Friendship (1793 ship): Difference between revisions
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{{other ships|Friendship (ship)}} |
{{other ships|Friendship (ship)}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}} |
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{{Use British English|date=January 2017}} |
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{{Infobox ship career |
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| Ship country= |
| Ship country=Great Britain |
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| Ship flag={{shipboxflag| |
| Ship flag= {{shipboxflag|Kingdom of Great Britain|civil}} |
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| Ship name = ''Friendship'' |
| Ship name = ''Friendship'' |
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| Ship namesake = [[Friendship]] |
| Ship namesake = [[Friendship]] |
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| Ship owner = |
| Ship owner = *1794: Oldham & Co. |
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*1797: John and James Mangles |
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| Ship operator = |
| Ship operator = |
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| Ship ordered = |
| Ship ordered = |
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| Ship builder = William & John Wells, Rotherhithe |
| Ship builder = William & John Wells, Rotherhithe{{sfnp|Hackman |2001|p=232}} |
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| Ship original cost = |
| Ship original cost = |
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| Ship laid down = |
| Ship laid down = |
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| Ship launched = 26 August 1793 |
| Ship launched = 26 August 1793{{sfnp|Hackman |2001|p=232}} |
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| Ship acquired = |
| Ship acquired = |
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| Ship commissioned = |
| Ship commissioned = |
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| Ship honors = |
| Ship honors = |
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| Ship captured = |
| Ship captured = |
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| Ship fate = She was deleted from the registry on 5 July 1819, having been broken up |
| Ship fate = She was deleted from the registry on 5 July 1819, having been broken up{{sfnp|Hackman |2001|p=232}} |
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| Ship |
| Ship notes = |
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| Ship notes = Hackman has this vessel making a voyage in 1796 to the Cape of Good Hope and Mauritius,<ref name=Hackman/> but a privateer captured that vessel in question, which was not the ''Friendship'' of 1793. |
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{{Infobox ship characteristics |
{{Infobox ship characteristics |
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| Header caption =<ref name= |
| Header caption =<ref name=BL2>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001115021 British Library: ''Friendship'' (2).]</ref> |
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| Ship class = |
| Ship class = |
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| Ship tons burthen = |
| Ship tons burthen = *1793: 339<ref name=LoM/> or 341<ref name=LR1794>''[[Lloyd's Register]]'' [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015004281237?urlappend=%3Bseq=135 (1794), seq. no. F385.]</ref> |
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*1797: 407,<ref name=BL2/> 407{{small|{{frac|16|94}}}},{{sfnp|Hackman |2001|p=232}} or 430<ref name=LoM/> ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]]) |
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*{{convert| |
| Ship length =*{{convert|118|ft|0|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (overall) |
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*{{convert|96|ft|4|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (keel) |
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| Ship draught = |
| Ship draught = |
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| Ship draft = |
| Ship draft = |
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| Ship hold depth = {{convert|12|ft|2+1/2|in|m|1| |
| Ship hold depth = {{convert|12|ft|2+1/2|in|m|1|abbr=on}} |
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| Ship propulsion = |
| Ship propulsion = |
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| Ship sail plan = |
| Ship sail plan = |
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| Ship complement = |
| Ship complement = |
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*1796:20<ref name=LoM/> |
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*1797:24<ref name=LoM/> |
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*1799:24<ref name=LoM/> |
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| Ship armament = |
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*1801:28<ref name=LoM/> |
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| Ship armament = *1794: 6 × 12-pounder guns<ref name=LR1794/> |
