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{{short description|American computer scientist}}
{{Short description|American computer scientist (1933–2019)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}} {{Use American English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Nils John Nilsson
| image = Nils John Nilsson.jpg
| image =
| caption = Nilsson in 2017
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1933|2|6|mf=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1933|2|6|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw]], [[Michigan]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| birth_place = [[Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw]], [[Michigan]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|4|23|1933|2|6|mf=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|4|23|1933|2|6|mf=y}}
| death_place =
| death_place = [[Medford, Oregon|Medford]], [[Oregon]], U.S.
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| nationality = [[Americans|American]]
| ethnicity =
| ethnicity =
| fields = [[Artificial intelligence]]
| fields = [[Artificial intelligence]]
| workplaces = [[SRI International]]<br/>[[Stanford University]]
| workplaces = [[SRI International]] <br> [[Stanford University]]
| alma_mater = [[Stanford University]]
| alma_mater = [[Stanford University]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Willis Harman]]<ref name=":Genealogy">{{cite web|url=https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=70729|title=Nils J. Nilsson|website=[[Mathematics Genealogy Project]]|access-date=April 29, 2019}}</ref>
| doctoral_advisor = [[Willis Harman]]
| doctoral_students = [[Leslie P. Kaelbling]]
| doctoral_students = [[Leslie P. Kaelbling]]<ref name=":Genealogy" />
| known_for =
| known_for =
| awards =
| awards =
}}
}}


'''Nils John Nilsson''' (February 6, 1933 – April 23, 2019) was an American computer scientist. He was one of the founding researchers in the discipline of [[artificial intelligence]].<ref name=":0" /> He was the first Kumagai Professor of Engineering in [[Computer Science]] at [[Stanford University]], a position he held from the Chair's establishment in 1990 until his death. He is particularly known for his contributions to [[search algorithm|search]], [[automated planning and scheduling|planning]], [[knowledge representation]], and [[robotics]].<ref name=":0" /> <!-- His research was based mainly on the premise that intelligence is based on knowledge that must be represented explicitly. -->
'''Nils John Nilsson''' (February 6, 1933 &ndash; April 23, 2019) was an [[Americans|American]] computer scientist. He was one of the founding researchers in the discipline of [[artificial intelligence]].<ref name=":0" /> He was the first Kumagai Professor of Engineering in [[computer science]] at [[Stanford University]] from 1991 until his retirement. He is particularly known for his contributions to [[search algorithm|search]], [[automated planning and scheduling|planning]], [[knowledge representation]], and [[robotics]].<ref name=":0" /> <!-- His research was based mainly on the premise that intelligence is based on knowledge that must be represented explicitly. -->


[[File:Shakey.png|thumb|right|Shakey at the [[Computer History Museum]], [[Mountain View, California]]]]
[[File:Shakey.png|thumb|right|Shakey at the [[Computer History Museum]], [[Mountain View, California]]]]

== Early life and education ==
== Early life and education ==


Nilsson was born in [[Saginaw, Michigan]], in 1933.<ref name=":0" /> He received his Ph.D. from Stanford in 1958, and spent much of his career at [[SRI International]], a private research lab spun off from Stanford.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
Nilsson was born in [[Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw]], [[Michigan]], in 1933.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/25/obituaries/nils-nilssen-dead.html|title=Nils Nilsson, 86, dies; scientist helped robots find their way|last=Markoff|first=John|date=April 25, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=April 28, 2019}}</ref> He received his Ph.D. from Stanford in 1958, and spent much of his career at [[SRI International]], a private research lab spun off from Stanford.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Nilsson served as a [[lieutenant]] in the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] from 1958 to 1961; he was stationed at the [[Rome Laboratory|Rome Air Development Center]] in [[Rome, New York|Rome]], [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />


== Career ==
== Career ==
[[File:IEEE Shakey Team at dedication of IEEE plaque commemorating their achievement.jpg|thumb|right|The creators of Shakey in 2017; Nilsson is fifth from the left]]
=== SRI International ===
=== SRI International ===
Starting in 1966, Nilsson, along with [[Charles Rosen (scientist)|Charles A. Rosen]] and [[Bertram Raphael]], led a research team in the construction of [[Shakey the Robot|Shakey]], a robot that constructed a model of its environment from sensor data, reasoned about that environment to arrive at a plan of action, then carried that plan out by sending commands to its motors.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> This paradigm has been enormously influential in AI.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Textbooks such as {{Harv|Charniak |McDermott|1985}}, {{Harv|Ginsberg|1993}} and the first edition of {{Harv|Russell|Norvig|1992}} show this influence in almost every chapter.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Although the basic idea of using logical reasoning to decide on actions is due to John McCarthy {{Harv| McCarthy | year=1960}}, Nilsson's group was the first to embody it in a complete agent, along the way inventing the [[A* search algorithm]] {{Harv|Hart|Nilsson|Raphael|1968}} and founding the field of [[automated planning and scheduling|automated temporal planning]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In the latter pursuit, they invented the [[Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver|STRIPS]] planner {{Harv|Fikes|Nilsson|1971}}, whose action representation is still the basis of many of today's planning algorithms. The subfield of automated temporal planning called ''classical planning'' is based on most of the assumptions built into STRIPS.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
Starting in 1966, Nilsson, along with [[Charles Rosen (scientist)|Charles A. Rosen]] and [[Bertram Raphael]], led a research team in the construction of [[Shakey the Robot|Shakey]], a robot that constructed a model of its environment from sensor data, reasoned about that environment to arrive at a plan of action, then carried that plan out by sending commands to its motors.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> This paradigm has been enormously influential in AI.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Textbooks such as ''Introduction to Artificial Intelligence'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Charniak |first=Eugene |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11468509 |title=Introduction to artificial intelligence |date=1985 |publisher=Addison-Wesley |others=Drew V. McDermott |isbn=0-201-11945-5 |location=Reading, Mass. |oclc=11468509}}</ref> ''Essentials of Artificial Intelligence'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ginsberg |first=Matthew L. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/612190271 |title=Essentials of artificial intelligence |date=1993 |publisher=M. Kaufmann |others=Matt Ginsberg |isbn=1-55860-334-4 |location=San Mateo Calif |oclc=612190271}}</ref> and the first edition of ''Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Stuart J. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31288015 |title=Artificial intelligence : a modern approach |date=1995 |publisher=Prentice Hall |others=Peter Norvig |isbn=0-13-103805-2 |location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J. |oclc=31288015}}</ref> show this influence in almost every chapter.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Although the basic idea of using logical reasoning to decide on actions is due to John McCarthy,<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=John |date=1958 |title=Programs with Common Sense |url=http://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/mcc59.html |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=jmc.stanford.edu}}</ref> Nilsson's group was the first to embody it in a complete agent, along the way inventing the [[A* search algorithm]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hart |first1=Peter |last2=Nilsson |first2=Nils |last3=Raphael |first3=Bertram |date=1968 |title=A Formal Basis for the Heuristic Determination of Minimum Cost Paths |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4082128 |journal=IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=100–107 |doi=10.1109/TSSC.1968.300136 |issn=0536-1567}}</ref> and founding the field of [[automated planning and scheduling|automated temporal planning]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In the latter pursuit, they invented the [[Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver|STRIPS]] planner,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fikes |first1=Richard E. |last2=Nilsson |first2=Nils J. |date=December 1971 |title=Strips: A new approach to the application of theorem proving to problem solving |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0004370271900105 |journal=Artificial Intelligence |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3–4 |pages=189–208 |doi=10.1016/0004-3702(71)90010-5|s2cid=8623866 }}</ref> whose action representation is still the basis of many of today's planning algorithms. The subfield of automated temporal planning called ''classical planning'' is based on most of the assumptions built into STRIPS.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />


=== Stanford University ===
=== Stanford University ===
In 1985, Nilsson became a faculty member at [[Stanford University]], in the Computer Science Department.<ref name=":1" /> He was chair of the department from 1985 to 1990.<ref name=":1" /> He was the fourth President of the [[AAAI]] (1982–83) and a Founding Fellow of that organization.<ref name=":1" /> Nilsson wrote or coauthored several books on AI, including two that have been especially widely read ({{Harvnb | Nilsson | 1980 }}, {{Harvnb|Genesereth|Nilsson|1987}}).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
In 1985, Nilsson became a faculty member at [[Stanford University]], in the Computer Science Department.<ref name=":1" /> He was chair of the department from 1985 to 1990.<ref name=":1" /> He was the Kumagai Professor of Engineering from the foundation of the Chair in around 1991<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ai.stanford.edu/~nilsson/OnlinePubs-Nils/General%20Essays/OtherEssays-Nils/kumagaispeech.pdf |title=Thoughts on Becoming the First Kumagai Professor of Engineering |publisher=Stanford University |date=18 March 1991 |access-date=30 April 2019 }}</ref> until his retirement, and remained Kumagai Professor Emeritus until his death.<ref name=":1" />

He was the fourth President of the [[AAAI]] (1982–83) and a Founding Fellow of that organization.<ref name=":1" /> Nilsson wrote or coauthored several books on AI, including two that have been especially widely read—''Principles of Artificial Intelligence'' (1982) and ''Logical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence'' (1987).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />


== Awards and memberships ==
== Awards and memberships ==


In 2011, Nilsson was inducted into [[IEEE Intelligent Systems]]' AI's Hall of Fame for the "significant contributions to the field of AI and intelligent systems".<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1109/MIS.2011.64 | title = AI's Hall of Fame | url = https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5968105| journal = [[IEEE Intelligent Systems]]| volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 5–15 | year = 2011 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/pr/399442 |title=IEEE Computer Society Magazine Honors Artificial Intelligence Leaders |newspaper=DigitalJournal.com |date=August 24, 2011 |accessdate=September 18, 2011}} Press release source: ''[[PRWeb]]'' ([[Vocus (software)|Vocus]]).</ref>
In 2011, Nilsson was inducted into [[IEEE Intelligent Systems]]' AI's Hall of Fame for the "significant contributions to the field of AI and intelligent systems".{{cn|date=September 2023}}


== Personal life ==
== Personal life ==
Nilsson married Karen Braucht in 1958, and had two children with her, Lars Nilsson and Kristin Nilsson Farley. After Braucht died in 1991, Nilsson married Grace Abbott. He had four stepchildren from his second marriage.<ref name=":0" />


On July 19, 1958, Nilsson married Karen Braucht, with whom he had two children.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Braucht died in 1991.<ref name=":0" /> In 1992 he married Grace Abbott, who had four children from a previous marriage.<ref name=":0" />
On April 23, 2019, Nilsson died at his home in [[Medford, Oregon]], at the age of 86.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/25/obituaries/nils-nilssen-dead.html|title=Nils Nilsson, 86, dies; scientist helped robots find their way|last=Markoff|first=John|date=April 25, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=April 28, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://news.stanford.edu/2019/04/24/nils-nilsson-pioneer-robotics-artificial-intelligence-dies-86/|title=Nils Nilsson, pioneer in robotics and artificial intelligence, dies at 86|last=Myers|first=Andrew|date=April 24, 2019|website=[[Stanford University|Stanford.edu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426161614/https://news.stanford.edu/2019/04/24/nils-nilsson-pioneer-robotics-artificial-intelligence-dies-86/|archive-date=April 26, 2019|dead-url=|access-date=April 28, 2019}}</ref>


