/>


==Religion==
==Religion==
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==Notable residents==
==Notable residents==
[[File:Frankland memorial by John Flaxman R.A..jpg|thumb|Memorial to Sir Thomas Frankland's children by John Flaxman R.A.]]
[[File:Frankland memorial by John Flaxman R.A..jpg|thumb|Memorial to Sir Thomas Frankland's children by John Flaxman R.A.]]
* [[Sir Thomas Frankland, 5th Baronet|Sir Thomas Frankland]] – [[Admiral of the White]], [[Governor of Bengal]], MP for [[Thirsk]] (1747–1780 and 1784). The [[Frankland Islands]] off the [[Queensland]] coast are named after him.<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=A,&nbsp;W.&nbsp;H.|last=Pearson|title=Frankland, Sir Thomas, fifth baronet|id=10087|date=23 September 2004}}</ref>
* [[Sir Thomas Frankland, 5th Baronet|Sir Thomas Frankland]] – [[Admiral of the White]], [[Governor of Bengal]], MP for [[Thirsk]] (1747–1780 and 1784). The [[Frankland Islands]] off the [[Queensland]] coast are named after him.<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=A.&nbsp;W.&nbsp;H.|last=Pearson|title=Frankland, Sir Thomas, fifth baronet|id=10087|date=23 September 2004}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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*{{Commons category-inline|Thirkleby High and Low with Osgodby}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Thirkleby High and Low with Osgodby}}
* [http://allsaintsthirkleby.org.uk All Saints Thirkleby]
* [http://allsaintsthirkleby.org.uk All Saints Thirkleby]
*[http://domesdaymap.co.uk/place/SE4778/thirkleby/ Thirkleby in the Domesday Book]


[[Category:Civil parishes in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in North Yorkshire]]

Latest revision as of 15:41, 4 May 2024

Thirkleby
Civil parish
Village Hall, Great Thirkleby
Thirkleby is located in North Yorkshire
Thirkleby
Thirkleby
Location within North Yorkshire
Population266 (2011 census)[1]
OS grid referenceSE476788
Civil parish
  • Thirkleby High and Low with Osgodby
Unitary authority
Ceremonial county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townTHIRSK
Postcode districtYO7
PoliceNorth Yorkshire
FireNorth Yorkshire
AmbulanceYorkshire
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Yorkshire
54°12′12″N 1°16′15″W / 54.203295°N 1.270723°W / 54.203295; -1.270723

Thirkleby High and Low with Osgodby is a civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. The parish includes the villages of Great Thirkleby and Little Thirkleby and the scattered hamlet of Osgodby. The similarly named medieval settlement of Thirkleby Manor is around 30 miles north, in the parish of Kirby Grindalythe, Ryedale District.[2] The population of the civil parish taken at the 2011 Census was 266.[1]

History

[edit]

The Domesday Book mentions the village of Thirkleby as "Turchilebi" in the wapentake of Yarlestre and belonging to the Coxwold manor. There were 54 villagers, and the land consisted of ploughed fields and woodland.[3] At the time of the Norman invasion, the lands belonged to Kofse, but soon afterwards they were granted to Hugh, son of Baldric.[4] Soon afterwards, the manor was in the hands of the Mowbray family, and it followed the descent of the manor of Thirsk until the 16th century. A mesne lordship was held in the parish by Robert de Buscy in the 12th century, with some land granted to Byland Abbey. The Buscy family held this land until at least 1348. Other landowners in the 12th century in the manor were the Meynell family. Some of their land seems to have been granted by marriage to the de Burton family, who also held lands in West Harlsey.[5]

The greater manor passed from the Buscy family to the Crown following their involvement in the 1322 uprisings. They were acquired by Sir Thomas Ughtred in 1361. The manor was sold to Sir Roger Fulthorpe in 1383 and remained in the family until the late 16th century, when it was seized by the Crown. It was subsequently sold to the Earl of Warwick, who sold it in turn to William Frankland. It remained in the Frankland family, though not always in the direct line of succession, until the late 19th century.[6]

The lesser manor passed from the de Burton family to Marmaduke Darell in 1363 and thereafter followed the inheritance of the manor of Sessay. The lands that make up Osgodby were those that were granted to the church.[6]

The toponymy is derived from the Danish personal name of Thorkel or Thirkel, suffixed with by to give the meaning of Thorkel's farm.[7]

Thirkleby Hall used to stand to the west of Great Thirkleby. It was built between 1780 and 1785 for Sir Thomas Frankland, 6th Baronet and was situated in around 200 acres (81 ha) of grounds. At the end of the First World War, the estate was without any heir and was auctioned off, except for the hall which did not find a buyer until 1927 when it was dismantled entirely. The grounds are now used for holiday accommodation in the form of cottages and static caravans.[8] [9]

Prisoner of war camp number 108 was built at Sandhill (on Low Road at the southern edge of Little Thirkleby) as a working camp for German prisoners during the Second World War.[10] It has been used as a pig farm for many years, but the water tower and many of the buildings have survived.

