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{{Infobox Weapon
{{Infobox weapon
|name=Bofors 75 mm and 80 mm guns
|name=Bofors 75 mm and 80 mm guns
|image=[[File:Käppalaställningen 2011b.jpg|300px]]
| image= Käppalaställningen 2011b.jpg
| image_size = 300
|caption= Bofors '7,5 cm luftvärnskanon m/29' as part of Swedish coastal fortifications.
|caption= Bofors '7,5 cm luftvärnskanon m/29' as part of Swedish coastal fortifications. Note that the gun is missing the recuperator above the barrel and some other parts.
|origin=[[Sweden]]<!-- Country flag removed per [[WP:Manual of Style#Images]]. -->
|origin=Sweden<!-- Country flag removed per [[WP:Manual of Style#Images]]. -->
|type= [[Anti-aircraft gun]]
|type= [[Anti-aircraft gun]]
<!-- Type selection -->
<!-- Type selection -->
Line 10: Line 11:
<!-- Service history -->
<!-- Service history -->
|service=1930–present
|service=1930–present
|used_by=*[[Argentina]]
|used_by=Argentina, China, Dutch East Indies, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Persia and Thailand
*[[China]]
*[[Dutch East Indies]]
*[[Finland]]
*[[Greece]]
*[[Hungary]]
*[[Persia]]
*[[Thailand]]
*[[Netherlands]]
|wars=[[World War II]]
|wars=[[World War II]]
<!-- Production history -->
<!-- Production history -->
|designer=[[Bofors|Bofors AB]], [[Krupp]]
|designer=[[Bofors|Bofors AB]], [[Krupp]]
|design_date= 1930
|design_date= 1928
|manufacturer=Bofors AB
|manufacturer=Bofors AB
|production_date=1930
|production_date=1930
Line 20: Line 29:
|variants=
|variants=
<!-- General specifications -->
<!-- General specifications -->
|weight='''8 cm m/29''': travelling {{convert|4200|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, firing {{convert|3300|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|weight='''7.5 cm m/30''': combat {{convert|3300|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<br>'''8 cm m/29''': travel {{convert|4200|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, combat {{convert|3300|kg|lb|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Bishop|p=151}}
|length='''7.5 cm m/30''': {{convert|590|cm|abbr=on}}
|length='''7.5 cm m/30''': {{convert|5.9|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|part_length='''8 cm m/29''':{{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|part_length='''7.5 cm m/30''': {{convert|3.9|m|ftin|abbr=on}} L/52<br>'''8 cm m/29''': {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} L/50{{sfn|Bishop|p=151}}
|crew=dependent on use
|crew=dependent on use
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
| cartridge = '''7.5 cm m/30''': 75 x 604mm R<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.quarryhs.co.uk/ammotable8.html|title=75-77 MM CALIBRE CARTRIDGES|website=www.quarryhs.co.uk|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-date=2015-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117003503/http://www.quarryhs.co.uk/ammotable8.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| cartridge =
| cartridge_weight = {{convert|8|kg|lb}}
| cartridge_weight = '''7.5 cm m/30''': {{convert|6.4|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<br>'''8 cm m/29''': {{convert|8|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| caliber = '''7.5 cm m/30''': {{convert|75|mm|in}}<br>'''8 cm m/29''': {{convert|80|mm|in}}
| caliber = '''7.5 cm m/30''': {{convert|75|mm|in|abbr=on}}<br>'''8 cm m/29''': {{convert|80|mm|in|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Bishop|p=151}}
| action =
| action =
| rate =
| rate =
| velocity = '''8 cm m/29''': {{convert|750|m/s|ft/s}}
| velocity = '''7.5 cm m/30''': {{convert|850|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}<br>'''8 cm m/29''': {{convert|750|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Bishop|p=151}}
| range =
| range =
| max_range = '''8 cm m/29''': {{convert|10000|m|yd}}
| max_range = '''7.5 cm m/30''': {{convert|11|km|ft|abbr=on}}<br>'''8 cm m/29''': {{convert|10|km|ft|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Bishop|p=151}}
| feed =
| feed =
| sights =
| sights =
<!-- Artillery specifications -->
<!-- Artillery specifications -->
| breech =
| breech =
| recoil =
| recoil =
| carriage =
| carriage =
| elevation = +807-3°
| elevation = +80-3°{{sfn|Bishop|p=151}}
| traverse = 360°
| traverse = 360°{{sfn|Bishop|p=151}}
}}
}}


