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Nikolaus Lenau was the pen name of Nikolaus Franz Niembsch Edler von Strehlenau (13 August 1802 – 22 August 1850), a German-language Austrian poet.

Biography

He was born at Csatád (Schadat), Kingdom of Hungary, now Lenauheim, Banat, then part of the Habsburg monarchy, now in Romania. His father, a Habsburg government official, died in 1807 in Budapest, leaving his children in the care of their mother, who remarried in 1811. In 1819 Nikolaus went to the University of Vienna; he subsequently studied Hungarian law at Pozsony (Bratislava) and then spent the next four years qualifying himself in medicine. Unable to settle down to any profession, he began writing verse. The disposition to sentimental melancholy inherited from his mother, stimulated by disappointments in love and by the prevailing fashion of the romantic school of poetry, descended into gloom after his mother's death in 1829.^[1]

Soon afterwards, however, a legacy from his grandmother enabled him to devote himself wholly to poetry. His first published poems appeared in 1827, in Johann Gabriel Seidl's Aurora. In 1831 he moved to Stuttgart, where he published a volume of Gedichte (1832) dedicated to the Swabian poet, Gustav Schwab. He also made the acquaintance of Ludwig Uhland, Justinus Kerner, Karl Mayer and others. His restless spirit longed for change, and he determined to seek peace and freedom in America.^[1]

In October 1832 he landed at Baltimore and settled on a homestead in Ohio. He also lived six months in New Harmony, Indiana, with a group called the Harmony Society. Life in the primeval forest fell lamentably short of the ideal he had pictured. He disliked Americans with their eternal English lisping of dollars (englisches Talergelispel), and in 1833 returned to Germany. The appreciation of his first volume of poems revived his spirits.^[1]

From then on he lived partly in Stuttgart and partly in Vienna. In 1836 his Faust appeared, in which he laid bare his own soul to the world;^[2]^[1] in 1837, Savonarola, an epic in which freedom from political and intellectual tyranny as an essential component of Christianity was stated. In 1838 his Neuere Gedichte proved that Savonarola had been the result of a passing exaltation. Of these new poems, some of the finest were inspired by his hopeless passion for Sophie von Löwenthal, the wife of a friend. In 1842 appeared Die Albigenser, and in 1844 he began writing his Don Juan, a fragment of which was published after his death.^[1]

Soon afterwards he developed signs of mental ill-health. In October 1844, he jumped from a window one morning and ran down a street shouting "Revolt! Freedom! Help! Fire!".^[3] He was placed in an asylum, under restraint, for the remainder of his life. He died in the asylum at Oberdöbling near Vienna^[1] and was buried in the cemetery of Weidling, near Klosterneuburg. On his grave is the replica of an open book with an extract from one of his poems (An Frau Kleyle) inscribed on the left-hand page, while on the right-hand page there is the final stanza from his poem Vergangenheit. The city of Stockerau in Lower Austria has proclaimed itself "Lenau City", because Nikolaus Lenau went on extensive walks in the alluvial forests next to Stockerau and the Danube and was inspired to write one of his most famous lyric poems, "Schilflieder", during this time. He has various streets and squares in Vienna and the surrounding area named after him.

His political poems, such as "By the Grave of a Minister," reveal Lenau's liberal sympathies with their attacks on the despotism of Metternich's reactionary system and the alleged corruption of the Catholic Church.^[4] Lenau's fame rests mainly upon his shorter poems; even his epics are essentially lyric in quality. His excellent poem, "Herbst", expresses the sadness and melancholy he felt after his sojourn in the United States and his strenuous travels across the Atlantic to return to Europe. In it, he mourns the loss of youth, the passing of time and his own sense of futility. The poem is archetypal of Lenau's style and culminates with the speaker dreaming of death as a final escape from emptiness. He is the greatest modern lyric poet of Austria, and the typical representative in German literature of that pessimistic Weltschmerz which, beginning with Lord Byron, reached its culmination in the poetry of Giacomo Leopardi.^[1]