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*1796: 10 × 12-pounder guns + 2 [[swivel gun]]s<ref name=LoM/> |
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*1797: 6 × 12-pounder guns<ref name=LoM/> |
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*1801: 10 × 6-pounder guns<ref name=LoM/> |
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*1809: 2 × 6-pounder guns + 10 × 18-pounder [[carronade]]s<ref name=LR09/> |
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| Ship notes = |
| Ship notes = |
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'''''Friendship''''' was a |
'''''Friendship''''' was a three-decker merchantman, launched in 1793. She made three voyages for the British [[East India Company]] (EIC). During her first voyage, in 1796, a French privateer captured her, but the [[Royal Navy]] recaptured her. On the second, in 1799, she transported [[convict]]s from [[Ireland]] to [[Australia]]. She made a second voyage transporting convicts in 1817-18. On her way back she was broken up in 1819 at Mauritius after having been found unseaworthy. |
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==Career== |
==Career== |
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In 1794 ''Friendship'' was under the command of Captain Thomas Black and sailing between London and Jamaica.<ref name=LR1794/> ''Lloyd's Register'' for 1795 continues the information unchanged.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015004281294?urlappend=%3Bseq=129 ''Lloyd's Register'' (1795), seq. no. 354.]</ref> ''Lloyd's Register'' for 1796 shows ''Friendship'' changing her trade to London-[[Cape of Good Hope]].<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015004281229?urlappend=%3Bseq=131 ''Lloyd's Register'' (1796), seq. no. F338.]</ref> |
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===EIC voyage #1 (1796)=== |
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Captain Black received a [[letter of marque]] on 16 February 1796.<ref name=LoM/> ''Friendship'' left Portsmouth on 23 February 1796, bound for [[Bengal]]. She reached [[Santiago, Cape Verde|São Tiago]] on 5 April, [[Simon's Town|Simons Bay]] on 28 May, and [[Cape of Good Hope|the Cape]] on 13 June.<ref name=BL1/> |
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On 27 October ''Friendship'' was on her way home when the French privateer ''Aventure'' captured her and placed her crew on the American ship ''Henry''.<ref name=BL1>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001115020 British Library: ''Friendship'' (1).]</ref> The capture took place at {{coord|50|17|N|13|30|E}} and her captor sent ''Friendship'' towards France.<ref>[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1796/11-04-1796.jpg ''Lloyd's List'', №2869.]</ref> On 4 November {{HMS|Cerberus|1794|6}} recaptured ''Friendship'' and sent her into Plymouth.<ref>[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1796/11-18-1796.jpg ''Lloyd's List'', №2873.]</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|pages=1133–1134|issue=13954|date=22 November 1796}}</ref> |
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===Restoration=== |
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''Lloyd's Register'' for 1797 showed several changes: J. Newham replaced Black as master, and her trade changed to London-Bengal. However the most dramatic change was that her burthen changed from 341 tons (bm) to 430 tons (bm). The explanation rests in the annotations: ''Friendship'' had undergone lengthening.<ref>[http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015004281278;view=1up;seq=134 ''Lloyd's Register'' (1797), Seq. №F356.]</ref> Her ownership remains Oldham & Co. However, the next year ''Lloyd's Register'' reported it as having changed to Mangles & Co.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015004281211?urlappend=%3Bseq=131 ''Lloyd's Register'' (1798), Seq. №F378.]</ref> |
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===EIC voyage #2 (1797–98)=== |
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Captain John Newham received a letter of marque on 11 April 1797.<ref name=LoM/> For ''Friendship''{{'}}s second voyage for the EIC, Newham left Falmouth on 11 May 1797, bound for [[Bengal]] and [[Chennai|Madras]]. ''Friendship'' arrived at [[Kolkatta|Calcutta]] on 28 October. Homeward bound, she was at [[Sagar Island|Saugor]] on 21 January 1798. She reached Madras on 4 February, the [[Cape of Good Hope|Cape]] on 26 May, and [[Saint Helena|St Helena]] on 26 May. She arrived at Long Reach on 4 August.<ref name=BL2/> |
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===Convict transport and EIC voyage #3=== |
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On 4 March 1799 Captain Hugh Reid received a [[letter of marque]] for ''Friendship''.<ref name=LoM>Letter of Marque, 1793-1815; p.64. |
On 4 March 1799 Captain Hugh Reid received a [[letter of marque]] for ''Friendship''.<ref name=LoM>[http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.htm Letter of Marque, 1793-1815; p.64] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709083440/http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.htm |date=9 July 2015 }}</ref> |