'''Bofors 75 mm''' and '''Bofors 80 mm''' were two closely-related designs of [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] and general-purpose artillery. Less well known than the [[Bofors 40 mm gun|40 mm quick-firing AA gun]], the gun was nevertheless adopted by armed forces of numerous countries during [[World War II]], including [[Argentina]], [[China]], [[Dutch East Indies]], [[Finland]], [[Greece]], [[Hungary]], [[Persia]] and [[Thailand]].{{sfn|Bishop|p=151}} It was closely related to the [[8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41]], one of the best-known AA guns of World War II, which was partially based on it.{{sfn|Bishop|p=151}} Some pieces captured by the Japanese in China served as the blueprint for the [[Type 4 75 mm AA Gun]].{{sfn|Zaloga|pp=17-18}}
'''Bofors 75&nbsp;mm''' and '''Bofors 80&nbsp;mm''' were two closely related designs of [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] and general-purpose artillery. Less well known than the [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|40 mm quick-firing AA gun]], the gun was nevertheless adopted by armed forces of numerous countries during [[World War II]], including Argentina, China, [[Dutch East Indies]], Finland, Greece, [[Hungary]], [[Persia]] and [[Thailand]].{{sfn|Bishop|p=151}} It was closely related to the [[8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41]], one of the best-known AA guns of World War II, which was partially based on it.{{sfn|Bishop|p=151}} Some pieces captured by the Japanese in China served as the blueprint for the [[Type 4 75 mm AA Gun]], a reverse-engineered clone of the Bofors 75mm gun.{{sfn|Zaloga|pp=17-18}}


== Development history ==
== History and development ==
⚫
World War I AA guns were often pieces of standard medium-calibre artillery modified for anti-aircraft fire.{{sfn|Chamberlain & Gander|pp=147-151}} However, fast development of aerial warfare meant that a higher [[muzzle velocity]] was needed to target modern planes flying faster and at higher altitudes.{{sfn|Chamberlain & Gander|pp=147-151}} Having lost the war, Germany had been forbidden from developing new weapons of most types by the [[Treaty of Versailles]].{{sfn|Bishop|p=152}}{{sfn|Chamberlain & Gander|pp=147-151}} However, the [[Krupp]] company almost immediately started cooperation with the Swedish [[Bofors]] (partially owned by Krupp) to develop a new AA gun.{{sfn|Bishop|p=152}}{{sfn|Kaufmann|p=138}} By 1925 Krupp acquired a controlling interest in the Swedish firm and a team of German experts was sent to Sweden.{{sfn|Bishop|p=152}}{{sfn|Kaufmann|p=138}}{{sfn|Crabtree|p=47}}


⚫
The development of a new gun was funded secretly by the [[Reichswehr]].{{sfn|Bishop|p=152}} The resulting 75&nbsp;mm gun proved adequate to the Swedes, but extensive trials of two German prototypes (the [[7.5 cm Flak. L/60|7.5 cm Flugabwehrkanone L/60]] and [[7.5 cm Flugabwehrkanone L/59]]) by the German army proved unsatisfactory and the Germans requested a heavier design.{{sfn|Bishop|p=152}}{{sfn|Chamberlain & Gander|p=158}} The 75&nbsp;mm was then modified to include a larger calibre barrel, which was further developed into the [[8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41]], one of the best-known AA guns of World War II.{{sfn|Bishop|p=152}}{{sfn|Chamberlain & Gander|pp=154-155}}
⚫
World War I AA guns were often pieces of standard medium-calibre artillery modified for anti-aircraft fire. However, fast development of aerial warfare meant that a larger [[muzzle velocity]] was needed to target modern planes flying faster and at higher altitudes. Having lost the war, [[Germany]] had been forbidden from developing new weapons of most types by the [[Versailles treaty]].{{sfn|Bishop|p=152}} However, the [[Krupp]] company almost immediately started cooperation with the Swedish [[Bofors]] (partially owned by Krupp) to develop a new AA gun.{{sfn|Bishop|p=152}}{{sfn|Kaufmann|p=138}} A team of German experts was sent to Sweden and the development was funded secretly by the [[Reichswehr]].{{sfn|Bishop|p=152}}{{sfn|Kaufmann|p=138}}