Lenau's Sämtliche Werke were first published in 4 vols. by Anastasius Grün in 1855, but there are several more modern editions, as those by Max Koch in Joseph Kürschner's Deutsche Nationalliteratur of 1888 (vols. 154 and 155), and E. Castle (2 vols., 1900).^[1]

Legacy

Composer Marie Schauff (fl. 1799-1844) set Lenau’s poems to music in her “Gedichte von Lenau” opus 3.^[5]
Robert Schumann, whom Lenau met in 1829, set six of his poems in the Sechs Gedichte und Requiem, Op. 90. The cycle was composed in 1850; Lenau died on the day of its premiere at Dresden.
“Die Nacht” and “Die Sennin,” songs by Sophie Seipt (1812-1889) are based on poems by Lenau.^[6]
Lieders by composer Pauline Volkstein (1849-1925) use text by Lenau.^[7]
Notturno, a 1933 song cycle by Othmar Schoeck includes settings of nine poems by Lenau.
The composer Heinz Holliger has written a song cycle, Lunea (2013), using Lenau texts, and an opera, also called Lunea, based on the song cycle.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lenau, Nikolaus". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ Pagel, Louis. Doctor Faustus of the popular legend Marlowe, the Puppet-Play, Goethe, and Lenau, treated historically and critically. p. 46.
^ Janů, Jaroslav. Lenau. p. 116.
^ Murray, Christopher John (2004). Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760-1850, Volume 2. Taylor & Francis. pp. 663–664.
^ Cohen, Aaron I. (1987). International encyclopedia of women composers (Second edition, revised and enlarged ed.). New York: Books & Music USA Inc. p. 620. ISBN 0-9617485-2-4. OCLC 16714846.
^ "Sophie Seibt Song Texts | LiederNet". www.lieder.net. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
^ "Pauline Volkstein und ihre Volkslieder. Von Dr. Armin Knab. - Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek". www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-03-04.

External links

Works by or about Nikolaus Lenau at the Internet Archive
Works by Nikolaus Lenau at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Internationale Lenau-Gesellschaft (in German)
Poems of Nikolaus Lenau (in German)
Nicolaus Lenau Links
Free scores by Nikolaus Lenau in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)

Literature by and about Nikolaus Lenau in the German National Library catalogue
Works by and about Nikolaus Lenau in the Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek (German Digital Library)
Nikolaus Lenau austria-forum (aeiou)
Entry about Nikolaus Lenau in the database Gedächtnis des Landes on the history of the state of Lower Austria (Lower Austria Museum)

[EB1911-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lenau, Nikolaus". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

[Doctor_Faustus_of_the_popular_legend,_Marlowe_the_Puppet-Play,_Goethe,_and_Lenau,_treated_historically_and_critically.-2] Pagel, Louis. Doctor Faustus of the popular legend Marlowe, the Puppet-Play, Goethe, and Lenau, treated historically and critically. p. 46.

[Lenau-3] Janů, Jaroslav. Lenau. p. 116.

[4] Murray, Christopher John (2004). Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760-1850, Volume 2. Taylor & Francis. pp. 663–664.

[5] Cohen, Aaron I. (1987). International encyclopedia of women composers (Second edition, revised and enlarged ed.). New York: Books & Music USA Inc. p. 620. ISBN 0-9617485-2-4. OCLC 16714846.

[6] "Sophie Seibt Song Texts | LiederNet". www.lieder.net. Retrieved 2022-10-20.

[7] "Pauline Volkstein und ihre Volkslieder. Von Dr. Armin Knab. - Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek". www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-03-04.

