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{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Taxobox
{{more citations needed|date = February 2022}}
| name = Socotra Cormorant
{{Speciesbox
⚫
| status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status = VU
| status_ref =<ref name=IUCN>{{IUCN2011.1|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2010|id=144640|title=Phalacrocorax nigrogularis|downloaded=5 October 2011}}</ref>
⚫
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2019 |title=''Phalacrocorax nigrogularis'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T22696802A155525071 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22696802A155525071.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = Socotra Cormorant.jpg
| image = Socotra Cormorant.jpg
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| genus = Phalacrocorax
⚫
| species = nigrogularis
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
⚫
| authority = [[William Robert Ogilvie-Grant|Ogilvie-Grant]] & [[Henry Ogg Forbes|Forbes, HO]], 1899
| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
⚫
| synonyms = ''Anacarbo nigrogularis''
| ordo = [[Pelecaniformes]]
| range_map = Sokotramap.jpg
| familia = [[Phalacrocoracidae]]
| genus = '' [[Phalacrocorax]]''
⚫
| species = '''''P. nigrogularis'''''
⚫
| binomial = ''Phalacrocorax nigrogularis''
⚫
| binomial_authority = [[William Robert Ogilvie-Grant|Ogilvie-Grant]] and [[Henry Ogg Forbes|Forbes]], 1899
}}
}}


The '''Socotra Cormorant''', ''Phalacrocorax nigrogularis'', is a [[Threatened species|threatened]] species of [[cormorant]] that is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Persian Gulf]] and the south-east coast of the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. It is also sometimes known as the '''Socotran Cormorant''' or, more rarely, as the '''Socotra Shag'''. Individuals occasionally migrate as far west as the [[Red Sea]] coast. Despite its name, it was only confirmed in 2005 that it breeds on [[Socotra]].<ref name=birdlife>BirdLife International (2011). ''[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3681 Species Factsheet: Phalacrocorax nigrogularis.]'' Retrieved 5 October 2011.</ref>
The '''Socotra cormorant''' ('''''Phalacrocorax nigrogularis''''') is a [[Threatened species|threatened]] species of [[cormorant]] that is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Persian Gulf]] and the south-east coast of the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref>"Persian Gulf Desert and Semi-desert." Robert Warren Howarth (ed.), ''Biomes & Ecosystems''vol. 3. Ipswich, MA: Salem Press, pp. 1000-1002.</ref> It is also sometimes known as the '''Socotran cormorant''' or, more rarely, as the '''Socotra shag'''. Individuals occasionally migrate as far west as the [[Red Sea]] coast. Despite its name, it was only confirmed in 2005 that it breeds on the [[Socotra]] islands in the Indian Ocean.<ref name=birdlife>BirdLife International (2011). ''[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3681 Species Factsheet: Phalacrocorax nigrogularis.]'' Retrieved 5 October 2011.</ref>


The Socotra Cormorant is an almost entirely blackish bird with a total length of about {{convert|80|cm|in}}.<ref name=birdlife/> In breeding condition, its forecrown has a purplish gloss and its upperparts have a slaty-green tinge, there are a few white plumes around the eye and neck and a few white streaks at the rump. Its legs and feet are black and its [[gular skin]] blackish. All these deviations from pure black are less marked outside the breeding season.
The Socotra cormorant is an almost entirely blackish bird with a total length of about {{convert|80|cm|in}}.<ref name=birdlife/> In breeding condition, its forecrown has a purplish gloss and its upperparts have a [[slaty]]-green tinge, there are a few white plumes around the eye and neck and a few white streaks at the rump. Its legs and feet are black and its [[gular skin]] blackish. All these deviations from pure black are less marked outside the breeding season.


There is little information on this species' foraging or diet. Like all cormorants its dives for its food. Older reports suggest that it can stay submerged for up to 3 minutes, which is high for a cormorant and suggests that it would be capable of deep diving. However there are also reports of forgaging in flocks, and this is more usually seen in cormorants that feed in mid water.
There is little information on this species' foraging or diet. Like all cormorants its dives for its food. Older reports suggest that it can stay submerged for up to 3 minutes, which is high for a cormorant and suggests that it would be capable of deep diving. However, there are also reports of foraging in flocks, and this is more usually seen in cormorants that feed in mid-water.


