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| ref = e18
| ref = e18
| familycolor = Tai–Kadai
| familycolor = Tai–Kadai
⚫
| fam2 = Hlai–[[Jiamao language|Jiamao]]?
| protoname = [[Proto-Hlai language|Proto-Hlai]] (reconstructed)
| protoname = [[Proto-Hlai language|Proto-Hlai]] (reconstructed)
| script = [[Latin script|Latin]]
| script = [[Latin script|Latin]]
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| glottorefname = Nuclear Hlaic
| glottorefname = Nuclear Hlaic
| notice = IPA
| notice = IPA
⚫
| fam2 = [[Kam–Tai languages|Kam–Tai]]
| fam3 =
}}
}}


The '''Hlai languages''' ({{zh|s=黎语|p=Líyǔ}}) are a primary branch of the [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra–Dai]] language family spoken in the mountains of central and south-central [[Hainan]] in [[China]] by the [[Hlai people]], not to be confused with the colloquial name for the [[Leizhou Min|Leizhou]] branch of Min Chinese ({{zh|s=黎话|p=Líhuà}}). They include [[Cun language|Cun]], whose speakers are ethnically distinct.<ref>Ethnologue mistakenly lists Cun among the [[Kra languages]].</ref> A quarter of Hlai speakers are monolingual. None of the Hlai languages had a writing system until the 1950s, when the [[Latin script]] was adopted for [[Ha Em language|Ha]].
The '''Hlai languages''' ({{zh|s=黎语|p=Líyǔ}}) are a primary branch of the [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra–Dai]] language family spoken in the mountains of central and south-central [[Hainan]] in [[China]] by the [[Hlai people]], not to be confused with the colloquial name for the [[Leizhou Min|Leizhou]] branch of Min Chinese ({{zh|s=黎话|p=Líhuà}}). They include [[Cun language|Cun]], whose speakers are ethnically distinct.<ref>Ethnologue mistakenly lists Cun among the [[Kra languages]].</ref> A quarter of Hlai speakers are monolingual. None of the Hlai languages had a writing system until the 1950s, when the [[Latin script]] was adopted for Ha.