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[2]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{For|the asteroid named after Nikolaus Lenau|7400 Lenau}}
+{{short description|Austrian poet}}
 [[File:Nikolaus Lenau.jpg|thumb|Lenau in 1839]]
-'''Nikolaus Lenau''' was the [[nom de plume]] of '''Nikolaus Franz Niembsch Edler von Strehlenau''' (25 August 1802 – 22 August 1850), a German-language [[Austria]]n poet.
+'''Nikolaus Lenau''' was the [[pen name]] of '''Nikolaus Franz Niembsch Edler von Strehlenau''' (13 August 1802 – 22 August 1850), a German-language [[Austria]]n poet.
 ==Biography==
+[[File:GraveNikolausLenauWeidlingAustria.jpg|thumb|Lenau's Grave in Weidling, Austria]]
-He was born at Schadat, now [[Lenauheim]], Romania, then in [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]]. His father, a Habsburg government official, died in 1807 in [[Budapest]], leaving his children in the care of their mother, who remarried in 1811. In 1819 Nikolaus went to the [[University of Vienna]]; he subsequently studied Hungarian law at Pozsony ([[Bratislava]]) and then spent the next four years qualifying himself in medicine. Unable to settle down to any profession, he began writing verse. The disposition to sentimental melancholy inherited from his mother, stimulated by disappointments in love and by the prevailing fashion of the [[romanticism|romantic]] school of poetry, descended into gloom after his mother's death in 1829.
+He was born at Csatád (Schadat), Kingdom of Hungary, now [[Lenauheim]], [[Banat]], then part of the [[Habsburg monarchy]], now in [[Romania]]. His father, a Habsburg government official, died in 1807 in [[Budapest]], leaving his children in the care of their mother, who remarried in 1811. In 1819 Nikolaus went to the [[University of Vienna]]; he subsequently studied Hungarian law at Pozsony ([[Bratislava]]) and then spent the next four years qualifying himself in medicine. Unable to settle down to any profession, he began writing verse. The disposition to sentimental melancholy inherited from his mother, stimulated by disappointments in love and by the prevailing fashion of the [[romanticism|romantic]] school of poetry, descended into gloom after his mother's death in 1829.<ref name=EB1911/>
-Soon afterwards, however, a legacy from his grandmother enabled him to devote himself wholly to poetry. His first published poems appeared in 1827, in [[Johann Gabriel Seidl]]'s ''Aurora''. In 1831 he moved to [[Stuttgart]], where he published a volume of ''Gedichte'' (1832) dedicated to the Swabian poet, [[Gustav Schwab]]. He also made the acquaintance of [[Ludwig Uhland]], [[Justinus Kerner]], [[Karl Mayer (poet)|Karl Mayer]] and others. His restless spirit longed for change, and he determined to seek peace and freedom in [[United States|America]].
+Soon afterwards, however, a legacy from his grandmother enabled him to devote himself wholly to poetry. His first published poems appeared in 1827, in [[Johann Gabriel Seidl]]'s ''Aurora''. In 1831 he moved to [[Stuttgart]], where he published a volume of ''Gedichte'' (1832) dedicated to the Swabian poet, [[Gustav Schwab]]. He also made the acquaintance of [[Ludwig Uhland]], [[Justinus Kerner]], [[Karl Mayer (poet)|Karl Mayer]] and others. His restless spirit longed for change, and he determined to seek peace and freedom in America.<ref name=EB1911/>
-In October 1832 he landed at [[Baltimore]] and settled on a homestead in [[Ohio]]. He also lived six months in [[New Harmony, Indiana]], with a group called the [[Harmony Society]]. Life in the primeval forest fell lamentably short of the ideal he had pictured. He disliked Americans with their eternal English lisping of dollars (''englisches Talergelispel''), and in 1833 returned to Germany. The appreciation of his first volume of poems revived his spirits.
