Hahgwehdiyu: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Iroquois god of goodness and light}} |
{{short description|Iroquois god of goodness and light}} |
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'''Hahgwehdiyu''' (also called '''Ha-Wen-Neyu''', '''Rawenniyo''', or ''' |
'''Hahgwehdiyu''' (also called '''Ha-Wen-Neyu''', '''Rawenniyo''', '''Hawenniyo''' or '''Sapling''')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.native-languages.org/morelegends/raweno.htm|title=Raweno (Ha-Wen-Neyu), the Iroquois Creator|website=www.native-languages.org|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref> is the [[Iroquois]] god of goodness and light, as well as a creator god. He and his twin brother Hahgwehdaetgah, the god of evil, were children of [[Atahensic]] the Sky Woman (or Tekawerahkwa the Earth Woman in some versions), whom Hahgwehdaetgah killed in childbirth. |
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Hahgwehdiyu created the world from his own body and that of his mother's. His outstretched palm became the sky, his mother's head the sun, and her breasts became the moon and stars. He made her body the earth, into which he planted a seed, which grew into the [[maize]] plant.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cotterell, Arthur.|title=The illustrated encyclopedia of myths & legends|date=1989|publisher=Collins Australia|isbn=0-7322-0099-7|location=Sydney|pages=204|oclc=27581076}}</ref> |
Hahgwehdiyu created the world from his own body and that of his mother's. His outstretched palm became the sky, his mother's head the sun, and her breasts became the moon and stars. He made her body the earth, into which he planted a seed, which grew into the [[maize]] plant.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cotterell, Arthur.|title=The illustrated encyclopedia of myths & legends|date=1989|publisher=Collins Australia|isbn=0-7322-0099-7|location=Sydney|pages=204|oclc=27581076}}</ref> |
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==Creation of The Earth== |
== Creation of The Earth == |
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''This version of the creation story is taken from Converse<ref name="Converse">{{cite journal|last1= |
: ''This version of the creation story is taken from (Converse 1908).<ref name="Converse">{{cite journal|last1=Converse |first1=Harriet Maxwell (Ya-ie-wa-no) |author1-link=Harriet Maxwell Converse |last2=Parker|first2=Arthur Caswell (Ga-wa-so-wa-neh)|date=December 15, 1908|title=Myths and Legends of the New York State Iroquois|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924055492973|journal=Education Department Bulletin|publisher=University of the State of New York|pages=31–41|access-date=Nov 9, 2014}}</ref>'' |
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The Earth was a thought in the mind of the ruler |
The Oeh-dah (Earth) was a thought in the mind of the ruler on a great island floating above the clouds. This ruler was called by various names, among them '''Ha-wen-ni-yu''', meaning ''He who governs'' or ''The Ruler''.<ref name="Morgan">{{cite book|last1=Morgan|first1=Lewis Henry|title=The League of the Iroquois|date=1995|publisher=J G Press|isbn=1-57215-124-2|pages=141–174}}</ref> The island is a place of calm where all needs are provided and there is no pain or death. On this island grew a great apple<ref group=note>Parker says "The central tree in the heaven world was the apple." The apple tree was introduced by European settlers. Elsewhere he suggests that the crab apple ("wild-apple") is meant.</ref> tree where the inhabitants held council. The Ruler said "let us make a new place where another people can grow. Under our council tree is a great sea of clouds which calls out for light." He ordered the council tree to be uprooted and he looked down into the depths. He had '''[[Atahensic]]''',<ref group=note>Parker says: "Ata'-en'sic ... is the Huron name for the first mother, and not that of the (confederated) Iroquois, The Senecas usually give this character no name other than Ea-gen’-tci, literally ''old woman'' or ''ancient bodied''. This name is not a personal one, however. Mrs Converse has therefore substituted the Huronian personal name for the Iroquoian common name."</ref> ''Sky Woman'', look down. He heard the voice of the sea calling; he told Atahensic, who was pregnant, to bring it life. He wrapped her in light and dropped her down through the hole. |
