Nezara viridula: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of true bug}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{Speciesbox |
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| image = Nezara viridula MHNT verte.jpg |
| image = Nezara viridula MHNT verte.jpg |
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| genus = Nezara |
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| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a |
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| classis = [[Insect]]a |
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| ordo = [[Hemiptera]] |
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| subordo = [[Heteroptera]] |
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| infraordo = [[Pentatomomorpha]] |
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| superfamilia = [[Pentatomoidea]] |
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| familia = [[Pentatomidae]] |
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| subfamilia = [[Pentatominae]] |
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| genus = ''[[Nezara]]'' |
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| binomial = ''Nezara viridula'' |
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| synonyms = |
| synonyms = |
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* ''Cimex smaragdulus'' Fabricius, 1775 |
* ''Cimex smaragdulus'' Fabricius, 1775 |
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* ''Nezara aurantiaca'' Costa, 1884 |
* ''Nezara aurantiaca'' Costa, 1884 |
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'''''Nezara viridula''''', commonly known as the '''southern green stink bug''' (USA), ''' |
'''''Nezara viridula''''', commonly known as the '''southern green stink bug''' (USA), '''southern green shield bug''' (UK) or '''green vegetable bug''' (Australia and New Zealand), is a [[herbivore|plant-feeding]] [[Pentatomidae|stink bug]]. Believed to have originated in [[Ethiopia]], it can now be found across the world.<ref name="Squitier">Squitier J.M. (1997, updated 2007) «[http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN14200.pdf Southern green stink bug»] Featured creatures, University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural services.</ref> Because of its preference for certain species of [[legume]]s, such as [[bean]]s and [[soybean]]s, it is an economically important [[pest (organism)|pest]] on such crops.<ref>Panizzi A.R. et al. (2000). ''Stink bugs (Pentatomidae)''. In: Schaefer C.W. & Panizzi A.R. (eds.). ''Heteroptera of economic importance'', str. 421-747. Boca Raton: CRC Press.</ref> |
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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[[File:HEMI Pentatomidae Nezara viridula 1.png|left|thumb|''Nezara viridula'' illustrated by [[Des Helmore]]]] |
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The adult males can reach a body length (from front to elytral apex) of about {{convert|12.1|mm}}, while females are bigger, reaching a size of about {{convert|13.1|mm}}. The body is bright green and [[shield|shield-shaped]] and the eyes are usually reddish, but they may also be black. They differ from the similar [[green stink bug]] ('' |
The adult males can reach a body length (from front to elytral apex) of about {{convert|12.1|mm}}, while females are bigger, reaching a size of about {{convert|13.1|mm}}. The body is usually bright green and [[shield|shield-shaped]] and the eyes are usually reddish, but they may also be black. There is a row of three white spots on the [[Scutellum (insect)|scutellum]]. They differ from the similar [[green stink bug]] (''Chinavia hilare'') by the shape of their scent [[gland]] openings, which are short and wide in ''N. viridula'', and narrow and long in the green stink bug.<ref name="Squitier"/> |
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=== Color morphs === |
=== Color morphs === |
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Several distinct [[morph (zoology)|morphs]] can be distinguished by the pattern of their [[exoskeleton]] coloration |
Several distinct [[morph (zoology)|morphs]] can be distinguished by the pattern of their [[exoskeleton]] coloration. The most common morph is predominantly green (''Nezara viridula'' f. ''smaragdula''), a less common morph is green with white or yellowish front margins on the head and the [[Thorax (insect anatomy)|thorax]] (''Nezara viridula'' f. ''torquata'' Fabricius, 1775)<ref name="biolib">{{Cite web |last=Zicha |first=Ondrej |title=BioLib: Biological library |url=https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id575760/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.biolib.cz}}</ref> and a very rare morph has a uniformly orange or yellow (occasionally pink) coloration (''Nezara viridula'' ''f. aurantiaca'').<ref name=fe>Mary Golden and Peter A. Follett [http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/53200360/GoldenfollettPHES2006.pdf First report of Nezara viridula f. aurantiaca in Hawai]</ref> |
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{{clear}} |
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{{Multiple image |
{{Multiple image |
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== Life history == |
== Life history == |
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''Nezara viridula'' reproduces throughout the year in [[tropics]]. In [[temperate zone]]s this species presents a reproductive winter diapause, associated with a reversible change of body colouration from green to brown or russet.<ref name=mu> |
