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{{Short description|Ruins off Bornholm}}[[Image:Burg Hammershus 5.jpg|thumb|right|Hammershus.]]

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[[Image:Burg Hammershus 5.jpg|thumb|right|Hammershus.]]
[[File:Hammershus 001.JPG|thumb|Hammershus]]
[[File:Hammershus 001.JPG|thumb|Hammershus]]


'''Hammershus''' is a [[Middle ages|medieval]] era [[fortification]] at [[Hammeren]] on the northern tip of the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Bornholm]].
'''Hammershus''' is a [[Middle Ages|medieval]] era [[fortification]] at [[Hammeren]] on the northern tip of the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Bornholm]].
The fortress was partially demolished around 1750 and is now a [[ruin]]. It was partially restored around 1900. <ref name=sok>{{cite web|url= https://bornholm.info/en/hammershus/|title = Hammershus|website= bornholm.info|access-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.visitdenmark.com/denmark/explore/hammershus-castle-ruins-gdk614896 |title = Hammershus Castle Ruins|website= VisitDenmark |access-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref>
The fortress was partially demolished around 1750 and is now a [[ruin]]. It was partially restored around 1900.<ref name=sok>{{cite web |url=https://bornholm.info/en/hammershus/ |title=Hammershus |website=bornholm.info |access-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.visitdenmark.com/denmark/explore/hammershus-castle-ruins-gdk614896 |title=Hammershus Castle Ruins |website=VisitDenmark |access-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
[[File:1848 Kieldrup Die Ruinen von Hammershus anagoria.JPG|thumb|left|''Ruins of Hammershus'' <br>Anton Eduard Kieldrup (1848)]]
[[File:1848 Kieldrup Die Ruinen von Hammershus anagoria.JPG|thumb|left|''Ruins of Hammershus'' <br>Anton Eduard Kieldrup (1848)]]
Hammershus was [[Scandinavia]]'s largest [[Middle ages|medieval]] [[fortification]] and is one of the largest medieval fortification in Northern Europe.<ref>[https://archive.is/20120722170934/http://www.bornholmsmuseer.dk/hammershus/index.html Bornholm Museum] </ref>It is situated in the [[Baltic Sea]] {{convert|74|m}} above sea level. The fortification was erected in the 13th century and consists of the base castle residence and features a grand tower called the "mantel" tower. Hammershus Fortress features a {{convert|750|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} perimeter wall around the castle grounds. <ref name="sok"/>
Hammershus was [[Scandinavia]]'s largest [[Middle Ages|medieval]] [[fortification]] and is one of the larger medieval fortifications of Northern Europe.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120722170934/http://www.bornholmsmuseer.dk/hammershus/index.html Bornholm Museum]</ref> It is situated in the [[Baltic Sea]] {{convert|74|m}} above sea level. The fortification was erected in the 13th century and consists of the base castle residence and features a grand tower called the "mantel" tower. Hammershus Fortress features a {{convert|750|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} perimeter wall around the castle grounds.<ref name="sok"/>


During a number of successive struggles between the [[list of Danish monarchs|kings of Denmark]] versus the Archbishopric, the fortress served as a refuge for the Archbishops including Bishop [[Jens Grand]]. It was conquered by the king's army on a number of occasions, e.g. 1259, 1265, 1319, and 1325. In 1521, it was taken by king [[Christian II of Denmark|Christian II]], who used it to imprison [[Bishop]] [[Jens Andersen Beldenak]] of [[Funen]]. The fortress was conquered by forces of [[Lübeck]] the same year.
During a number of successive struggles between the [[list of Danish monarchs|kings of Denmark]] versus the Archbishopric, the fortress served as a refuge for the Archbishops including Bishop [[Jens Grand]]. It was conquered by the king's army on a number of occasions, e.g. 1259, 1265, 1319, and 1325. In 1521, it was taken by king [[Christian II of Denmark|Christian II]], who used it to imprison [[Bishop]] [[Jens Andersen Beldenak]] of [[Funen]]. The fortress was conquered by forces of [[Lübeck]] the same year.
<ref>{{cite web|url= https://biografiskleksikon.lex.dk/Jens_Grand|title = Jens Grand |website= Dansk Biografisk Leksikon|access-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://biografiskleksikon.lex.dk/Jens_Grand |title=Jens Grand |website=Dansk Biografisk Leksikon |date=4 March 2016 |access-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url= http://runeberg.org/dbl/1/0260.html|title = Andersen, Jens Biskop i Fyn |website= Dansk biografisk Lexikon
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://runeberg.org/dbl/1/0260.html |title=Andersen, Jens Biskop i Fyn |website=Dansk biografisk Lexikon |access-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref>
|access-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref>