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She was carried down to the waters by a flock of birds and placed on the back of a turtle. The water animals worked to bring some soil to the surface, the soil was placed on the back of the turtle and grew to become the island, Oeh-dah. Atahensic heard two voices under her heart and knew her time had come. One voice was calm and quiet, but the other was loud and angry. These were the '''Do-yo-da-no''', ''The [[Twin]]s''. The good twin, '''Hahgwehdiyu''' or Teharonhiakwako ({{Translation|Sapling}}),<ref name="White">{{cite book |author=Louellyn White |title=Free to Be Mohawk: Indigenous Education at the Akwesasne Freedom School |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-8061-5325-4 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEbgCgAAQBAJ&q=Sawiskera&pg=PA29}}</ref> was [[Vaginal delivery|born normally]]; the [[evil twin]], '''Hahgwehdaetgah''' or Sawiskera ({{Translation|Flint}}),<ref name="White" /> forced his way out from under his mother's arm, [[Matricide|killing]] her [[Maternal death|during childbirth]]. |
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After the death of Sky Woman the island was shrouded in gloom. |
After the death of Sky Woman, the island was shrouded in gloom. Hahgwehdiyu shaped the sky and created the [[sun]] from his mother's face saying "you shall rule here where your face will shine forever." Hahgwehdaetgah, however, set the great darkness in the west to drive down the sun. Hahgwehdiyu then took the [[Moon]] and [[Star]]s from his mother's breast, and placed them, his sisters, to guard the night sky. He gave his mother's body to the earth, the Great Mother from whom all life came. |
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There is another version of the myth of Hahgwehdiyu in which he and Hahgwehdaetgah are Atahensic's grandsons instead. According to this variant, Atahensic had a daughter named Tekawerahkwa ({{Translation|Earth Woman}}),<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lloyd|first=Ellen|date=September 23, 2019|title=''Birth Of Good And Evil In Iroquois Beliefs''|url=https://www.ancientpages.com/2019/09/23/birth-of-good-and-evil-in-iroquois-beliefs/|publisher=AncientPages.com}}</ref> whom the west wind impregnated with Hahgwehdiyu and Hahgwehdaetgah. As Tekawerahkwa died by childbirth, either she wished for her body to sustain the people<ref>{{Cite web|last=Us|first=Kimberly|date=November 14, 2021|title=''Thanksgiving: Native American Stories, Recipes and Crafts''|url=https://kimberlyus.com/thanksgiving-native-american-stories-recipes-and-crafts/|publisher=KimberlyUs.com}}</ref> or Atahensic sowed on her grave the seeds she had brought when she fell to Earth, but never planted before.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Day|first=Ashley|date=November 20, 2023|title=''3 Sisters to Invite to Thanksgiving''|url=https://www.foodandwine.com/the-three-sisters-8404587|publisher=[[Food & Wine]]}}</ref> Out of Tekawerahkwa's remains grew various plants: the [[Three Sisters (agriculture)|sister spirits]] of the corn, [[bean]]s, and [[Cucurbita|squash]] came from her breasts, hands, and navel respectively; [[Common sunflower|sunflowers]] from her legs; [[Fragaria virginiana|strawberries]] from her heart; [[tobacco]] from her head; and [[Potato|purple potatoes]] or [[Jerusalem artichoke|sunchokes]] from her feet. |
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Hah-gweh-di-yu, corresponding to the [[Huron mythology|Huron]] spirit ''[[Iosheka|Ioskeha]]'', created |
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| ⚫ | Hahgwehdiyu, corresponding to the [[Wyandot people|Huron]] spirit ''Iosheka'', created the first people. He healed disease, defeated [[demon]]s, and gave many of the Iroquois magical and ceremonial rituals. Another of his gifts was tobacco, which has been used as a central part of the Iroquois religion. |
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== Notes == |
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{{reflist|group=note}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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<references /> |
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[[Category:Iroquois mythology]] |
[[Category:Iroquois mythology]] |
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[[Category:Gods of the indigenous peoples of North America]] |
[[Category:Gods of the indigenous peoples of North America]] |
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[[Category:Creator gods]] |
[[Category:Creator gods]] |
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{{NorthAm-myth-stub}}{{Deity-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 21:19, 8 May 2024
Hahgwehdiyu (also called Ha-Wen-Neyu, Rawenniyo, Hawenniyo or Sapling)[1] is the Iroquois god of goodness and light, as well as a creator god. He and his twin brother Hahgwehdaetgah, the god of evil, were children of Atahensic the Sky Woman (or Tekawerahkwa the Earth Woman in some versions), whom Hahgwehdaetgah killed in childbirth.