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''Friendship'', under Reid's command, sailed from [[Cork (city)|Cork]], Ireland on 24 August 1799. She left in company with [[Minerva (1773 ship)|''Minerva'']], but the vessels separated and ''Friendship'' arrived at [[Port Jackson]] on 16 February 1800, a month after ''Minerva''.<ref>Bateson (1959), pp.139-140.</ref> ''Friendship'' left with 133 male convicts, a number of whom were members of the [[Society of United Irishmen]]. Among them were [[James Dixon (priest)|Fr James Dixon]], who would become the first Catholic priest permitted to minister in Australia, and [[James Meehan (surveyor)|James Meehan]], later a prominent surveyor. Nineteen convicts died on the voyage.<ref>Bateson (1959), p.142.</ref> The captain's wife, Mary Ann Reid, wrote an account of the voyage.<ref>Graham, McIntyre and Whitaker (2000)</ref> |
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| ⚫ | ''Friendship'' left Port Jackson for [[Bengal]] on 11 May 1800.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71247621 |title=Arrival of Vessels at Port Jackson, and their Departure |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= 3 January 1891|work=Australian Town and Country Journal, Saturday 3 January 1891, p.16. |publisher= |accessdate=4 February 2012}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | ''Friendship'' reached [[Malacca]] on 9 August, [[George Town, Penang|Penang]] on 20 August, and [[Diamond Harbour]] on 16 September. For her return to Britain she passed Culpee, an anchorage towards [[Kolkatta|Calcutta]] and closer than [[Sagar Island|Saugor]], on 29 November. On 1 March 1801 she reached [[Saint Helena|St Helena]] and on 30 May she arrived at [[Gravesend, Kent#Gravesend and Thames|Long Reach]].<ref>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001115022 British Library: ''Friendship'' (3)].</ref> She had been part of a small convoy under escort by {{HMS|Buffalo|1797|2}} that also included {{ship||Minerva|1773 ship|2}}, {{ship||Varuna|1796 ship|2}}, and {{ship||Highland Chief|1798 ship|2}}.<ref>''Naval Chronicle'', Vol. 5, p.457.</ref> |
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| ⚫ | ''Friendship'' reached [[Malacca]] on 9 August, [[George Town, Penang|Penang]] on 20 August, and [[Diamond Harbour]] on 16 September. For her return to Britain she passed Culpee, an anchorage towards [[Kolkatta|Calcutta]] |
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On 15 August 1801 Captain James Smith of ''Friendship'' received a letter of marque.<ref name=LoM/> He sailed from Portsmouth on 9 September, bound for India. ''Monarch'' was part of a convoy under escort by {{HMS|Seahorse|1794|6}} that also included [[Northampton (1801 ship)|''Northampton'']], {{ship||Manship|1785 EIC ship|2}}, {{ship||Sarah Christiana|1798 ship|2}}, {{ship||Comet|1800 ship|2}}, {{ship||Sovereign|1800 EIC ship|2}}, ''Caledonia'', {{ship||Ann|1801 ship|2}}, {{ship||Princess Mary|1796 ship|2}}, {{ship||Varuna|1796 ship|2}}, {{ship||Carron|1792 ship|2}}, ''Elizabeth'', {{ship||General Stuart|1801 ship|2}}, and {{ship||Monarch|1800 ship|2}}. The convoy reached [[Madeira]] on 23 September, and left the next day.<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735020?urlappend=%3Bseq=181 ''Lloyd's List'', no. 4200.]</ref> |
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| ⚫ | ''[[Lloyd's Register]]'' for 1803 gives ''Friendship''{{'}}s trade as London to Jamaica. In 1809, her trade changes to London to Cape of Good Hope, and her armament changes too, though there is no change in ownership or master.<ref name=LR09>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005676385?urlappend=%3Bseq=181 ''Lloyd's Register'' (1809), Seq. №720.]</ref> By 1811 her trade is again London - Jamaica. In 1813, her master becomes E. Smith. |
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===Second convict voyage (1817–18)=== |
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''Friendship'', under the command of Captain Armet and with surgeon Peter Cosgreave, left England on 3 July 1817 and arrived at [[Port Jackson]] on 14 January 1818.<ref>Bateson ( |
''Friendship'', under the command of Captain Armet and with surgeon Peter Cosgreave, left England on 3 July 1817 and arrived at [[Port Jackson]] on 14 January 1818.<ref>Bateson (1959), pp.290-91.</ref> She carried 101 female convicts, four of whom died on the voyage.<ref>Bateson (1959), p. 327.</ref> |
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South west of [[Madeira]], ''Friendship'' encountered an open boat with six Spaniards and an American on board. The men had fashioned sails out of their shirts, and were exhausted and hungry, having had nothing but a little raw turtle in the preceding six days. Armet took the men aboard and on 7 August was able to transfer them to an American ship.<ref name=Bateson189>Bateson ( |
South west of [[Madeira]], ''Friendship'' encountered an open boat with six Spaniards and an American on board. The men had fashioned sails out of their shirts, and were exhausted and hungry, having had nothing but a little raw turtle in the preceding six days. Armet took the men aboard and on 7 August was able to transfer them to an American ship.<ref name=Bateson189>Bateson (1959), p. 189.</ref> |