The birds are highly gregarious, with roosting flocks of 250,000 having been reported, and flocks of up to 25,000 at sea.
The birds are highly gregarious, with roosting flocks of 250,000 having been reported, and flocks of up to 25,000 at sea.
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Some authors, such as [[Paul Johnsgard]], place this species, along with a number of other related cormorants, in a genus ''[[Leucocarbo]]''.
Some authors, such as [[Paul Johnsgard]], place this species, along with a number of other related cormorants, in a genus ''[[Leucocarbo]]''.


Since 2000, this species has been listed as [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] on the [[IUCN Red List]], on the grounds of its small number of breeding localities and ongoing rapid decline.<ref name=IUCN/> The decline is caused by coastal development, disturbance and marine pollution near its nesting colonies; in 2000 it was estimated that the world population was about 110,000 breeding pairs or 330,000–500,000 individual birds.<ref name=IUCN/> The only protected nesting colony in the Gulf is one of about 30,000 pairs on the [[Bahrain]]i [[Hawar Islands]] off the coast of [[Oman]], and this is a [[Ramsar Convention]] listed site.<ref>Bahrain Bird Report. ''[http://www.hawar-islands.com/socotra_cormorants.html Socotra Cormorant.]'' Retrieved 5 October 2011.</ref> Of the remaining 13 colonies (9 different locations), the Hawar colony is the largest.<ref name=IUCN/> In the northern part of its range alone, about 12 colonies are known to have disappeared since the 1960s.<ref name=birdlife/> The birds may also be affected by oil pollution at sea. During the [[First Gulf War]] images of badly oiled cormorants from the Gulf were regularly shown in the western media, and although the [[Great Cormorant]] is also found in the Gulf, it is likely that many of these were Socotra cormorants.
Since 2000, this species has been listed as [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] on the [[IUCN Red List]], on the grounds of its small number of breeding localities and ongoing rapid decline.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> The decline is caused by coastal development, disturbance and [[marine pollution]] near its nesting colonies; in 2000 it was estimated that the world population was about 110,000 breeding pairs or 330,000–500,000 individual birds.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> The only protected nesting colony in the Persian Gulf is one of about 30,000 pairs on the [[Bahrain]]i [[Hawar Islands]] off the coast of [[Qatar]], and this is a [[Ramsar Convention]] listed site.<ref>Bahrain Bird Report. ''[http://www.hawar-islands.com/socotra_cormorants.html Socotra Cormorant.]'' Retrieved 5 October 2011.</ref> Of the remaining 13 colonies (9 different locations), the Hawar colony is the largest.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> In the northern part of its range alone, about 12 colonies are known to have disappeared since the 1960s.<ref name=birdlife/> The birds may also be affected by [[oil spill|oil pollution]] at sea. During the [[Gulf War|First Gulf War]], images of badly oiled cormorants from the Gulf were regularly shown in the western media, and although the [[great cormorant]] is also found in the Persian Gulf, it is likely that many of these were Socotra cormorants.


In 2012, the [[Environment Agency Abu Dhabi|Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD)]] monitored wild birds throughout Abu Dhabi at nearly 60 sites and recorded 420 species from 60 families. Nearly 12,000 breeding pairs of the globally threatened Socotra Cormorant were recorded at five to six small islands in the Emirate.
⚫
The Socotra Cormorant is one of the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' ([[AEWA]]) applies.