⚫
Nevertheless, despite the German unwillingness to buy the 75&nbsp;mm variant, the Swedish company decided to start serial production anyway.{{sfn|Pataj|pp=423-425}} There were many notable differences between Krupp's design and the one eventually produced by the Swedish company, but both guns shared a similar layout and a cruciform firing platform, which allowed the gun to traverse full 360 degrees and fire in all directions.{{sfn|Bishop|p=151}} The platform was lowered to the ground from two wheeled axles, which had to be removed before firing.{{sfn|Bishop|p=151}} One of major advantages of the Swedish design over the 88 eventually adopted by Germany was its simplicity: it lacked complicated fire-control mechanisms, but was easy enough to operate by less-well trained crews in poorer countries.{{sfn|Bishop|p=151}}
⚫
The resulting 75 mm gun proved adequate to the Swedes, but extensive trials by the German army proved unsatisfactory and the Germans requested a heavier design.{{sfn|Bishop|p=152}} The 75 mm was then modified to include a larger calibre barrel, which was further developed into the [[8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41]], one of the best-known AA guns of World War II.{{sfn|Bishop|p=152}}

⚫
Nevertheless, despite the German unwillingness to buy the 75 mm variant, the Swedish company decided to start serial production anyway.{{sfn|Pataj|pp=423-425}} There were many notable differences between Krupp's design and the one eventually produced by the Swedish company, but both guns shared a similar layout and a cruciform firing platform, which allowed the gun to traverse full 360 degrees and fire in all directions.{{sfn|Bishop|p=151}} The platform was lowered to the ground from two wheeled axles, which had to be removed before firing.{{sfn|Bishop|p=151}}


[[File:Antiaircraft defence Sweden 1943.jpg|thumb|left|The m/29 and m/30 guns formed the backbone of the Swedish passive air defence during and immediately after World War II]]
[[File:Antiaircraft defence Sweden 1943.jpg|thumb|left|The m/29 and m/30 guns formed the backbone of the Swedish passive air defence during and immediately after World War II]]
⚫
The Swedish gun entered service in the Swedish Army under two distinct designations: '''luftvärnskanon m/29''' and '''luftvärnskanon m/30''', both produced either in 75 mm ("7,5 cm") and 80 mm ("8 cm") bore, depending on the order.{{sfn|Bishop|p=151}}


== Operational use ==
⚫
In 1938 Persia bought 24 pieces of slightly modified Luftvärnskanon m/30-37 (also known as Luftvärnskanon m/37), intended for 6 batteries of 4 guns each. The outbreak of World War II prevented any further deliveries.{{sfn|Pataj|pp=423-425}} One of the largest batches of the gun were bought by Hungary (all in 80 mm variant), which successfully used it on the Eastern Front of World War II both in anti-aircraft and anti-tank role (under the designation of '''8-cm 29M''').{{sfn|Bishop|p=151}}{{sfn|Pataj|pp=423-425}} [[György Szebeny]] also designed a version of the [[40M Nimród]] self-propelled AA gun armed with the 80 mm Bofors instead of the original 40 mm gun, but it never went into production.{{sfn|Nemeth|loc=¶ "Nimród 80mm, AKA “Szebeny’s tank destroyer project”"}}
⚫
The Swedish gun entered service in the Swedish Army under two distinct designations: '''luftvärnskanon m/29''' (an extremely similar gun was produced few years earlier by German-affiliated [[HIH Siderius]] in the Netherlands<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.grondgebondenluchtverdediging.nl/fotoalbum/picture.php?/55163/category/587 | title=09-8cm tl H.I.H. Siderius &#124; Fotoalbums van de grondgebondenluchtverdediging }}</ref>) and '''luftvärnskanon m/30''', both produced either in 75&nbsp;mm ("7,5 cm") and 80&nbsp;mm ("8 cm") bore, depending on the order.{{sfn|Bishop|p=151}}


In November 1929 Finland bought eight early prototypes and test-series guns of the mobile variant and pressed them into service as '''76 ItK/29 B''' and '''76 ItK/28 B''',{{sfn|Valias|loc=¶ "76 ItK/29 B, Bofors"}}{{sfn|Valias|loc=¶ "76 ItK/28 B, Bofors"}} ItK standing for ''IlmaTorjuntaKanuuna'', "Anti-air gun". Unlike later models, the gun used a different transport system with one heavy axle and two wheels.{{sfn|Valias|loc=¶ "76 ItK/29 B, Bofors"}} During the [[Winter War]] the guns were coupled with Vickers M34 Vc [[Fire-control system|fire-control mechanical computers]].{{sfn|Valias|loc=¶ "76 ItK/29 B, Bofors"}}
⚫
==References==