In 1658, Hammershus was occupied by [[Sweden|Swedish]] forces, but a rebellion on the island terminated the Swedish rule. The rebels, led by [[Jens Pedersen Kofoed]], shot the Swedish commandant [[Johan Printzenskiöld]], and the Danish peasants traveled to [[Copenhagen, Denmark|Copenhagen]] to return the island to the king of Denmark. [[Corfitz Ulfeldt]] and his wife [[Leonora Christina Ulfeldt|Leonora Christina]] were imprisoned in Hammershus 1660&ndash;1661. In 1743 Hammershus was abandoned as a stronghold. The remains were preserved in 1822. Since the major excavation and restoration work in the late 1800s, there has been a continuous maintenance of the ruins.
In 1658, Hammershus was occupied by [[Sweden|Swedish]] forces, but a rebellion on the island terminated the Swedish rule. The rebels, led by [[Jens Pedersen Kofoed]], shot the Swedish commandant [[Johan Printzenskiöld]], and the Danish peasants traveled to [[Copenhagen, Denmark|Copenhagen]] to return the island to the king of Denmark.
[[Corfitz Ulfeldt]] and his wife [[Leonora Christina Ulfeldt|Leonora Christina]] were imprisoned in Hammershus 1660&ndash;1661.

⚫
<ref>{{cite web|url= https://biografiskleksikon.lex.dk/Corfitz_Ulfeldt_-_forr%C3%A6derid%C3%B8mt?utm_source=denstoredanske.dk&utm_medium=redirect&utm_campaign=DSDredirect|title = Corfitz Ulfeldt |website= Dansk Biografisk Leksikon|access-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url= https://biografiskleksikon.lex.dk/Leonora_Christina |title = Leonora Christina |website= Dansk Biografisk Leksikon|access-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref>
[[Johann Conrad Dippel]] the German [[Pietism|Pietist]] [[Theology|theologian]], [[physician]], [[Alchemy|alchemist]] and [[Occult|occultist]] were held imprisoned from 1719 to 1724 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://biografiskleksikon.lex.dk/Johann_Conrad_Dippel |title=Johann Conrad Dippel |website= Dansk Biografisk Leksikon |date=23 April 2023 |access-date=August 10, 2023}}</ref> at Hammershus.

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<ref>{{cite web|url= https://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/temaer/ruiner/hammershus/|title = Ruiner/Hammershus|website= Nationalmuseet|access-date=July 1, 2020}}
In 1743 Hammershus was abandoned as a stronghold. The remains were preserved in 1822. Since the major excavation and restoration work in the late 1800s, there has been a continuous maintenance of the ruins.
⚫
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://biografiskleksikon.lex.dk/Corfitz_Ulfeldt_-_forr%C3%A6derid%C3%B8mt |title=Corfitz Ulfeldt |website= Dansk Biografisk Leksikon |access-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://biografiskleksikon.lex.dk/Leonora_Christina |title=Leonora Christina |website=Dansk Biografisk Leksikon |access-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref>
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<ref>{{cite web |url=https://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/temaer/ruiner/hammershus/ |title=Ruiner/Hammershus |website=Nationalmuseet |access-date=July 1, 2020}}
</ref>
</ref>


==Description==
==Description==


Visitors to Hammershus have views of the coastline and the sea surrounding Bornholm. South of the castle is a deep valley, water filled hollows, and dense forest. There are a number points before arriving at castle where enemies could be stopped. The castle was built with box-like rooms surrounded by rings of fortifications. Each provided an additional layer of protection from invaders. Two natural spring ponds provided fresh drinking water on the side of the castle.
Visitors to Hammershus have views of the coastline and the sea surrounding Bornholm. South of the castle is a deep valley, water filled hollows, and dense forest. There are a number points before arriving at castle where enemies could be stopped. The castle was built with box-like rooms surrounded by rings of fortifications. Each provided an additional layer of protection from invaders. Two natural spring ponds provided fresh drinking water on the side of the castle.

==Art==
Because of the unusual light on Bornholm, and because it has only four hours of darkness in summer, many of Denmark's earliest artists chose to paint views of Hammerhus. One of the most notable is by [[Anton Eduard Kieldrup]] from 1848, which is on display at the [[Bornholm Art Museum]].
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://haderslevwiki.dk/index.php/Anton_Eduard_Kieldrup |title=Anton Eduard Kieldrup |website=HaderslevWiki |access-date=July 1, 2020}}
</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
Luftbild Hammershus.jpg|thumb|Hammershus (aerial view)
Luftbild Hammershus.jpg|Hammershus (aerial view)
Hammershus 01.jpg|thumb|Hammershus from [[Vang, Bornholm|Vang]]
Hammershus 01.jpg|Hammershus from [[Vang, Bornholm|Vang]]
Hammershus castle.jpg|The ruins of Hammershus
Hammershus castle.jpg|The ruins of Hammershus
Hammershus-2021-05-09.jpg|Hammershus, seen from the east
</gallery>
</gallery>

==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==Other sources==
==Other sources==
* ''Bornholm Tourist Guide''; personal visits of author to Hammershus and the "Kunstmuseum".
* ''Bornholm Tourist Guide''; personal visits of author to Hammershus and the "Kunstmuseum".
* This article is partially based on the corresponding articles on the Swedish and German Wikipedias, accessed on July 20, 2006.
* This article is partially based on the corresponding articles on the Swedish and German Wikipedias, accessed on July 20, 2006.