A Roman fort was discovered at Thirkleby in 2018, through the study of aerial photography. The fort is considered to date to the Flavian period on the basis of its layout.[11]

Governance

[edit]

The village lies within the Thirsk and Malton UK Parliament constituency.[12] It also lies within the Stillington electoral division of North Yorkshire County Council and the White Horse ward.[13][not specific enough to verify]

Geography

[edit]
View of Great Thirkleby towards The White Horse at Kilburn

The parish is 2,592 acres (1,049 ha) in size. The parish consists of the villages of Great (or High) Thirkleby and Little (or Low) Thirkleby, and the scattered hamlet of Osgodby. Thirkleby Beck divides Great and Little Thirkleby and runs south as part of the tributary system of the River Swale. The A19 road passes north-westward through the southern part of the parish. The two villages are linked by Arden Bridge, which is a Grade II listed structure probably built by John Carr in the 18th century.[14][13]

The nearest settlements to the centre point of the two villages are Bagby 1.3 miles (2.1 km) to the north-west, Kilburn 2.3 miles (3.7 km) to the east, Carlton Husthwaite 1.8 miles (2.9 km) to the south-east and Hutton Sessay 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the south.[13]

Demography

[edit]

In 1881, the UK Census recorded the population as 261.[7] In 2001 the UK Census recorded a population of 224, of whom 47.8% were male and 52.2% were female, and 191 were over the age of sixteen years.[15] The 2011 UK Census recorded a population of 266, of which 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female and 232 were over the age of sixteen years. Population density was recorded as 0.2 per hectare.[1]

Religion

[edit]
All Saints, Great Thirkleby, Thirsk, North Yorkshire

The church is a Grade II* listed building, dedicated to All Saints. It was designed by Victorian architect Edward Buckton Lamb and built in 1851 for Lady Frankland-Russell of Thirkleby Park, in memory of her husband Robert. The burial vault of the earlier church was retained but the fine pews were moved to the church of St Andrew's at Blubberhouses (another Frankland-Russell estate church also designed by E. B. Lamb). All Saints has several Frankland memorials and other monumental inscriptions, including a fine piece by the sculptor John Flaxman.[16]

The previous church was rebuilt in 1722 on the site of the original 12th-century building.[17][7][6]

Notable residents

[edit]
Memorial to Sir Thomas Frankland's children by John Flaxman R.A.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Thirkleby High and Low with Osgodby Parish (1170216937)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  2. ^ Historic England. "Thirkleby Manor (1019094)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  3. ^ Morris, John, ed. (1986). Domesday Book Yorkshire. Chichester: Phillimore. p. 327B.
  4. ^ Thirkleby in the Domesday Book. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  5. ^ Page, William, ed. (1968). The Victoria history of the county of York, North Riding. London: Dawsons of Pall Mall for the University of London Institute of Historical Research. p. 56. ISBN 0712903100.
  6. ^ a b c "Parishes: Thirkleby | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  7. ^ a b c Bulmer's Topography, History and Directory (Private and Commercial) of North Yorkshire 1890. S&N Publishing. 1890. pp. 812–813. ISBN 1-86150-299-0.
  8. ^ "Hall and Grounds". Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  9. ^ "Thirkleby Hall Caravan Park".
  10. ^ "English Heritage list of POW camps (1939–1948)". Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  11. ^ Millett, Martin; Brickstock, Richard (2020). "An Early Roman Fort at Thirkleby, North Yorkshire". Britannia. 51: 318–323. doi:10.1017/S0068113X20000021. ISSN 0068-113X.
  12. ^ "Election Maps". ordnancesurvey.co.uk. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  13. ^ a b c "OpenData support | OS Tools & Support".
  14. ^ Historic England. "ARDEN BRIDGE OVER THIRKLEBY BECK (1191018)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  15. ^ UK Census (2001). "Local Area Report – Thirkleby High and Low with Osgodby Parish (36UC149)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  16. ^ "Thirkleby All Saints". nationalchurchestrust.org. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  17. ^ Historic England. "CHURCH OF ALL SAINTS (1315254)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  18. ^ Pearson, A. W. H. (23 September 2004). "Frankland, Sir Thomas, fifth baronet". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10087. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
[edit]
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