''Nezara viridula'' reproduces throughout the year in [[tropics]]. In [[temperate zone]]s this species presents a reproductive winter diapause, associated with a reversible change of body colouration from green to brown or russet.<ref name=mu>Musolin, Dmitry (2012). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3032.2012.00846.x/abstract Surviving winter: diapause syndrome in the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula] Physiological Entomology - Volume 37, Issue 4, pages 309–322</ref> |
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When ready to mate ''N.viridula'' sound |
When ready to mate ''N.viridula'' sound 100 Hz vibration with a "tymbal" composed of a fused first and second [[terga]] (not to be confused with [[tymbal]] of cicadas) that allow bi-directional communication to any ''Nezara'' standing on the same plant so they could find each other. The female lays 30 to 130 eggs at a time, in the form of an egg mass glued firmly to the bottom of a [[leaf]]. The eggs are barrel-shaped, with an opening on the top.<ref name="Squitier"/> The eggs take between 5 and 21 days to develop, depending on the temperature.<ref name="Todd1989"/> The newborn larvae gather near the empty eggs and do not feed until three days later, after the first [[ecdysis|moult]]. They moult five times before reaching maturity, increasing in size each time. Each [[instar]] stage lasts about a week, except for the last one before the [[metamorphosis]], which is a day longer.<ref name="Squitier"/> Up to four generations can develop in one year, with eggs developing into adults in as few as 35 days in mid-summer. Up until their third moult the larvae aggregate together on the host plant, the purpose of this aggregation is probably pooling of chemical defenses against [[predator]]s, for example [[ant]]s.<ref name="Todd1989"/> |
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==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
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== Ecology == |
== Ecology == |
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It is a highly [[polyphagous]] herbivore, able to feed on [[plant]]s from over 30 [[family (biology)|families]], both [[monocot]]s and [[dicot]]s.<ref name="Todd1989">Todd J.W. (1989). |
It is a highly [[polyphagous]] herbivore, able to feed on [[plant]]s from over 30 [[family (biology)|families]], both [[monocot]]s and [[dicot]]s.<ref name="Todd1989">Todd J.W. (1989). «Ecology and behavior of ''Nezara viridula»''. ''Annu. Rev. Entomol.'' '''34''': 273-292. {{doi|10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.001421}}</ref> It has a preference for legumes, preferring to feed on plants that are fruiting or forming pods.<ref name="Todd1989"/> |
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The most important factor limiting the [[population]] in [[temperate zone]]s is winter cold. Mortality of overwintering individuals is between 30 and 80%, and the population cannot survive in areas where the average mid-winter temperature is below 5°C.<ref name="Musolin">Musolin D.L. (2005). |
The most important factor limiting the [[population]] in [[temperate zone]]s is winter cold. Mortality of overwintering individuals is between 30 and 80%, and the population cannot survive in areas where the average mid-winter temperature is below 5 °C.<ref name="Musolin">Musolin D.L. (2005). «[http://www.hetnews.org.uk/pdfs/Issue%205_Spring%202005_380Kb.pdf The Southern Green Shield Bug Nezara viridula (L.) expands its distribution range, not only in the U.K.»] ''Het News'' - Newsletter of the Heteroptera Recording Schemes. Retrieved on 2008-10-14.</ref> Females are more likely to survive the winter than males, as are larger individuals and those that develop reddish-brown coloration.<ref name="Todd1989"/> In recent decades, the species seems to be expanding its [[Range (biology)|range]] towards the north in the northern hemisphere.<ref name="Musolin"/> The animal's ability to survive the winter also depends on the timely onset of [[diapause]]. |
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== Origin and range == |
== Origin and range == |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[Green stink bug]] ('' |
* [[Green stink bug]] (''Chinavia hilare'') |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{ |
{{Reflist|30em}} |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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* {{Commons category-inline}} |
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* [http://www.pherobase.com/database/species/species-Nezara-viridula.php ''Nezara viridula'' pheromones] in Pherobase. |
* [http://www.pherobase.com/database/species/species-Nezara-viridula.php ''Nezara viridula'' pheromones] in Pherobase. |
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* [http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=454172 Fauna Europaea] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154908/http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=454172 Fauna Europaea] |
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PndCV8FY368 video of Nezara viridula] |
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PndCV8FY368 video of Nezara viridula] |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q600498}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Agricultural pest insects]] |
[[Category:Agricultural pest insects]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Bugs described in 1758]] |
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[[Category:Insects of Ethiopia]] |
[[Category:Insects of Ethiopia]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]] |
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[[Category:Insect pests of millets]] |
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Latest revision as of 10:37, 8 May 2024
| Nezara viridula | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Pentatomidae |
| Genus: | Nezara |
| Species: | N. viridula