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During the voyage there was apparently a great deal of prostitution by the female convicts on what had been a fairly lengthy voyage of 194 days. The problem had |
During the voyage there was apparently a great deal of prostitution by the female convicts on what had been a fairly lengthy voyage of 194 days. The problem had begun before the ship left England and despite the efforts of Armet and Cosgreave, continued unabated. When ''Friendship'' reached St Helena, Cosgreave asked the admiral in charge of the station for assistance in prohibiting cohabitation between the women and the ship's officers and seamen; two [[post captain]]s made an inquiry, but without any resolution. When ''Friendship'' reached Port Jackson, [[Lachlan Macquarie|Governor Macquarie]] appointed three magistrates to conduct a second, separate inquiry that exonerated Armet and Cosgreave of any dereliction of duty.<ref name=Bateson189/> |
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==Fate== |
==Fate== |
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''Friendship'', Armet, master, arrived at [[Port Louis]], Mauritius]], on 5 August 1818 from Sumatra. There she was surveyed and condemned as being unseaworthy. ''Lloyd's List'' reported that she and her cargo were to be sold on 23 September.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005778173?urlappend=%3Bseq=504 ''Lloyd's List'', |
''Friendship'', Armet, master, arrived at [[Port Louis]], [[Mauritius]], on 5 August 1818 from Sumatra. There she was surveyed and condemned as being unseaworthy. ''Lloyd's List'' reported that she and her cargo were to be sold on 23 September.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005778173?urlappend=%3Bseq=504 ''Lloyd's List'', №5346 (25 December 1818).]</ref> ''Friendship'' was broken up in 1819.{{sfnp|Hackman |2001|p=232}} |
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==Citations |
==Citations== |
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;Citations |
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* {{cite book |title =The Convict Ships | first =Charles | last =Bateson | year =1959 | publisher =Brown, Son & Ferguson | oclc =3778075}} |
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* {{cite book |title =The Voyage of the ship Friendship from Cork to Botany Bay 1799-1800 | editor1-last =Graham | editor1-first=Col | editor2-last =McIntyre | editor2-first=Perry | editor3-last =Whitaker | editor3-first=Anne-Maree | year =2000 | publisher =PR Ireland |location=Sydney | isbn =0646389068}} |
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* Bateson, Charles, The Convict Ships, 1787-1868, Sydney, 1974. ISBN 0-85174-195-9 |
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* Hackman |
* {{cite book |last1=Hackman |first1=Rowan |year=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Friendship (1793 ship)}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Friendship (1793 ship)}} |
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[[Category:1793 ships]] |
[[Category:1793 ships]] |
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[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]] |
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]] |
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[[Category:Convict ships to |
[[Category:Convict ships to New South Wales]] |
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[[Category:Convictism in Australia]] |
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[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships]] |
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships]] |
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[[Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom]] |
[[Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom]] |
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[[Category:Captured ships]] |
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Latest revision as of 13:19, 6 May 2024
| History | |
|---|---|
 Great Britain | |
| Name | Friendship |
| Namesake | Friendship |
| Owner |
|
| Builder | William & John Wells, Rotherhithe[1] |
| Launched | 26 August 1793[1] |
| Fate | She was deleted from the registry on 5 July 1819, having been broken up[1] |
| General characteristics [2] | |
| Tons burthen | |
| Length |
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| Beam | 28 ft 2+1⁄4 in (8.6 m) |
| Depth of hold | 12 ft 2+1⁄2 in (3.7 m) |
| Complement | |
| Armament |
|
Friendship was a three-decker merchantman, launched in 1793. She made three voyages for the British East India Company (EIC). During her first voyage, in 1796, a French privateer captured her, but the Royal Navy recaptured her. On the second, in 1799, she transported convicts from Ireland to Australia. She made a second voyage transporting convicts in 1817-18. On her way back she was broken up in 1819 at Mauritius after having been found unseaworthy.