+In October 1832 he landed at [[Baltimore]] and settled on a homestead in [[Ohio]]. He also lived six months in [[New Harmony, Indiana]], with a group called the [[Harmony Society]]. Life in the primeval forest fell lamentably short of the ideal he had pictured. He disliked Americans with their eternal English lisping of dollars (''englisches Talergelispel''), and in 1833 returned to Germany. The appreciation of his first volume of poems revived his spirits.<ref name=EB1911/>
-From then on he lived partly in Stuttgart and partly in [[Vienna]]. In 1836 his ''[[Faust]]'' appeared, in which he laid bare his own soul to the world;<ref name="Doctor Faustus of the popular legend, Marlowe the Puppet-Play, Goethe, and Lenau, treated historically and critically.">{{cite book |last=Pagel|first=Louis|title=Doctor Faustus of the popular legend Marlowe, the Puppet-Play, Goethe, and Lenau, treated historically and critically.|pages=46 |authorlink=}}</ref> in 1837, ''Savonarola'', an epic in which freedom from political and intellectual tyranny as an essential component of Christianity was stated. In 1838 his ''Neuere Gedichte'' proved that ''Savonarola'' had been the result of a passing exaltation. Of these new poems, some of the finest were inspired by his hopeless passion for Sophie von Löwenthal, the wife of a friend. In 1842 appeared ''Die Albigenser'', and in 1844 he began writing his ''[[Don Juan]]'', a fragment of which was published after his death.
+From then on he lived partly in Stuttgart and partly in [[Vienna]]. In 1836 his ''[[Faust]]'' appeared, in which he laid bare his own soul to the world;<ref name="Doctor Faustus of the popular legend, Marlowe the Puppet-Play, Goethe, and Lenau, treated historically and critically.">{{cite book |last=Pagel|first=Louis|title=Doctor Faustus of the popular legend Marlowe, the Puppet-Play, Goethe, and Lenau, treated historically and critically.|pages=46 }}</ref><ref name=EB1911/> in 1837, ''Savonarola'', an epic in which freedom from political and intellectual tyranny as an essential component of Christianity was stated. In 1838 his ''Neuere Gedichte'' proved that ''Savonarola'' had been the result of a passing exaltation. Of these new poems, some of the finest were inspired by his hopeless passion for Sophie von Löwenthal, the wife of a friend. In 1842 appeared ''Die Albigenser'', and in 1844 he began writing his ''[[Don Juan]]'', a fragment of which was published after his death.<ref name=EB1911/>
-Soon afterwards he developed signs of mental ill-health. In October 1844, he jumped from a window one morning and ran down a street shouting "Revolt! Freedom! Help! Fire!".<ref name="Lenau">{{cite book |last=Janů|first=Jaroslav|title=Lenau|pages=116 |authorlink=}}</ref> He was placed in an asylum, under restraint, for the remainder of his life. He died in the asylum at Oberdöbling near Vienna and was buried in the cemetery of Weidling, near [[Klosterneuburg]]. On his grave is the replica of an open book with an extract from one of his poems (''An Frau Kleyle'') inscribed on the left-hand page, while on the right-hand page there is the final stanza from his poem ''Vergangenheit''. The city of [[Stockerau]] in Lower Austria has proclaimed itself "Lenau City", because Nikolaus Lenau went on extensive walks in the alluvial forests next to Stockerau and the [[Danube]] and was inspired to write one of his most famous lyric poems, "Schilflieder", during this time. He has various streets and squares in Vienna and the surrounding area named after him.
+Soon afterwards he developed signs of mental ill-health. In October 1844, he jumped from a window one morning and ran down a street shouting "Revolt! Freedom! Help! Fire!".<ref name="Lenau">{{cite book |last=Janů|first=Jaroslav|title=Lenau|pages=116 }}</ref> He was placed in an asylum, under restraint, for the remainder of his life. He died in the asylum at Oberdöbling near Vienna<ref name=EB1911/> and was buried in the cemetery of Weidling, near [[Klosterneuburg]]. On his grave is the replica of an open book with an extract from one of his poems (''An Frau Kleyle'') inscribed on the left-hand page, while on the right-hand page there is the final stanza from his poem ''Vergangenheit''. The city of [[Stockerau]] in Lower Austria has proclaimed itself "Lenau City", because Nikolaus Lenau went on extensive walks in the alluvial forests next to Stockerau and the [[Danube]] and was inspired to write one of his most famous lyric poems, "Schilflieder", during this time. He has various streets and squares in Vienna and the surrounding area named after him.