Nilsson died on April 23, 2019, at his home in [[Medford, Oregon|Medford]], [[Oregon]], at the age of 86.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://news.stanford.edu/2019/04/24/nils-nilsson-pioneer-robotics-artificial-intelligence-dies-86/|title=Nils Nilsson, pioneer in robotics and artificial intelligence, dies at 86|last=Myers|first=Andrew|date=April 24, 2019|website=[[Stanford University|Stanford.edu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426161614/https://news.stanford.edu/2019/04/24/nils-nilsson-pioneer-robotics-artificial-intelligence-dies-86/|archive-date=April 26, 2019|access-date=April 28, 2019}}</ref>
== References ==


== Selected publications ==
{{reflist}}
* {{Citation|author-mask=1 |last1=Nilsson |first1=Nils John|title=Principles of Artificial Intelligence|year=1982|orig-year=1980|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]]|isbn=978-3-540-11340-9}}.
* {{Citation|last1=Genesereth |first1=Michael |author-link1=Michael Genesereth|author-mask2=1 |last2=Nilsson |first2=Nils John |title=Logical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence|year=1987|orig-year=1976|publisher=[[Morgan Kaufmann Publishers|Morgan Kaufmann]]|isbn=978-1-493-30598-8}}.
* {{Citation|author-mask=1 |last1=Nilsson |first1=Nils John|title=The Mathematical Foundations of Learning Machines|year=1990|publisher=[[Morgan Kaufmann Publishers|Morgan Kaufmann]]|isbn=978-1-558-60123-9}}.
* {{Citation|author-mask=1 |last1=Nilsson |first1=Nils John|title=Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis|year=1998|publisher=[[Morgan Kaufmann Publishers|Morgan Kaufmann]]|isbn=978-1-558-60467-4}}.
* {{Citation|author-mask=1 |last1=Nilsson |first1=Nils John|title=The Quest for Artificial Intelligence|year=2009|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-11639-8}}.
* {{Citation|author-mask=1 |last1=Nilsson |first1=Nils John|title=Understanding Beliefs|year=2014|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=978-0-262-52643-2}}.


== Further reading ==
==See also==
* [[Morgan Kaufmann Publishers]]


== References ==
* {{Citation
| last1=Charniak | first1=Eugene
| last2=McDermott | first2=Drew
| title=Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
| location=Reading, Mass.
| publisher=Addison-Wesley
| year=1985
}}


{{reflist}}
* {{Citation | last1=Fikes | first1=Richard
| last2=Nilsson | first2=Nils
| title=STRIPS: A new approach to the application of theorem proving to problem solving
| year =1971
| journal=Artificial Intelligence
| volume=2
| issue=3–4
| pages=189–208 | doi=10.1016/0004-3702(71)90010-5
| citeseerx=10.1.1.78.8292
}}

* {{Citation | last1=Genesereth | first1 =Michael
| last2=Nilsson | first2=Nils
| title=Logical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence
| location=Los Altos, CA
| publisher=Morgan Kaufmann
| year=1987
}}

* {{Citation
| last=Ginsberg | first=Matthew
| title=Essentials of Artificial Intelligence
| publisher=Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.
| year=1993
}}

* {{Citation
| first = P. E.
| last = Hart
|author2=Nilsson, N. J. |author3=Raphael, B.
| title = A Formal Basis for the Heuristic Determination of Minimum Cost Paths
| journal = IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics SSC4
| issue = 2
| pages = 100–107
| url = http://ai.stanford.edu/~nilsson/OnlinePubs-Nils/PublishedPapers/astar.pdf
| year = 1968
| doi = 10.1109/TSSC.1968.300136
| volume = 4
}}

* {{Citation | last= McCarthy | first=John
| title=Programs with common sense
| work=Proceedings of the Teddington Conference on the Mechanization of Thought Processes
| location=London
| publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office
| origyear=1960
| date=1968 |pages=403–418
|editor=M. Minsky
}}