==Classification==
==Classification==
Line 30: Line 29:
{{tree list}}
{{tree list}}
*[[Proto-Hlai language|Proto-Hlai]]
*[[Proto-Hlai language|Proto-Hlai]]
** Bouhin (Heitu 黑土) – 73,000
**Bouhin ({{transl|cmn|pinyin|Hēitǔ}} {{lang|zh-Hans|黑土}}) – 73,000
**Greater Hlai
**Greater Hlai
***Ha Em 哈炎 (Zhongsha 中沙) – 193,000
***Ha Em 哈炎 ({{transl|cmn|pinyin|Zhōngshā}} {{lang|zh-Hans|中沙}}) – 193,000
***Central Hlai
***Central Hlai
****East Central Hlai – 344,000
****East Central Hlai – 344,000
***** Lauhut (Baoding 保定) – 166,000, the basis of the literary language
*****Lauhut ({{transl|cmn|pinyin|Bǎodìng}} {{lang|zh-Hans|保定}}) – 166,000, the basis of the literary language
*****Qi 杞 also known as ''Gei'' – 178,000
*****Qi 杞 (also known as ''Gei'') – 178,000
****** Tongzha (Tongshi 通什) – 125,000
******Tongzha ({{transl|cmn|pinyin|Tōngshí}} {{lang|zh-Hans|通什}}) – 125,000
****** Zandui (Qiandui 堑对) – 29,000
******Zandui ({{transl|cmn|pinyin|Qiànduì}} {{lang|zh-Hans|堑对}}) – 29,000
****** Baoting 保亭 – 24,000
******{{transl|cmn|pinyin|Bǎotíng}} {{lang|zh-Hans|保亭}} – 24,000
****North Central Hlai – 136,500
****North Central Hlai – 136,500
*****Northwest Central Hlai – 62,500
*****Northwest Central Hlai – 62,500
****** [[Cun language|Cun]] 村话 (Ngan Fon, Gelong 仡隆) – 60,000
******[[Cun language|Cun]] 村语 (Ngan Fon, {{transl|cmn|pinyin|Gēlóng}} {{lang|zh-Hans|仡隆}}) – 60,000
****** Nadou 那斗 (Dongfang 东方) – 2,500
******{{transl|cmn|pinyin|Nàdòu}} {{lang|zh-Hans|那斗}} ({{transl|cmn|pinyin|Dōngfāng}} {{lang|zh-Hans|东方}}) – 2,500
*****Northeast Central Hlai – 74,000
*****Northeast Central Hlai – 74,000
******Meifu 美孚 (Moifau) – 30,000
******{{transl|cmn|pinyin|Měifú}} {{lang|zh-Hans|美孚}} (Moifau) – 30,000
******* Changjiang 昌江
*******{{transl|cmn|pinyin|Chāngjiāng}} {{lang|zh-Hans|昌江}}
******* Moyfaw (Xifang 西方)
*******Moyfaw ({{transl|cmn|pinyin|Xīfāng}} {{lang|zh-Hans|西方}})
******Run 润 (''Zwn'') also known as ''Bendi'' – 44,000
******{{transl|cmn|pinyin|Rùn}} {{lang|zh-Hans|润}} (''Zwn''; also known as {{transl|cmn|pinyin|Běndì}} {{lang|zh-Hans|本地}}) – 44,000
******* Baisha 白沙 – 36,000
*******{{transl|cmn|pinyin|Báishā}} {{lang|zh-Hans|白沙}} – 36,000
******* Yuanmen 元门 – 8,000
*******{{transl|cmn|pinyin|Yuánmén}} {{lang|zh-Hans|元门}} – 8,000
{{tree list/end}}
{{tree list/end}}


Nadou is spoken by approximately 4,000 people in the two villages of {{transl|cmn|pinyin|Nàdòu}} {{lang|zh-Hans|那斗村}} (in {{transl|cmn|pinyin|Xīnlóng}} Town {{lang|zh-Hans|新龙镇}}) and {{transl|cmn|pinyin|Yuè}} {{lang|zh-Hans|月村}} (in {{transl|cmn|pinyin|Bāsuǒ}} Town {{lang|zh-Hans|八所镇}}), in [[Dongfang, Hainan]]. Speakers refer to themselves as {{lang|lic-Latn|lai¹¹}} and are officially classified by the Chinese government as ethnic Han Chinese.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fu |first=Changzhong 符昌忠 |date=2020 |title=Nadouyu yanjiu 那斗语研究 |location=Beijing |publisher=Minzu chubanshe 民族出版社 |oclc=1294545717}}</ref>
The Fuma 府玛 dialect is spoken in one village north of [[Changjiang Li Autonomous County|Changjiang]] 昌城, Hainan. It had about 800 speakers in 1994.<ref>{{Citation |title=Fuma |url=http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/F/Fuma.pdf |via=asiaharvest.org |access-date=2012-10-16 |archive-date=2014-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202114507/http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/F/Fuma.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>


[[Jiamao language|Jiamao]] 加茂 (52,000) is a divergent Kra-Dai language with a Hlai superstratum and a non-Hlai substratum.
[[Jiamao language|{{transl|cmn|pinyin|Jiāmào}}]] {{lang|zh-Hans|加茂}} (52,000 speakers) is a divergent Kra-Dai language with a Hlai superstratum and a non-Hlai substratum.<ref name="Norquest 2007"/>