Career
[edit]In 1794 Friendship was under the command of Captain Thomas Black and sailing between London and Jamaica.[4] Lloyd's Register for 1795 continues the information unchanged.[6] Lloyd's Register for 1796 shows Friendship changing her trade to London-Cape of Good Hope.[7]
EIC voyage #1 (1796)
[edit]Captain Black received a letter of marque on 16 February 1796.[3] Friendship left Portsmouth on 23 February 1796, bound for Bengal. She reached São Tiago on 5 April, Simons Bay on 28 May, and the Cape on 13 June.[8]
On 27 October Friendship was on her way home when the French privateer Aventure captured her and placed her crew on the American ship Henry.[8] The capture took place at 50°17′N 13°30′E / 50.283°N 13.500°E and her captor sent Friendship towards France.[9] On 4 November HMS Cerberus recaptured Friendship and sent her into Plymouth.[10][11]
Restoration
[edit]Lloyd's Register for 1797 showed several changes: J. Newham replaced Black as master, and her trade changed to London-Bengal. However the most dramatic change was that her burthen changed from 341 tons (bm) to 430 tons (bm). The explanation rests in the annotations: Friendship had undergone lengthening.[12] Her ownership remains Oldham & Co. However, the next year Lloyd's Register reported it as having changed to Mangles & Co.[13]
EIC voyage #2 (1797–98)
[edit]Captain John Newham received a letter of marque on 11 April 1797.[3] For Friendship's second voyage for the EIC, Newham left Falmouth on 11 May 1797, bound for Bengal and Madras. Friendship arrived at Calcutta on 28 October. Homeward bound, she was at Saugor on 21 January 1798. She reached Madras on 4 February, the Cape on 26 May, and St Helena on 26 May. She arrived at Long Reach on 4 August.[2]
Convict transport and EIC voyage #3
[edit]On 4 March 1799 Captain Hugh Reid received a letter of marque for Friendship.[3]
Friendship, under Reid's command, sailed from Cork, Ireland on 24 August 1799. She left in company with Minerva, but the vessels separated and Friendship arrived at Port Jackson on 16 February 1800, a month after Minerva.[14] Friendship left with 133 male convicts, a number of whom were members of the Society of United Irishmen. Among them were Fr James Dixon, who would become the first Catholic priest permitted to minister in Australia, and James Meehan, later a prominent surveyor. Nineteen convicts died on the voyage.[15] The captain's wife, Mary Ann Reid, wrote an account of the voyage.[16]
Friendship left Port Jackson for Bengal on 11 May 1800.[17]
Friendship reached Malacca on 9 August, Penang on 20 August, and Diamond Harbour on 16 September. For her return to Britain she passed Culpee, an anchorage towards Calcutta and closer than Saugor, on 29 November. On 1 March 1801 she reached St Helena and on 30 May she arrived at Long Reach.[18] She had been part of a small convoy under escort by Buffalo that also included Minerva, Varuna, and Highland Chief.[19]
Subsequent career
[edit]On 15 August 1801 Captain James Smith of Friendship received a letter of marque.[3] He sailed from Portsmouth on 9 September, bound for India. Monarch was part of a convoy under escort by HMS Seahorse that also included Northampton, Manship, Sarah Christiana, Comet, Sovereign, Caledonia, Ann, Princess Mary, Varuna, Carron, Elizabeth, General Stuart, and Monarch. The convoy reached Madeira on 23 September, and left the next day.[20]
Lloyd's Register for 1803 gives Friendship's trade as London to Jamaica. In 1809, her trade changes to London to Cape of Good Hope, and her armament changes too, though there is no change in ownership or master.[5] By 1811 her trade is again London - Jamaica. In 1813, her master becomes E. Smith.