* {{Citation | last=Nilsson | first=Nils
| title=Understanding Beliefs
| year=2014
| publisher=MIT Press.
}}

* {{Citation | last=Nilsson | first=Nils
| title=Principles of Artificial Intelligence.
| year=1980
| publisher=Tioga Publishing Company
| location=Palo Alto
}}

* {{Citation | last=Russell | first=Stuart
| last2=Norvig | first2=Peter
| year=1992
| title=Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
| edition=1st
| publisher=Prentice Hall}}


== External links ==
== External links ==


* [http://ai.stanford.edu/~nilsson/ Nilsson's home page]
*[https://ai.stanford.edu/~nilsson/ Nilsson's home page]
*{{MathGenealogy |id=70729 |title=Nils John Nilsson}}
*{{MathGenealogy |id=70729 |title=Nils John Nilsson}}
*{{AIGenealogy |id=6 |title=Nils J. Nilsson}}
*{{AIGenealogy |id=6 |title=Nils J. Nilsson}}
* [http://purl.umn.edu/107545 Oral history interview with Nils J. Nilsson], [[Charles Babbage Institute]], University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Nilsson gives an overview of DARPA-sponsored AI research at SRI, including his own work in robotics (especially during the period 1966-1971), research on the Computer Based Consultant, and related research on natural language and speech understanding. He describes the significance and relationship of robotics to the larger field of AI, particularly the intellectual problems it addressed and the enabling technologies it helped develop.
*[http://purl.umn.edu/107545 Oral history interview with Nils J. Nilsson], [[Charles Babbage Institute]], University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Nilsson gives an overview of DARPA-sponsored AI research at SRI, including his own work in robotics (especially during the period 1966-1971), research on the Computer Based Consultant, and related research on natural language and speech understanding. He describes the significance and relationship of robotics to the larger field of AI, particularly the intellectual problems it addressed and the enabling technologies it helped develop.


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[[Category:American artificial intelligence researchers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence]]
[[Category:People from Saginaw, Michigan]]
[[Category:People from Saginaw, Michigan]]

Latest revision as of 06:33, 6 May 2024

Nils John Nilsson
Nilsson in 2017
Born(1933-02-06)February 6, 1933
Saginaw, Michigan, U.S.
DiedApril 23, 2019(2019-04-23) (aged 86)
Medford, Oregon, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Alma materStanford University
Scientific career
FieldsArtificial intelligence
InstitutionsSRI International
Stanford University
Doctoral advisorWillis Harman[1]
Doctoral studentsLeslie P. Kaelbling[1]

Nils John Nilsson (February 6, 1933 – April 23, 2019) was an American computer scientist. He was one of the founding researchers in the discipline of artificial intelligence.[2] He was the first Kumagai Professor of Engineering in computer science at Stanford University from 1991 until his retirement. He is particularly known for his contributions to search, planning, knowledge representation, and robotics.[2]

Shakey at the Computer History Museum, Mountain View, California

Early life and education

[edit]

Nilsson was born in Saginaw, Michigan, in 1933.[2] He received his Ph.D. from Stanford in 1958, and spent much of his career at SRI International, a private research lab spun off from Stanford.[2][3]

Nilsson served as a lieutenant in the U.S. Air Force from 1958 to 1961; he was stationed at the Rome Air Development Center in Rome, New York.[2][3]

Career

[edit]

SRI International

[edit]