-Lenau's fame rests mainly upon his shorter poems; even his [[Epic poetry|epic]]s are essentially lyric in quality. His excellent poem, "Herbst", expresses the sadness and melancholy he felt after his sojourn in the United States and his strenuous travels across the Atlantic to return to Europe.  In it, he mourns the loss of youth, the passing of time and his own sense of futility.  The poem is archetypal of Lenau's style and culminates with the speaker dreaming of death as a final escape from emptiness.  He is the greatest modern lyric poet of Austria, and the typical representative in German literature of that pessimistic ''[[Weltschmerz]]'' which, beginning with [[Lord Byron]], reached its culmination in the poetry of [[Giacomo Leopardi]].
+His political poems, such as "By the Grave of a Minister," reveal Lenau's liberal sympathies with their attacks on the despotism of Metternich's reactionary system and the alleged corruption of the Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Christopher John |title=Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760-1850, Volume 2 |date=2004 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |pages=663–664}}</ref> Lenau's fame rests mainly upon his shorter poems; even his [[Epic poetry|epic]]s are essentially lyric in quality. His excellent poem, "Herbst", expresses the sadness and melancholy he felt after his sojourn in the United States and his strenuous travels across the Atlantic to return to Europe.  In it, he mourns the loss of youth, the passing of time and his own sense of futility.  The poem is archetypal of Lenau's style and culminates with the speaker dreaming of death as a final escape from emptiness.  He is the greatest modern lyric poet of Austria, and the typical representative in German literature of that pessimistic ''[[Weltschmerz]]'' which, beginning with [[Lord Byron]], reached its culmination in the poetry of [[Giacomo Leopardi]].<ref name=EB1911/>
-Lenau's ''Sämtliche Werke'' were first published in 4 vols. by [[Anastasius Grün]] in 1855,
+Lenau's ''Sämtliche Werke'' were first published in 4 vols. by [[Anastasius Grün]] in 1855, but there are several more modern editions, as those by [[Max Koch (academic)|Max Koch]] in [[Joseph Kürschner]]'s ''Deutsche Nationalliteratur'' of 1888 (vols. 154 and 155), and E. Castle (2 vols., 1900).<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|wstitle=Lenau, Nikolaus|inline=1}}</ref>
-but there are several more modern editions, as those by [[Max Koch (academic)|Max Koch]] in [[Joseph Kürschner]]'s ''Deutsche Nationalliteratur'' of 1888 (vols. 154 and 155), and E. Castle (2 vols., 1900).
+==Legacy==
+* Composer [[Marie Schauff]] (fl. 1799-1844) set Lenau’s poems to music in her “Gedichte von Lenau” opus 3.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Aaron I. |title=International encyclopedia of women composers |date=1987 |publisher=Books & Music USA Inc. |isbn=0-9617485-2-4 |edition=Second edition, revised and enlarged |location=New York |pages=620 |oclc=16714846}}</ref>
+* [[Robert Schumann]], whom Lenau met in 1829, set six of his poems in the ''[[Sechs Gedichte und Requiem]]'', Op. 90. The cycle was composed in 1850; Lenau died on the day of its premiere at [[Dresden]].
+* “Die Nacht” and “Die Sennin,” songs by [[Sophie Seipt]] (1812-1889) are based on poems by Lenau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sophie Seibt Song Texts {{!}} LiederNet |url=https://www.lieder.net/lieder/get_settings.html?ComposerId=33729&View=Opus |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=www.lieder.net}}</ref>