==Reconstruction==
==Reconstruction==
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! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA|p}}
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|
|
|{{IPA|t}}
|{{IPAlink|t}}
|{{IPA|ȶ}}
|{{IPAlink|ȶ}}
|{{IPA|k}}
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|{{IPA|kʷ}}
|{{IPAlink|kʷ}}
|{{IPA|ʔ}}
|{{IPAlink|ʔ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
|{{IPA|pʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|pʰ}}
|
|
|{{IPA|tʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʰ}}
|
|
|{{IPA|kʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|kʰ}}
|{{IPA|kʰʷ}}
|{{IPAlink|kʰʷ}}
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|ɡ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|{{IPA|ɡʷ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡʷ}}
|
|
|
|
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|-
|-
!<small>[[Implosive consonant|implosive]]</small>
!<small>[[Implosive consonant|implosive]]</small>
|{{IPA|ɓ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɓ}}
|
|
|{{IPA|ɗ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɗ}}
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|t͡s}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|t͡s}}
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|t͡sʰ}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|t͡sʰ}}
|
|
|
|
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!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|
|
|{{IPA|f}}
|{{IPAlink|f}}
|{{IPA|s}}
|{{IPAlink|s}}
|
|
|{{IPA|x}}
|{{IPAlink|x}}
|
|
|{{IPA|h}}
|{{IPAlink|h}}
|{{IPA|hʷ}}
|{{IPAlink|hʷ}}
|{{IPA|hʲ}}
|{{IPAlink|hʲ}}
|-
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|
|
|{{IPA|v}}
|{{IPAlink|v}}
|{{IPA|z}}
|{{IPAlink|z}}
|
|
|{{IPA|ɣ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɣ}}
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|ɬ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɬ}}
|
|
|
|
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA|m}}
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|({{IPA|ɱ}})
|({{IPAlink|ɱ}})
|{{IPA|n}}
|{{IPAlink|n}}
|{{IPA|ȵ}}
|{{IPAlink|ȵ}}
|{{IPA|ŋ}}
|{{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|{{IPA|ŋʷ}}
|{{IPAlink|ŋʷ}}
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|r}}
|{{IPAlink|r}}
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|l}}
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|ˀj}}
|{{IPAlink|ˀj}}
|{{IPA|ˀw}}
|{{IPAlink|ˀw}}
|
|
|}
|}


* {{IPA|[ɬ]}}, {{IPA|[f]}} mainly occur word-initially among various dialects. {{IPA|[ɬ]}} may also be realized as {{IPA|[tɬ]}}.
* {{IPA|[ɬ]}}, {{IPA|[f]}} mainly occur word-initially among various dialects. {{IPA|[ɬ]}} may also be realized as {{IPA|[tɬ]}}.
*[{{IPA|x}}], [{{IPA|ɣ}}] mainly occur among the Xifang dialects.
*[{{IPAlink|x}}], [{{IPAlink|ɣ}}] mainly occur among the Xifang dialects.
*{{IPA|[ɣ]}} can also occur as an allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}.
*{{IPA|[ɣ]}} can also occur as an allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}.
* {{IPA|/t͡s/}}, {{IPA|/t͡sʰ/}}, {{IPA|/z/}} are pronounced as alveolo-palatal sounds {{IPA|[t͡ɕ]}}, {{IPA|[t͡ɕʰ]}}, {{IPA|[ɕ]}}, among other various dialects.
* {{IPA|/t͡s/}}, {{IPA|/t͡sʰ/}}, {{IPA|/z/}} are pronounced as alveolo-palatal sounds {{IPA|[t͡ɕ]}}, {{IPA|[t͡ɕʰ]}}, {{IPA|[ɕ]}}, among other various dialects.
* {{IPA|/r/}} can have allophones as {{IPA|[ɾ, dɾ]}}.
* {{IPA|/r/}} can have allophones as {{IPA|[ɾ, dɾ]}}.
* For a brief period of time Yuanmen distinguished {{IPA|/m/}} and {{IPA|/ɱ/}} after {{IPA|*/ŋw/}} became {{IPA|/ɱ/}} which soon merged with {{IPA|/m/}}.<ref>[https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/194203/azu_etd_2517_sip1_m.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Norquest (2007)], p. 106</ref>
* For a brief period of time Yuanmen distinguished {{IPA|/m/}} and {{IPA|/ɱ/}} after {{IPA|*/ŋw/}} became {{IPA|/ɱ/}} which soon merged with {{IPA|/m/}}.<ref>[https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/194203/azu_etd_2517_sip1_m.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Norquest (2007)], p. 106</ref>



