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{{Short description|Skeletal standard muscle fibers}}
{{Unreferenced stub|auto=yes|date=December 2009}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2021}}
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{{Infobox anatomy
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Latin = myofibra extrafusalis |
| Name = Extrafusal muscle fiber
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Code = {{TerminologiaHistologica|3|03|00.0.00007}} |
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'''Extrafusal muscle fiber''' is a term given to standard [[muscle fiber]]s as to distinguish them from [[intrafusal muscle fiber]]s. Extrafusal muscle fibers are innervated by [[alpha motor neuron]]s and generate tension by contracting, thereby allowing for skeletal movement. Extrafusal muscle fibers are not to be confused with [[intrafusal muscle fiber]]s which are innervated by [[gamma motor neurons]] and thus serve as a sensory [[proprioceptor]].
'''Extrafusal muscle fibers''' are the standard [[Skeletal muscle#Skeletal muscle cells|skeletal muscle fiber]]s that are innervated by [[alpha motor neuron]]s and generate tension by contracting, thereby allowing for skeletal movement. They make up the large mass of skeletal [[striated muscle tissue]] and are attached to bone by fibrous tissue extensions ([[tendon]]s).


The alpha motor neuron and the extrafusal muscle fibers it innervates make up the [[motor unit]]. The connection between the alpha motor neuron and the extrafusal muscle fiber is a [[neuromuscular junction]], where the neuron's signal, the [[action potential]], is transduced to the muscle fiber by the [[neurotransmitter]] [[acetylcholine]].
Each alpha motor neuron and the extrafusal muscle fibers innervated by it make up a [[motor unit]].<ref name="Purves">{{cite book|last1=Purves|first1=Dale | name-list-style = vanc |title=Neuroscience|date=2011|publisher=Sinauer|location=Sunderland, Mass.|isbn=978-0-87893-695-3|pages=355–358|edition= 5th}}</ref> The connection between the alpha motor neuron and the extrafusal muscle fiber is a [[neuromuscular junction]], where the neuron's signal, the [[action potential]], is transduced to the muscle fiber by the [[neurotransmitter]] [[acetylcholine]].


Extrafusal muscle fibers are not to be confused with [[intrafusal muscle fiber]]s, which are innervated by sensory nerve endings in central noncontractile parts and by [[gamma motor neurons]] in contractile ends and thus serve as a sensory [[proprioceptor]].
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==See also==

Extrafusal muscle fibers can be generated in vitro (in a dish) from [[Induced pluripotent stem cells|pluripotent stem cells]] through [[directed differentiation]].<ref name="chal">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chal J, Oginuma M, Al Tanoury Z, Gobert B, Sumara O, Hick A, Bousson F, Zidouni Y, Mursch C, Moncuquet P, Tassy O, Vincent S, Miyanari A, Bera A, Garnier JM, Guevara G, Hestin M, Kennedy L, Hayashi S, Drayton B, Cherrier T, Gayraud-Morel B, Gussoni E, Relaix F, Tajbakhsh S, Pourquié O | title = Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to muscle fiber to model Duchenne muscular dystrophy | journal = Nature Biotechnology | volume = 33 | issue = 9 | pages = 962–9 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26237517 | doi = 10.1038/nbt.3297 | s2cid = 21241434 | url = http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01484878 }} {{Closed access}}</ref> This allows study of their formation and physiology.

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== See also ==
* [[Intrafusal muscle fiber]]
* [[Intrafusal muscle fiber]]
* [[Type Ia sensory fiber]]
* [[Type Ia sensory fiber]]
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* [[Alpha motor neuron]]
* [[Alpha motor neuron]]
* [[Gamma motor neuron]]
* [[Gamma motor neuron]]
* [[Beta motor neuron]]
* [[Beta motor neuron]]


== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Neuromuscular Reeducation with Electromyometric Feedback|publisher=Advanced Therapy Institute|url=http://www.advtherapy.net/html/book_01.pdf|access-date=30 November 2013|chapter=Chapter 1: The Muscle Spindle and the Central Nervous System|archive-date=December 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203055643/http://www.advtherapy.net/html/book_01.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Smith RS, Ovalle WK | title = Varieties of fast and slow extrafusal muscle fibres in amphibian hind limb muscles | journal = Journal of Anatomy | volume = 116 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 1–24 | date = October 1973 | pmid = 4273105 | pmc = 1271546 }}
{{refend}}


{{Muscle tissue}}
{{Muscle tissue}}
{{Muscular system}}
{{Muscular system}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Extrafusal Muscle Fiber}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Extrafusal Muscle Fiber}}
[[Category:Muscular system]]
[[Category:Muscular system]]



{{Muscle-stub}}
{{Muscle-stub}}

Latest revision as of 20:07, 8 May 2024

Extrafusal muscle fiber
Details
Part ofSkeletal muscle
Identifiers
Latinmyofibra extrafusalis
THH3.03.00.0.00007
Anatomical terminology

Extrafusal muscle fibers are the standard skeletal muscle fibers that are innervated by alpha motor neurons and generate tension by contracting, thereby allowing for skeletal movement. They make up the large mass of skeletal striated muscle tissue and are attached to bone by fibrous tissue extensions (tendons).

Each alpha motor neuron and the extrafusal muscle fibers innervated by it make up a motor unit.[1] The connection between the alpha motor neuron and the extrafusal muscle fiber is a neuromuscular junction, where the neuron's signal, the action potential, is transduced to the muscle fiber by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Extrafusal muscle fibers are not to be confused with intrafusal muscle fibers, which are innervated by sensory nerve endings in central noncontractile parts and by gamma motor neurons in contractile ends and thus serve as a sensory proprioceptor.

Extrafusal muscle fibers can be generated in vitro (in a dish) from pluripotent stem cells through directed differentiation.[2] This allows study of their formation and physiology.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Purves D (2011). Neuroscience (5th ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer. pp. 355–358. ISBN 978-0-87893-695-3.
  2. ^ Chal J, Oginuma M, Al Tanoury Z, Gobert B, Sumara O, Hick A, Bousson F, Zidouni Y, Mursch C, Moncuquet P, Tassy O, Vincent S, Miyanari A, Bera A, Garnier JM, Guevara G, Hestin M, Kennedy L, Hayashi S, Drayton B, Cherrier T, Gayraud-Morel B, Gussoni E, Relaix F, Tajbakhsh S, Pourquié O (September 2015). "Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to muscle fiber to model Duchenne muscular dystrophy". Nature Biotechnology. 33 (9): 962–9. doi:10.1038/nbt.3297. PMID 26237517. S2CID 21241434. Closed access icon

Further reading

[edit]
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