In 1938 Persia bought 24 pieces of slightly modified Luftvärnskanon m/30-37 (also known as Luftvärnskanon m/37), intended for 6 batteries of 4 guns each. The outbreak of World War II prevented any further deliveries.{{sfn|Pataj|p=314}}
[[File:29M Bofors 80mm-es légvédelmi ágyú tüzelőállásban. Fortepan 27130.jpg|thumb|Hungarian 8-cm 29M in Russia, 1942]]
⚫
One of the largest batches of the gun were bought by Hungary (all in 80&nbsp;mm variant), which successfully used it on the Eastern Front of World War II both in anti-aircraft and anti-tank role (under the designation of '''8-cm 29M''').{{sfn|Bishop|p=151}}{{sfn|Pataj|pp=423-425}} György Szebeny also designed a version of the [[40M Nimród]] self-propelled AA gun armed with the 80&nbsp;mm Bofors instead of the original 40&nbsp;mm gun, but it never went into production.{{sfn|Nemeth|loc=¶ "Nimród 80mm, AKA “Szebeny’s tank destroyer project”"}}

Greece ordered 80&nbsp;mm variant and used it to reinforce the air defence of the [[Metaxas Line]].{{sfn|Kaufmann & Jurga|pp=423-425}}

Between 1935 and 1938 the [[Royal Netherlands East Indies Army]] ordered 52 pieces of slightly modified '''Luftvärnskanon m/36''' gun in 80&nbsp;mm L/50 variant. Out of those 36 were delivered, 12 on mobile cruciform platforms and the rest to be used on fixed positions. Most were delivered in parts and then assembled at [[Wilton-Fijenoord]] facilities. The [[Dutch East Indies]] forces used the guns to bolster the defence of key ports, notably eight pieces were protecting [[Surabaya|Soerabaja]] against the [[Dutch East Indies campaign|Japanese invasion]].{{sfn|Cox|p=179}}

⚫
== See also ==
* [[8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41]]: German anti-aircraft gun based on the Bofors Model 1929.

⚫
==References==
<!-- === Footnotes ===
<!-- === Footnotes ===
{{reflist|group=note}} -->
{{Reflist|group=note}} -->


=== Citations ===
=== Citations ===
Line 67: Line 87:


=== Bibliography ===
=== Bibliography ===
* {{en icon}} {{cite encyclopedia |author= |editor=Chris Bishop |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II |title=8.8-cm Flak 18 and Flak 37 |url= |edition= |year=2002 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company |volume= |location= |isbn=9781586637620 |pages=540 | ref={{sfnRef|Bishop}}}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Chris Bishop |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II |title=8.8-cm Flak 18 and Flak 37 |year=2002 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company |isbn=9781586637620 |pages=540 | ref={{sfnRef|Bishop}}}}
* {{en icon}} {{cite book |author1=J. E. Kaufmann |author2=H. W. Kaufmann |coauthors= |editor1= |others= |title=Fortress Third Reich: German Fortifications and Defense Systems in World War II |trans_title= |url= |edition=reprint |series= |volume= |year=2007 |publisher=Da Capo Press |location=Warsaw |isbn=9780306816352|oclc= |pages=369 | ref={{sfnRef|Kaufmann}} }}
* {{in lang|de}} {{cite book |author1=Peter Chamberlain |author2=Terry Gander|others=transl. Herbert Jäger|title=Enzyklopädie deutscher Waffen: 1939 - 1945 |trans-title=Encyclopaedia of German Arms: 1939-1945 |edition=2 |series=Motorbuch-Verlag spezial |year=2006 |publisher=Motorbuch-Verlag |isbn=9783613024816 |pages=371 |ref={{sfnRef|Chamberlain & Gander}} }}
* {{en icon}} {{cite web | author1=Károly Németh | title=Hungarian Firepower: Nimród and Nimród 80mm tank destroyers | publisher= | year=2014 | work=For the Record | url=http://ftr.wot-news.com/2014/01/20/hungarian-firepower-nimrod-and-nimrod-80mm-tank-destroyers/ | accessdate=2014-06-10 | ref={{sfnRef|Nemeth}}}}
*{{cite book |author1=Jeffrey Cox |title=Rising Sun, Falling Skies: The Disastrous Java Sea Campaign of World War II |series=General Military Series |year=2014 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=9781780967264 |pages=504 |ref={{sfnRef|Cox}}}}
* {{pl icon}} {{cite book |author1=Stefan Pataj |coauthors= |editor1= |others= |title=Artyleria lądowa: 1871-1970 |trans_title=Land-based artillery, 1871-1970 |url= |edition= |series= |volume= |year=1976 |publisher=Wydawnictwa Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej |location=Warsaw |isbn= |oclc= |pages=497 | ref={{sfnRef|Pataj}} }}
*{{cite book |author1=James D. Crabtree |title=On Air Defense |series=Military profession | issn=1074-2964 |year=1994 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780275947927 |pages=221 |ref={{sfnRef|Crabtree}}}}
* {{en icon}} {{cite book |author1=[[Steven J. Zaloga]] |coauthors= |editor1= |others= |title=Defense of Japan 1945 |trans_title= |url= |edition= |series= |volume= |year=2011 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location= |isbn=9781780962191 |oclc= |pages=64 | ref={{sfnRef|Zaloga}}}}
*{{cite book |author1=J. E. Kaufmann | author2=Robert M. Jurga |title=Fortress Europe: European Fortifications Of World War II |publisher=[[Da Capo Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780786749874 | ref={{sfnRef|Kaufmann & Jurga}}}}
*{{cite book |author1=J. E. Kaufmann |author2=H. W. Kaufmann |title=Fortress Third Reich: German Fortifications and Defense Systems in World War II |edition=reprint |year=2007 |publisher=Da Capo Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780306816352|pages=369 | ref={{sfnRef|Kaufmann}} }}