Starting in 1966, Nilsson, along with Charles A. Rosen and Bertram Raphael, led a research team in the construction of Shakey, a robot that constructed a model of its environment from sensor data, reasoned about that environment to arrive at a plan of action, then carried that plan out by sending commands to its motors.[2][3] This paradigm has been enormously influential in AI.[2][3] Textbooks such as Introduction to Artificial Intelligence,[4] Essentials of Artificial Intelligence,[5] and the first edition of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach[6] show this influence in almost every chapter.[2][3] Although the basic idea of using logical reasoning to decide on actions is due to John McCarthy,[7] Nilsson's group was the first to embody it in a complete agent, along the way inventing the A* search algorithm[8] and founding the field of automated temporal planning.[2][3] In the latter pursuit, they invented the STRIPS planner,[9] whose action representation is still the basis of many of today's planning algorithms. The subfield of automated temporal planning called classical planning is based on most of the assumptions built into STRIPS.[2][3]

Stanford University

[edit]

In 1985, Nilsson became a faculty member at Stanford University, in the Computer Science Department.[3] He was chair of the department from 1985 to 1990.[3] He was the Kumagai Professor of Engineering from the foundation of the Chair in around 1991[10] until his retirement, and remained Kumagai Professor Emeritus until his death.[3]

He was the fourth President of the AAAI (1982–83) and a Founding Fellow of that organization.[3] Nilsson wrote or coauthored several books on AI, including two that have been especially widely read—Principles of Artificial Intelligence (1982) and Logical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence (1987).[2][3]

Awards and memberships

[edit]

In 2011, Nilsson was inducted into IEEE Intelligent Systems' AI's Hall of Fame for the "significant contributions to the field of AI and intelligent systems".[citation needed]

Personal life

[edit]

On July 19, 1958, Nilsson married Karen Braucht, with whom he had two children.[2][3] Braucht died in 1991.[2] In 1992 he married Grace Abbott, who had four children from a previous marriage.[2]

Nilsson died on April 23, 2019, at his home in Medford, Oregon, at the age of 86.[2][3]

Selected publications

[edit]
  • — (1982) [1980], Principles of Artificial Intelligence, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-11340-9.
  • Genesereth, Michael; — (1987) [1976], Logical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, ISBN 978-1-493-30598-8.
  • — (1990), The Mathematical Foundations of Learning Machines, Morgan Kaufmann, ISBN 978-1-558-60123-9.
  • — (1998), Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis, Morgan Kaufmann, ISBN 978-1-558-60467-4.
  • — (2009), The Quest for Artificial Intelligence, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-11639-8.
  • — (2014), Understanding Beliefs, MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-52643-2.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Nils J. Nilsson". Mathematics Genealogy Project. Retrieved April 29, 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Markoff, John (April 25, 2019). "Nils Nilsson, 86, dies; scientist helped robots find their way". The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Myers, Andrew (April 24, 2019). "Nils Nilsson, pioneer in robotics and artificial intelligence, dies at 86". Stanford.edu. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
  4. ^ Charniak, Eugene (1985). Introduction to artificial intelligence. Drew V. McDermott. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-11945-5. OCLC 11468509.
  5. ^ Ginsberg, Matthew L. (1993). Essentials of artificial intelligence. Matt Ginsberg. San Mateo Calif: M. Kaufmann. ISBN 1-55860-334-4. OCLC 612190271.
  6. ^ Russell, Stuart J. (1995). Artificial intelligence : a modern approach. Peter Norvig. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-103805-2. OCLC 31288015.
  7. ^ McCarthy, John (1958). "Programs with Common Sense". jmc.stanford.edu. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  8. ^ Hart, Peter; Nilsson, Nils; Raphael, Bertram (1968). "A Formal Basis for the Heuristic Determination of Minimum Cost Paths". IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics. 4 (2): 100–107. doi:10.1109/TSSC.1968.300136. ISSN 0536-1567.
  9. ^ Fikes, Richard E.; Nilsson, Nils J. (December 1971). "Strips: A new approach to the application of theorem proving to problem solving". Artificial Intelligence. 2 (3–4): 189–208. doi:10.1016/0004-3702(71)90010-5. S2CID 8623866.
  10. ^ "Thoughts on Becoming the First Kumagai Professor of Engineering" (PDF). Stanford University. March 18, 1991. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
[edit]
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