Hahgwehdiyu created the world from his own body and that of his mother's. His outstretched palm became the sky, his mother's head the sun, and her breasts became the moon and stars. He made her body the earth, into which he planted a seed, which grew into the maize plant.[2]
Creation of The Earth
[edit]- This version of the creation story is taken from (Converse 1908).[3]
The Oeh-dah (Earth) was a thought in the mind of the ruler on a great island floating above the clouds. This ruler was called by various names, among them Ha-wen-ni-yu, meaning He who governs or The Ruler.[4] The island is a place of calm where all needs are provided and there is no pain or death. On this island grew a great apple[note 1] tree where the inhabitants held council. The Ruler said "let us make a new place where another people can grow. Under our council tree is a great sea of clouds which calls out for light." He ordered the council tree to be uprooted and he looked down into the depths. He had Atahensic,[note 2] Sky Woman, look down. He heard the voice of the sea calling; he told Atahensic, who was pregnant, to bring it life. He wrapped her in light and dropped her down through the hole.
She was carried down to the waters by a flock of birds and placed on the back of a turtle. The water animals worked to bring some soil to the surface, the soil was placed on the back of the turtle and grew to become the island, Oeh-dah. Atahensic heard two voices under her heart and knew her time had come. One voice was calm and quiet, but the other was loud and angry. These were the Do-yo-da-no, The Twins. The good twin, Hahgwehdiyu or Teharonhiakwako (transl. Sapling),[5] was born normally; the evil twin, Hahgwehdaetgah or Sawiskera (transl. Flint),[5] forced his way out from under his mother's arm, killing her during childbirth.
After the death of Sky Woman, the island was shrouded in gloom. Hahgwehdiyu shaped the sky and created the sun from his mother's face saying "you shall rule here where your face will shine forever." Hahgwehdaetgah, however, set the great darkness in the west to drive down the sun. Hahgwehdiyu then took the Moon and Stars from his mother's breast, and placed them, his sisters, to guard the night sky. He gave his mother's body to the earth, the Great Mother from whom all life came.
There is another version of the myth of Hahgwehdiyu in which he and Hahgwehdaetgah are Atahensic's grandsons instead. According to this variant, Atahensic had a daughter named Tekawerahkwa (transl. Earth Woman),[6] whom the west wind impregnated with Hahgwehdiyu and Hahgwehdaetgah. As Tekawerahkwa died by childbirth, either she wished for her body to sustain the people[7] or Atahensic sowed on her grave the seeds she had brought when she fell to Earth, but never planted before.[8] Out of Tekawerahkwa's remains grew various plants: the sister spirits of the corn, beans, and squash came from her breasts, hands, and navel respectively; sunflowers from her legs; strawberries from her heart; tobacco from her head; and purple potatoes or sunchokes from her feet.
Hahgwehdiyu, corresponding to the Huron spirit Iosheka, created the first people. He healed disease, defeated demons, and gave many of the Iroquois magical and ceremonial rituals. Another of his gifts was tobacco, which has been used as a central part of the Iroquois religion.
Hahgwehdiyu is aided by a number of assistant or subordinate spirits.
Notes
[edit]- ^ Parker says "The central tree in the heaven world was the apple." The apple tree was introduced by European settlers. Elsewhere he suggests that the crab apple ("wild-apple") is meant.
- ^ Parker says: "Ata'-en'sic ... is the Huron name for the first mother, and not that of the (confederated) Iroquois, The Senecas usually give this character no name other than Ea-gen’-tci, literally old woman or ancient bodied. This name is not a personal one, however. Mrs Converse has therefore substituted the Huronian personal name for the Iroquoian common name."
References
[edit]- ^ "Raweno (Ha-Wen-Neyu), the Iroquois Creator". www.native-languages.org. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
- ^ Cotterell, Arthur. (1989). The illustrated encyclopedia of myths & legends. Sydney: Collins Australia. p. 204. ISBN 0-7322-0099-7. OCLC 27581076.
- ^ Converse, Harriet Maxwell (Ya-ie-wa-no); Parker, Arthur Caswell (Ga-wa-so-wa-neh) (December 15, 1908). "Myths and Legends of the New York State Iroquois". Education Department Bulletin. University of the State of New York: 31–41. Retrieved Nov 9, 2014.
- ^ Morgan, Lewis Henry (1995). The League of the Iroquois. J G Press. pp. 141–174. ISBN 1-57215-124-2.
- ^ a b Louellyn White (2015). Free to Be Mohawk: Indigenous Education at the Akwesasne Freedom School. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8061-5325-4.
- ^ Lloyd, Ellen (September 23, 2019). "Birth Of Good And Evil In Iroquois Beliefs". AncientPages.com.
- ^ Us, Kimberly (November 14, 2021). "Thanksgiving: Native American Stories, Recipes and Crafts". KimberlyUs.com.
- ^ Day, Ashley (November 20, 2023). "3 Sisters to Invite to Thanksgiving". Food & Wine.