*{{cite web | author1=Károly Németh | title=Hungarian Firepower: Nimród and Nimród 80mm tank destroyers | year=2014 | work=For the Record | url=http://ftr.wot-news.com/2014/01/20/hungarian-firepower-nimrod-and-nimrod-80mm-tank-destroyers/ | access-date=2014-06-10 | ref={{sfnRef|Nemeth}}}}
⚫
== See also ==
* {{in lang|pl}} {{cite book |author1=Stefan Pataj |title=Artyleria lądowa: 1871-1970 |trans-title=Land-based artillery, 1871-1970 |year=1976 |publisher=Wydawnictwa Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej |location=Warsaw |pages=497 | ref={{sfnRef|Pataj}} }}

*{{cite web | author1=J. T. Valias | title=Antiaircraft guns part 3: Heavy Guns | year=2013 | work=Jaeger Platoon: Finnish Army 1918-1945 | url=http://www.jaegerplatoon.net/AA_GUNS3.htm | access-date=2014-06-11 | ref={{sfnRef|Valias}}}}
⚫
{{Weapons made in Sweden 1914–1945|style=wide}}
*{{cite book |author1=Steven J. Zaloga |author-link=Steven J. Zaloga |title=Defense of Japan 1945 |year=2011 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=9781780962191 |pages=64 | ref={{sfnRef|Zaloga}}}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://www.tjelvar.se/vapen/4-30.htm Pictures of the gun in Swedish service]
* [http://www.tjelvar.se/vapen/4-30.htm Pictures of the gun in Swedish service]
* [http://greenh0rn.deviantart.com/art/29-33-M-80mm-Bofors-AA-gun-327093487 Colour picture of Hungarian 29M gun on the Eastern Front]


⚫
{{Weapons made in Sweden 1914–1945|style=wide}}
⚫
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bofors 75 Mm}}


⚫
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bofors 75 Mm}}
[[Category:75 mm artillery]]
[[Category:75 mm artillery]]
[[Category:80 mm artillery]]
[[Category:80 mm artillery]]
Line 87: Line 110:
[[Category:World War II anti-tank guns]]
[[Category:World War II anti-tank guns]]
[[Category:Bofors]]
[[Category:Bofors]]
[[Category:Artillery of Sweden]]
[[Category:Anti-aircraft guns of Sweden]]
[[Category:Krupp]]
[[Category:Krupp]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1920s]]