=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
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|-
|-
![[High vowel|High]]
![[High vowel|High]]
| align="center" |{{IPA|i}}
| align="center" |{{IPAlink|i}}
|
|
|{{IPA|ɯ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɯ}}
|{{IPA|u}}
|{{IPAlink|u}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Mid vowel|Mid]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA|e}}
|{{IPAlink|e}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|ə}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ə}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|o}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|o}}
|-
|-
|{{IPA|ɛ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɛ}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ɔ}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɔ}}
|-
|-
![[Low vowel|Low]]
![[Low vowel|Low]]
|
|
|{{IPA|a}}
|{{IPAlink|a}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
|}
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==History==
==History==
Liang & Zhang (1996:18-21)<ref name="Liang 1996">{{Cite book |last=Liang |first=Min 梁敏 |title=Dòng tái yǔzú gàilùn |last2=Zhang |first2=Junru 张均如 |date=1996 |publisher=Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe <!--中国社会科学出版社--> |isbn=9787500416814 |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:侗台语族概论 |trans-title=An Introduction to the Kam–Tai Languages}}</ref> conclude that the original homeland of the Hlai languages was the [[Leizhou Peninsula]], and estimate that the Hlai had migrated across the [[Hainan Strait]] to Hainan island about 4,000 years before present.<ref name="Liang 1996" />
Liang & Zhang (1996:18–21)<ref name="Liang 1996">{{Cite book |last=Liang |first=Min 梁敏 |title=Dòng tái yǔzú gàilùn |last2=Zhang |first2=Junru 张均如 |date=1996 |publisher=Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe <!--中国社会科学出版社--> |isbn=9787500416814 |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:侗台语族概论 |trans-title=An Introduction to the Kam–Tai Languages}}</ref> conclude that the original homeland of the Hlai languages was the [[Leizhou Peninsula]], and estimate that the Hlai had migrated across the [[Hainan Strait]] to Hainan Island about 4,000 years before present.<ref name="Liang 1996" />


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Wiktionary:Appendix:List of Proto-Hlai reconstructions|List of Proto-Hlai reconstructions]] (Wiktionary)
*[[Wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Hlai reconstructions|Proto-Hlai reconstructions]] (Wiktionary)
*[[Has Hlai grammar]]
*[[Has Hlai grammar]]
*[[Hlai people]]
*[[Hlai people]]
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*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2011. [http://www.amritas.com/110924.htm#09202204 Is Jiamao Hlai?]
*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2011. [http://www.amritas.com/110924.htm#09202204 Is Jiamao Hlai?]
*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/080607.htm#06072354 Hlai -ɯ].
*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/080607.htm#06072354 Hlai -ɯ].
*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2008. Implosives on Hainan. (Parts [http://www.amritas.com/080719.htm 1], [http://www.amritas.com/080726.htm 2]).
*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2008. Implosives on Hainan (Parts [http://www.amritas.com/080719.htm 1], [http://www.amritas.com/080726.htm 2]).
*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/080621.htm#06172348 Hlai initial verification].
*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/080621.htm#06172348 Hlai initial verification].
*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/080614.htm#06092330 Hlai initial glides].
*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/080614.htm#06092330 Hlai initial glides].
*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/080614.htm#06082323 Hlai palatal codas].
*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/080614.htm#06082323 Hlai palatal codas].
*中国科学院少数民族语言调查第一工作队海南分队编. 1957. Guanyu huafen Liyu fangyan he chuangzuo Liwen de yijian 关于划分黎语方言和创作黎文的意见. 黎族语言文字问题科学讨论会.
*中国科学院少数民族语言调查第一工作队海南分队编. 1957. Guanyu huafen Liyu fangyan he chuangzuo Liwen de yijian 关于划分黎语方言和创作黎文的意见. 黎族语言文字问题科学讨论会.
⚫
*Norquest, Peter K. 2015. [https://brill.com/view/title/32092 ''A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai'']. Languages of Asia, Volume 13. Leiden: Brill. {{ISBN|978-90-04-30052-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Fu |first=Changzhong 符昌忠 |date=2020 |title=Nadouyu yanjiu 那斗语研究 |location=Beijing |publisher=Minzu chubanshe 民族出版社 |oclc=1294545717}}
⚫
*Norquest, Peter K. 2015. [https://brill.com/view/title/32092 ''A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai]''. Languages of Asia, Volume 13. Leiden: Brill. {{ISBN|978-90-04-30052-1}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{incubator|lic|language=Hlai}}
* [http://globalrecordings.net/language/10649 Bible recordings in various Hlai languages]
* [http://globalrecordings.net/language/10649 Bible recordings in various Hlai languages]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150114122049/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=692 ABVD: Proto-Hlai word list]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150114122049/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=692 ABVD: Proto-Hlai word list]
Line 294: Line 294:


[[Category:Hlai languages| ]]
[[Category:Hlai languages| ]]
[[Category:Languages of Hainan]]

Latest revision as of 06:29, 10 May 2024

Hlai
Li
Native toChina
RegionHainan
EthnicityHlai
Native speakers
(667,000 cited 1999)[1]
Kra–Dai
Early form
Proto-Hlai (reconstructed)
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
lic – Hlai
cuq – Cun
Glottolognucl1241
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Hlai languages (Chinese: 黎语; pinyin: Líyǔ) are a primary branch of the Kra–Dai language family spoken in the mountains of central and south-central Hainan in China by the Hlai people, not to be confused with the colloquial name for the Leizhou branch of Min Chinese (Chinese: 黎话; pinyin: Líhuà). They include Cun, whose speakers are ethnically distinct.[2] A quarter of Hlai speakers are monolingual. None of the Hlai languages had a writing system until the 1950s, when the Latin script was adopted for Ha.

Classification

[edit]

Norquest (2007) classifies the Hlai languages as follows.[3] Individual languages are highlighted in bold. There are some 750,000 Hlai speakers.

  • Proto-Hlai
    • Bouhin (Hēitǔ 黑土) – 73,000
    • Greater Hlai
      • Ha Em 哈炎 (Zhōngshā 中沙) – 193,000
      • Central Hlai
        • East Central Hlai – 344,000
          • Lauhut (Bǎodìng 保定) – 166,000, the basis of the literary language
          • Qi 杞 (also known as Gei) – 178,000
            • Tongzha (Tōngshí 通什) – 125,000
            • Zandui (Qiànduì 堑对) – 29,000
            • Bǎotíng 保亭 – 24,000
        • North Central Hlai – 136,500
          • Northwest Central Hlai – 62,500
            • Cun 村语 (Ngan Fon, Gēlóng 仡隆) – 60,000
            • Nàdòu 那斗 (Dōngfāng 东方) – 2,500
          • Northeast Central Hlai – 74,000
            • Měifú 美孚 (Moifau) – 30,000
              • Chāngjiāng 昌江
              • Moyfaw (Xīfāng 西方)
            • Rùn 润 (Zwn; also known as Běndì 本地) – 44,000
              • Báishā 白沙 – 36,000
              • Yuánmén 元门 – 8,000

Nadou is spoken by approximately 4,000 people in the two villages of Nàdòu 那斗村 (in Xīnlóng Town 新龙镇) and Yuè 月村 (in Bāsuǒ Town 八所镇), in Dongfang, Hainan. Speakers refer to themselves as lai¹¹ and are officially classified by the Chinese government as ethnic Han Chinese.[4]

Jiāmào 加茂 (52,000 speakers) is a divergent Kra-Dai language with a Hlai superstratum and a non-Hlai substratum.[3]

Reconstruction

[edit]
Main article: Proto-Hlai language

The Proto-Hlai language is the reconstructed ancestor of the Hlai languages. Proto-Hlai reconstructions include those of Matisoff (1988), Thurgood (1991), Ostapirat (2004), and Norquest (2007).