⚫
The Socotra cormorant is one of the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' ([[AEWA]]) applies.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
*Johnsgard, P. A. (1993). ''Cormorants, darters, and pelicans of the world''. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-216-0
*[[Paul Johnsgard|Johnsgard, P. A.]] (1993). ''Cormorants, Darters, and Pelicans of the World''. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. {{ISBN|1-56098-216-0}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.birdsoman.com/ A large gallery of images of Socotra cormorants] on the "Birds Oman" website
*[http://www.birdsoman.com/Birds/017-Cormorants/SocotraCormorant/SocotraCormorant.htm Gallery of images of Socotra cormorants] - Birds Oman

{{Pelecaniformes}}


{{Suliformes}}
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[[Category:Phalacrocorax]]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q632399}}
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[[Category:Birds of Bahrain]]
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[[Category:Birds of Socotra]]


⚫
[[Category:Phalacrocorax|Socotra cormorant]]
[[ca:Corb marí de Socotra]]
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[[Category:Birds of the Arabian Peninsula]]
[[de:Sokotrakormoran]]
[[fr:Cormoran de Socotra]]
[[Category:Birds of West Asia]]
⚫
[[Category:Fauna of Socotra]]
[[pl:Kormoran arabski]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1899|Socotra cormorant]]
[[fi:Arabianmerimetso]]
[[Category:Taxa named by William Robert Ogilvie-Grant]]
[[sv:Sokotraskarv]]

Latest revision as of 09:35, 7 May 2024

Socotra cormorant
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Suliformes
Family: Phalacrocoracidae
Genus: Phalacrocorax
Species:
P. nigrogularis
Binomial name
Phalacrocorax nigrogularis
Synonyms

Anacarbo nigrogularis

The Socotra cormorant (Phalacrocorax nigrogularis) is a threatened species of cormorant that is endemic to the Persian Gulf and the south-east coast of the Arabian Peninsula.[2] It is also sometimes known as the Socotran cormorant or, more rarely, as the Socotra shag. Individuals occasionally migrate as far west as the Red Sea coast. Despite its name, it was only confirmed in 2005 that it breeds on the Socotra islands in the Indian Ocean.[3]

The Socotra cormorant is an almost entirely blackish bird with a total length of about 80 centimetres (31 in).[3] In breeding condition, its forecrown has a purplish gloss and its upperparts have a slaty-green tinge, there are a few white plumes around the eye and neck and a few white streaks at the rump. Its legs and feet are black and its gular skin blackish. All these deviations from pure black are less marked outside the breeding season.

There is little information on this species' foraging or diet. Like all cormorants its dives for its food. Older reports suggest that it can stay submerged for up to 3 minutes, which is high for a cormorant and suggests that it would be capable of deep diving. However, there are also reports of foraging in flocks, and this is more usually seen in cormorants that feed in mid-water.

The birds are highly gregarious, with roosting flocks of 250,000 having been reported, and flocks of up to 25,000 at sea.

Some authors, such as Paul Johnsgard, place this species, along with a number of other related cormorants, in a genus Leucocarbo.

Since 2000, this species has been listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, on the grounds of its small number of breeding localities and ongoing rapid decline.[1] The decline is caused by coastal development, disturbance and marine pollution near its nesting colonies; in 2000 it was estimated that the world population was about 110,000 breeding pairs or 330,000–500,000 individual birds.[1] The only protected nesting colony in the Persian Gulf is one of about 30,000 pairs on the Bahraini Hawar Islands off the coast of Qatar, and this is a Ramsar Convention listed site.[4] Of the remaining 13 colonies (9 different locations), the Hawar colony is the largest.[1] In the northern part of its range alone, about 12 colonies are known to have disappeared since the 1960s.[3] The birds may also be affected by oil pollution at sea. During the First Gulf War, images of badly oiled cormorants from the Gulf were regularly shown in the western media, and although the great cormorant is also found in the Persian Gulf, it is likely that many of these were Socotra cormorants.

In 2012, the Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD) monitored wild birds throughout Abu Dhabi at nearly 60 sites and recorded 420 species from 60 families. Nearly 12,000 breeding pairs of the globally threatened Socotra Cormorant were recorded at five to six small islands in the Emirate.

The Socotra cormorant is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d BirdLife International (2019). "Phalacrocorax nigrogularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22696802A155525071. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22696802A155525071.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Persian Gulf Desert and Semi-desert." Robert Warren Howarth (ed.), Biomes & Ecosystemsvol. 3. Ipswich, MA: Salem Press, pp. 1000-1002.
  3. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2011). Species Factsheet: Phalacrocorax nigrogularis. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
  4. ^ Bahrain Bird Report. Socotra Cormorant. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
[edit]
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