+* Lieders by composer [[Pauline Volkstein]] (1849-1925) use text by Lenau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pauline Volkstein und ihre Volkslieder. Von Dr. Armin Knab. - Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek |url=http://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/JEGD5MP5XTMAYAUFH5XFWRCUWH7FWZIL |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de |language=de}}</ref>
+* ''[[Notturno (Schoeck)|Notturno]]'', a 1933 song cycle by [[Othmar Schoeck]] includes settings of nine poems by Lenau.
+* The composer [[Heinz Holliger]] has written a song cycle, ''Lunea'' (2013), using Lenau texts, and an opera, also called ''Lunea'', based on the song cycle.
 ==References==
+{{Reflist}}
-[[File:GraveNikolausLenauWeidlingAustria.jpg|thumb|200px|Lenau's Grave in Weidling, Austria]]
-{{Reflist|2}}
-* {{EB1911|wstitle=Lenau, Nikolaus}} This source in turn cites:
-** E. Castle, ''Lenau und die Familie [[Löwenthal]]'' (1906).
-** [[Ludwig August Frankl|L. A. Frankl]], ''Ein Lenaus Biographie'' (1854, 2nd ed, 1885).
-** L. A. Frankl, ''Lenaus Tagebuch und Briefe an Sophie Löwenthal'' (1891).
-** A. Marchand, ''Les Poètes lyriques de l'Autriche'' (1881).
-** L. Roustan, ''Lenau et son temps'' (1898).
-** A. Schlossar, ''Lenaus Briefe an die Familie [[Reinbeck]]'' (1896).
-** A. Schurz, ''Lenaus Leben, grösstenteils aus des Dichters eigenen Briefen'' (1855).
-** A.Stillmark & F.Wagner (eds.)'Lenau zwischen Ost und West' (1992).
 ==External links==
@@ Line 38: / Line 37: @@
 * {{Internet Archive author |search=( Lenau AND (Nikolaus OR Nicolaus OR "1802-1850") )}}
 * {{Librivox author |id=1638}}
-* [http://www.con.at/lenau/ Internationale Lenau-Gesellschaft] {{de icon}}
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20011005102940/http://www.con.at/lenau Internationale Lenau-Gesellschaft] {{in lang|de}}
-* [http://gedichte.xbib.de/gedicht_Lenau.htm Poems of Nikolaus Lenau] {{de icon}}
+* [http://gedichte.xbib.de/gedicht_Lenau.htm Poems of Nikolaus Lenau] {{in lang|de}}
-* [http://www.ub.fu-berlin.de/internetquellen/fachinformation/germanistik/autoren/multi_lmno/lenau.html Nicolaus Lenau Links]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050411155252/http://www.ub.fu-berlin.de/internetquellen/fachinformation/germanistik/autoren/multi_lmno/lenau.html Nicolaus Lenau Links]
 * {{ChoralWiki}}
+{{Wikiquote}}
+{{Wikisource}}
+* {{DNB-Portal|118571508}}
+* {{DDB|Person|118571508}}
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120905071233/http://www.austria-lexikon.at/af/AEIOU/Lenau,_Nikolaus_eigentlich_N._Franz_Niembsch_Edler_von_Strehlenau Nikolaus Lenau austria-forum (aeiou)]
+* {{Nömuseum|p|12}}
-{{Authority control}}
 {{German literature}}
+{{Authority control}}
-{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
-| NAME              = Lenau, Nikolaus
-| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Nikolaus von Strehlenau
-| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Austrian writer
-| DATE OF BIRTH     = 25 August 1802
-| PLACE OF BIRTH    = present-day Romania
-| DATE OF DEATH     = 22 August 1850
-| PLACE OF DEATH    = Oberdöbling
-}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Lenau, Nikolaus}}
-[[Category:Austrian poets]]
-[[Category:Male poets]]
+[[Category:Poets from the Austrian Empire]]
-[[Category:Austrian male writers]]
-[[Category:German-language poets]]
 [[Category:Danube-Swabian people]]
 [[Category:Edlers of Austria]]
-[[Category:People from Timiş County]]
-[[Category:1802 births]]
-[[Category:1850 deaths]]
 [[Category:Poètes maudits]]
 [[Category:Deaths in mental institutions]]
-[[Category:19th-century poets]]
+[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Hungary]]
+[[Category:People from Timiș County]]
+[[Category:1802 births]]
+[[Category:1850 deaths]]

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Academics	CiNii
Artists	MusicBrainz Discography of American Historical Recordings FID
People	Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB
Other	IdRef SNAC RISM