==External links==
==External links==
*[https://www.archdaily.com/892314/hammershus-visitor-center-arkitema-architects Hammershus Visitor Center website]
*[https://www.archdaily.com/892314/hammershus-visitor-center-arkitema-architects Hammershus Visitor Center website]
{{commons category|Hammershus}}
{{Commons category|Hammershus}}
{{coord|55|16|15|N|14|45|18|E|region:DK_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=title}}
{{coord|55|16|15|N|14|45|18|E|region:DK_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=title}}
{{Bornholm Denmark}}
{{Bornholm Denmark}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 13th century]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 13th century]]

Latest revision as of 19:21, 5 May 2024

Hammershus.
Hammershus

Hammershus is a medieval era fortification at Hammeren on the northern tip of the Danish island of Bornholm. The fortress was partially demolished around 1750 and is now a ruin. It was partially restored around 1900.[1][2]

History

[edit]
Ruins of Hammershus
Anton Eduard Kieldrup (1848)

Hammershus was Scandinavia's largest medieval fortification and is one of the larger medieval fortifications of Northern Europe.[3] It is situated in the Baltic Sea 74 metres (243 ft) above sea level. The fortification was erected in the 13th century and consists of the base castle residence and features a grand tower called the "mantel" tower. Hammershus Fortress features a 750-metre-long (2,460 ft) perimeter wall around the castle grounds.[1]

During a number of successive struggles between the kings of Denmark versus the Archbishopric, the fortress served as a refuge for the Archbishops including Bishop Jens Grand. It was conquered by the king's army on a number of occasions, e.g. 1259, 1265, 1319, and 1325. In 1521, it was taken by king Christian II, who used it to imprison Bishop Jens Andersen Beldenak of Funen. The fortress was conquered by forces of Lübeck the same year. [4] [5]

In 1658, Hammershus was occupied by Swedish forces, but a rebellion on the island terminated the Swedish rule. The rebels, led by Jens Pedersen Kofoed, shot the Swedish commandant Johan Printzenskiöld, and the Danish peasants traveled to Copenhagen to return the island to the king of Denmark.

Corfitz Ulfeldt and his wife Leonora Christina were imprisoned in Hammershus 1660–1661.

Johann Conrad Dippel the German Pietist theologian, physician, alchemist and occultist were held imprisoned from 1719 to 1724 [6] at Hammershus.

In 1743 Hammershus was abandoned as a stronghold. The remains were preserved in 1822. Since the major excavation and restoration work in the late 1800s, there has been a continuous maintenance of the ruins. [7] [8] [9]

Description

[edit]

Visitors to Hammershus have views of the coastline and the sea surrounding Bornholm. South of the castle is a deep valley, water filled hollows, and dense forest. There are a number points before arriving at castle where enemies could be stopped. The castle was built with box-like rooms surrounded by rings of fortifications. Each provided an additional layer of protection from invaders. Two natural spring ponds provided fresh drinking water on the side of the castle.

Art

[edit]

Because of the unusual light on Bornholm, and because it has only four hours of darkness in summer, many of Denmark's earliest artists chose to paint views of Hammerhus. One of the most notable is by Anton Eduard Kieldrup from 1848, which is on display at the Bornholm Art Museum. [10]

[edit]
  • Hammershus (aerial view)
    Hammershus (aerial view)
  • Hammershus from Vang
    Hammershus from Vang
  • The ruins of Hammershus
    The ruins of Hammershus
  • Hammershus, seen from the east
    Hammershus, seen from the east

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Hammershus". bornholm.info. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  2. ^ "Hammershus Castle Ruins". VisitDenmark. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  3. ^ Bornholm Museum
  4. ^ "Jens Grand". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon. 4 March 2016. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  5. ^ "Andersen, Jens Biskop i Fyn". Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  6. ^ "Johann Conrad Dippel". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon. 23 April 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
  7. ^ "Corfitz Ulfeldt". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  8. ^ "Leonora Christina". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  9. ^ "Ruiner/Hammershus". Nationalmuseet. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  10. ^ "Anton Eduard Kieldrup". HaderslevWiki. Retrieved July 1, 2020.

Other sources

[edit]
  • Bornholm Tourist Guide; personal visits of author to Hammershus and the "Kunstmuseum".
  • This article is partially based on the corresponding articles on the Swedish and German Wikipedias, accessed on July 20, 2006.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hammershus.

55°16′15″N 14°45′18″E / 55.27083°N 14.75500°E / 55.27083; 14.75500

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