Second convict voyage (1817–18)
[edit]Friendship, under the command of Captain Armet and with surgeon Peter Cosgreave, left England on 3 July 1817 and arrived at Port Jackson on 14 January 1818.[21] She carried 101 female convicts, four of whom died on the voyage.[22]
South west of Madeira, Friendship encountered an open boat with six Spaniards and an American on board. The men had fashioned sails out of their shirts, and were exhausted and hungry, having had nothing but a little raw turtle in the preceding six days. Armet took the men aboard and on 7 August was able to transfer them to an American ship.[23]
During the voyage there was apparently a great deal of prostitution by the female convicts on what had been a fairly lengthy voyage of 194 days. The problem had begun before the ship left England and despite the efforts of Armet and Cosgreave, continued unabated. When Friendship reached St Helena, Cosgreave asked the admiral in charge of the station for assistance in prohibiting cohabitation between the women and the ship's officers and seamen; two post captains made an inquiry, but without any resolution. When Friendship reached Port Jackson, Governor Macquarie appointed three magistrates to conduct a second, separate inquiry that exonerated Armet and Cosgreave of any dereliction of duty.[23]
Fate
[edit]Friendship, Armet, master, arrived at Port Louis, Mauritius, on 5 August 1818 from Sumatra. There she was surveyed and condemned as being unseaworthy. Lloyd's List reported that she and her cargo were to be sold on 23 September.[24] Friendship was broken up in 1819.[1]
Citations
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Hackman (2001), p. 232.
- ^ a b c British Library: Friendship (2).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Letter of Marque, 1793-1815; p.64 Archived 9 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Lloyd's Register (1794), seq. no. F385.
- ^ a b Lloyd's Register (1809), Seq. №720.
- ^ Lloyd's Register (1795), seq. no. 354.
- ^ Lloyd's Register (1796), seq. no. F338.
- ^ a b British Library: Friendship (1).
- ^ Lloyd's List, №2869.
- ^ Lloyd's List, №2873.
- ^ "No. 13954". The London Gazette. 22 November 1796. pp. 1133–1134.
- ^ Lloyd's Register (1797), Seq. №F356.
- ^ Lloyd's Register (1798), Seq. №F378.
- ^ Bateson (1959), pp.139-140.
- ^ Bateson (1959), p.142.
- ^ Graham, McIntyre and Whitaker (2000)
- ^ "Arrival of Vessels at Port Jackson, and their Departure". Australian Town and Country Journal, Saturday 3 January 1891, p.16. 3 January 1891. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ British Library: Friendship (3).
- ^ Naval Chronicle, Vol. 5, p.457.
- ^ Lloyd's List, no. 4200.
- ^ Bateson (1959), pp.290-91.
- ^ Bateson (1959), p. 327.
- ^ a b Bateson (1959), p. 189.
- ^ Lloyd's List, №5346 (25 December 1818).
References
[edit]- Bateson, Charles (1959). The Convict Ships. Brown, Son & Ferguson. OCLC 3778075.
- Graham, Col; McIntyre, Perry; Whitaker, Anne-Maree, eds. (2000). The Voyage of the ship Friendship from Cork to Botany Bay 1799-1800. Sydney: PR Ireland. ISBN 0646389068.
- Hackman, Rowan (2001). Ships of the East India Company. Gravesend, Kent: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-96-7.