Latest revision as of 19:20, 7 May 2024

Bofors 75 mm and 80 mm guns
Bofors '7,5 cm luftvärnskanon m/29' as part of Swedish coastal fortifications. Note that the gun is missing the recuperator above the barrel and some other parts.
TypeAnti-aircraft gun
Place of originSweden
Service history
In service1930–present
Used by
WarsWorld War II
Production history
DesignerBofors AB, Krupp
Designed1928
ManufacturerBofors AB
Produced1930
Specifications
Mass7.5 cm m/30: combat 3,300 kg (7,300 lb)
8 cm m/29: travel 4,200 kg (9,300 lb), combat 3,300 kg (7,300 lb)[1]
Length7.5 cm m/30: 5.9 m (19 ft 4 in)
Barrel length7.5 cm m/30: 3.9 m (12 ft 10 in) L/52
8 cm m/29: 4 m (13 ft) L/50[1]
Crewdependent on use
Shell7.5 cm m/30: 75 x 604mm R[2]
Shell weight7.5 cm m/30: 6.4 kg (14 lb)
8 cm m/29: 8 kg (18 lb)
Caliber7.5 cm m/30: 75 mm (3.0 in)
8 cm m/29: 80 mm (3.1 in)[1]
Elevation+80-3°[1]
Traverse360°[1]
Muzzle velocity7.5 cm m/30: 850 m/s (2,800 ft/s)
8 cm m/29: 750 m/s (2,500 ft/s)[1]
Maximum firing range7.5 cm m/30: 11 km (36,000 ft)
8 cm m/29: 10 km (33,000 ft)[1]

Bofors 75 mm and Bofors 80 mm were two closely related designs of anti-aircraft and general-purpose artillery. Less well known than the 40 mm quick-firing AA gun, the gun was nevertheless adopted by armed forces of numerous countries during World War II, including Argentina, China, Dutch East Indies, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Persia and Thailand.[1] It was closely related to the 8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41, one of the best-known AA guns of World War II, which was partially based on it.[1] Some pieces captured by the Japanese in China served as the blueprint for the Type 4 75 mm AA Gun, a reverse-engineered clone of the Bofors 75mm gun.[3]

History and development

[edit]

World War I AA guns were often pieces of standard medium-calibre artillery modified for anti-aircraft fire.[4] However, fast development of aerial warfare meant that a higher muzzle velocity was needed to target modern planes flying faster and at higher altitudes.[4] Having lost the war, Germany had been forbidden from developing new weapons of most types by the Treaty of Versailles.[5][4] However, the Krupp company almost immediately started cooperation with the Swedish Bofors (partially owned by Krupp) to develop a new AA gun.[5][6] By 1925 Krupp acquired a controlling interest in the Swedish firm and a team of German experts was sent to Sweden.[5][6][7]

The development of a new gun was funded secretly by the Reichswehr.[5] The resulting 75 mm gun proved adequate to the Swedes, but extensive trials of two German prototypes (the 7.5 cm Flugabwehrkanone L/60 and 7.5 cm Flugabwehrkanone L/59) by the German army proved unsatisfactory and the Germans requested a heavier design.[5][8] The 75 mm was then modified to include a larger calibre barrel, which was further developed into the 8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41, one of the best-known AA guns of World War II.[5][9]

Nevertheless, despite the German unwillingness to buy the 75 mm variant, the Swedish company decided to start serial production anyway.[10] There were many notable differences between Krupp's design and the one eventually produced by the Swedish company, but both guns shared a similar layout and a cruciform firing platform, which allowed the gun to traverse full 360 degrees and fire in all directions.[1] The platform was lowered to the ground from two wheeled axles, which had to be removed before firing.[1] One of major advantages of the Swedish design over the 88 eventually adopted by Germany was its simplicity: it lacked complicated fire-control mechanisms, but was easy enough to operate by less-well trained crews in poorer countries.[1]

The m/29 and m/30 guns formed the backbone of the Swedish passive air defence during and immediately after World War II

Operational use

[edit]

The Swedish gun entered service in the Swedish Army under two distinct designations: luftvärnskanon m/29 (an extremely similar gun was produced few years earlier by German-affiliated HIH Siderius in the Netherlands[11]) and luftvärnskanon m/30, both produced either in 75 mm ("7,5 cm") and 80 mm ("8 cm") bore, depending on the order.[1]

In November 1929 Finland bought eight early prototypes and test-series guns of the mobile variant and pressed them into service as 76 ItK/29 B and 76 ItK/28 B,[12][13] ItK standing for IlmaTorjuntaKanuuna, "Anti-air gun". Unlike later models, the gun used a different transport system with one heavy axle and two wheels.[12] During the Winter War the guns were coupled with Vickers M34 Vc fire-control mechanical computers.[12]