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| Binomial name | |
| Nezara viridula | |
| Synonyms | |
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Nezara viridula, commonly known as the southern green stink bug (USA), southern green shield bug (UK) or green vegetable bug (Australia and New Zealand), is a plant-feeding stink bug. Believed to have originated in Ethiopia, it can now be found across the world.[1] Because of its preference for certain species of legumes, such as beans and soybeans, it is an economically important pest on such crops.[2]
Description
[edit]
The adult males can reach a body length (from front to elytral apex) of about 12.1 millimetres (0.48 in), while females are bigger, reaching a size of about 13.1 millimetres (0.52 in). The body is usually bright green and shield-shaped and the eyes are usually reddish, but they may also be black. There is a row of three white spots on the scutellum. They differ from the similar green stink bug (Chinavia hilare) by the shape of their scent gland openings, which are short and wide in N. viridula, and narrow and long in the green stink bug.[1]
Color morphs
[edit]Several distinct morphs can be distinguished by the pattern of their exoskeleton coloration. The most common morph is predominantly green (Nezara viridula f. smaragdula), a less common morph is green with white or yellowish front margins on the head and the thorax (Nezara viridula f. torquata Fabricius, 1775)[3] and a very rare morph has a uniformly orange or yellow (occasionally pink) coloration (Nezara viridula f. aurantiaca).[4]
Life history
[edit]Nezara viridula reproduces throughout the year in tropics. In temperate zones this species presents a reproductive winter diapause, associated with a reversible change of body colouration from green to brown or russet.[5]
When ready to mate N.viridula sound 100 Hz vibration with a "tymbal" composed of a fused first and second terga (not to be confused with tymbal of cicadas) that allow bi-directional communication to any Nezara standing on the same plant so they could find each other. The female lays 30 to 130 eggs at a time, in the form of an egg mass glued firmly to the bottom of a leaf. The eggs are barrel-shaped, with an opening on the top.[1] The eggs take between 5 and 21 days to develop, depending on the temperature.[6] The newborn larvae gather near the empty eggs and do not feed until three days later, after the first moult. They moult five times before reaching maturity, increasing in size each time. Each instar stage lasts about a week, except for the last one before the metamorphosis, which is a day longer.[1] Up to four generations can develop in one year, with eggs developing into adults in as few as 35 days in mid-summer. Up until their third moult the larvae aggregate together on the host plant, the purpose of this aggregation is probably pooling of chemical defenses against predators, for example ants.[6]
Gallery
[edit]-
Eggs -
First instar -
Second instar -
Third instar -
Fourth instar -
Fifth instar -
Adult, winter color pattern
Ecology
[edit]It is a highly polyphagous herbivore, able to feed on plants from over 30 families, both monocots and dicots.[6] It has a preference for legumes, preferring to feed on plants that are fruiting or forming pods.[6]
The most important factor limiting the population in temperate zones is winter cold. Mortality of overwintering individuals is between 30 and 80%, and the population cannot survive in areas where the average mid-winter temperature is below 5 °C.[7] Females are more likely to survive the winter than males, as are larger individuals and those that develop reddish-brown coloration.[6] In recent decades, the species seems to be expanding its range towards the north in the northern hemisphere.[7] The animal's ability to survive the winter also depends on the timely onset of diapause.
Origin and range
[edit]Nezara viridula is a cosmopolitan species, living in tropical and subtropical regions of Americas, Africa, Asia, Australasia and Europe between 45 degrees north and 45 degrees south.[6] Its exact origin is unknown, but it is believed to have originated from the Ethiopia region of East Africa, from where it has spread around the world thanks to its strong flight and human trade routes.[6]
See also
[edit]- Green stink bug (Chinavia hilare)
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Squitier J.M. (1997, updated 2007) «Southern green stink bug» Featured creatures, University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural services.
- ^ Panizzi A.R. et al. (2000). Stink bugs (Pentatomidae). In: Schaefer C.W. & Panizzi A.R. (eds.). Heteroptera of economic importance, str. 421-747. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
- ^ Zicha, Ondrej. "BioLib: Biological library". www.biolib.cz. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
- ^ Mary Golden and Peter A. Follett First report of Nezara viridula f. aurantiaca in Hawai
- ^ Musolin, Dmitry (2012). Surviving winter: diapause syndrome in the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula Physiological Entomology - Volume 37, Issue 4, pages 309–322
- ^ a b c d e f g Todd J.W. (1989). «Ecology and behavior of Nezara viridula». Annu. Rev. Entomol. 34: 273-292. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.001421
- ^ a b Musolin D.L. (2005). «The Southern Green Shield Bug Nezara viridula (L.) expands its distribution range, not only in the U.K.» Het News - Newsletter of the Heteroptera Recording Schemes. Retrieved on 2008-10-14.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Nezara viridula at Wikimedia Commons- Nezara viridula pheromones in Pherobase.
- Fauna Europaea
- video of Nezara viridula
| Authority control databases: National |
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