Phonology

[edit]

The following displays the phonological features of the modern Hlai dialects:[5][6][7]

Consonants

[edit]
Bilabial Labio-
dental 		Alveolar Alveolo-
palatal 		Velar Glottal
plain lab. plain lab. pal.
Plosive voiceless p t ȶ k kʷ ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ kʰʷ
voiced ɡ ɡʷ
implosive ɓ ɗ
Affricate voiceless t͡s
aspirated t͡sʰ
Fricative voiceless f s x h hʷ hʲ
voiced v z ɣ
lateral ɬ
Nasal m (ɱ) n ȵ ŋ ŋʷ
Trill r
Approximant l ˀj ˀw
  • [ɬ], [f] mainly occur word-initially among various dialects. [ɬ] may also be realized as [tɬ].
  • [x], [ɣ] mainly occur among the Xifang dialects.
  • [ɣ] can also occur as an allophone of /ɡ/.
  • /t͡s/, /t͡sʰ/, /z/ are pronounced as alveolo-palatal sounds [t͡ɕ], [t͡ɕʰ], [ɕ], among other various dialects.
  • /r/ can have allophones as [ɾ, dɾ].
  • For a brief period of time Yuanmen distinguished /m/ and /ɱ/ after */ŋw/ became /ɱ/ which soon merged with /m/.[8]


Vowels

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Front Central Back
High i ɯ u
Mid e ə o
ɛ ɔ
Low a
  • Among other Hlai dialects, /a, i, e, o/ can have allophones of [ɐ, ɪ, ɛ, ɔ].
  • Vowel sounds /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are common among the Baisha and Jiamao dialects.
  • /ə/ occurs among some dialects.

History

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Liang & Zhang (1996:18–21)[9] conclude that the original homeland of the Hlai languages was the Leizhou Peninsula, and estimate that the Hlai had migrated across the Hainan Strait to Hainan Island about 4,000 years before present.[9]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Hlai at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Cun at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Ethnologue mistakenly lists Cun among the Kra languages.
  3. ^ a b Norquest, Peter K. (2007). A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai (Ph.D. thesis). University of Arizona. hdl:10150/194203.
  4. ^ Fu, Changzhong 符昌忠 (2020). Nadouyu yanjiu 那斗语研究. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe 民族出版社. OCLC 1294545717.
  5. ^ Ostapirat, Weera (2008). "The Hlai Language". In Diller, Anthony V. N.; Edmondson, Jerold A.; Luo, Yongxian (eds.). The Tai-Kadai Languages. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 623–652.
  6. ^ Yuan, Zhongshu 苑中树, ed. (1994). Líyǔ yǔfǎ gāngyào 黎语语法纲要 [An Outline of Li Grammar] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe. pp. 1–10.
  7. ^ Ouyang, Jueya 欧阳觉亚 (1980). Líyǔ jiǎnzhì 黎语简志 [Description of the Li language] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
  8. ^ Norquest (2007), p. 106
  9. ^ a b Liang, Min 梁敏; Zhang, Junru 张均如 (1996). Dòng tái yǔzú gàilùn 侗台语族概论 [An Introduction to the Kam–Tai Languages] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. ISBN 9787500416814.

References

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  • Ostapirat, Weera (2005). "The Cun Language, by Ouyang Jueya. Shanghai Far East Publishers. 1998" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 28 (1): 99–105.
  • Ouyang, Jueya 欧阳觉亚; Zheng, Yiqing 郑贻青 (1983). Líyǔ diàochá yánjiū 黎语调查研究 [Li Language Investigation and Research] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe.

Further reading

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[edit]
Hlai test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
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