In 1938 Persia bought 24 pieces of slightly modified Luftvärnskanon m/30-37 (also known as Luftvärnskanon m/37), intended for 6 batteries of 4 guns each. The outbreak of World War II prevented any further deliveries.[14]

Hungarian 8-cm 29M in Russia, 1942

One of the largest batches of the gun were bought by Hungary (all in 80 mm variant), which successfully used it on the Eastern Front of World War II both in anti-aircraft and anti-tank role (under the designation of 8-cm 29M).[1][10] György Szebeny also designed a version of the 40M Nimród self-propelled AA gun armed with the 80 mm Bofors instead of the original 40 mm gun, but it never went into production.[15]

Greece ordered 80 mm variant and used it to reinforce the air defence of the Metaxas Line.[16]

Between 1935 and 1938 the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army ordered 52 pieces of slightly modified Luftvärnskanon m/36 gun in 80 mm L/50 variant. Out of those 36 were delivered, 12 on mobile cruciform platforms and the rest to be used on fixed positions. Most were delivered in parts and then assembled at Wilton-Fijenoord facilities. The Dutch East Indies forces used the guns to bolster the defence of key ports, notably eight pieces were protecting Soerabaja against the Japanese invasion.[17]

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Bishop, p. 151.
  2. ^ "75-77 MM CALIBRE CARTRIDGES". www.quarryhs.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2015-01-17. Retrieved 2017-09-11.
  3. ^ Zaloga, pp. 17–18.
  4. ^ a b c Chamberlain & Gander, pp. 147–151.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Bishop, p. 152.
  6. ^ a b Kaufmann, p. 138.
  7. ^ Crabtree, p. 47.
  8. ^ Chamberlain & Gander, p. 158.
  9. ^ Chamberlain & Gander, pp. 154–155.
  10. ^ a b Pataj, pp. 423–425.
  11. ^ "09-8cm tl H.I.H. Siderius | Fotoalbums van de grondgebondenluchtverdediging".
  12. ^ a b c Valias, ¶ "76 ItK/29 B, Bofors".
  13. ^ Valias, ¶ "76 ItK/28 B, Bofors".
  14. ^ Pataj, p. 314.
  15. ^ Nemeth, ¶ "Nimród 80mm, AKA “Szebeny’s tank destroyer project”".
  16. ^ Kaufmann & Jurga, pp. 423–425.
  17. ^ Cox, p. 179.

Bibliography

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  • Chris Bishop, ed. (2002). "8.8-cm Flak 18 and Flak 37". The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 540. ISBN 9781586637620.
  • (in German) Peter Chamberlain; Terry Gander (2006). Enzyklopädie deutscher Waffen: 1939 - 1945 [Encyclopaedia of German Arms: 1939-1945]. Motorbuch-Verlag spezial. transl. Herbert Jäger (2 ed.). Motorbuch-Verlag. p. 371. ISBN 9783613024816.
  • Jeffrey Cox (2014). Rising Sun, Falling Skies: The Disastrous Java Sea Campaign of World War II. General Military Series. Osprey Publishing. p. 504. ISBN 9781780967264.
  • James D. Crabtree (1994). On Air Defense. Military profession. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 221. ISBN 9780275947927. ISSN 1074-2964.
  • J. E. Kaufmann; Robert M. Jurga. Fortress Europe: European Fortifications Of World War II. Cambridge: Da Capo Press. ISBN 9780786749874.
  • J. E. Kaufmann; H. W. Kaufmann (2007). Fortress Third Reich: German Fortifications and Defense Systems in World War II (reprint ed.). Cambridge: Da Capo Press. p. 369. ISBN 9780306816352.
  • Károly Németh (2014). "Hungarian Firepower: Nimród and Nimród 80mm tank destroyers". For the Record. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  • (in Polish) Stefan Pataj (1976). Artyleria lądowa: 1871-1970 [Land-based artillery, 1871-1970]. Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej. p. 497.
  • J. T. Valias (2013). "Antiaircraft guns part 3: Heavy Guns". Jaeger Platoon: Finnish Army 1918-1945. Retrieved 2014-06-11.
  • Steven J. Zaloga (2011). Defense of Japan 1945. Osprey Publishing. p. 64. ISBN 9781780962191.
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