Jump to content

Entamoeba polecki: Difference between revisions

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Adding local short description: "Species of protozoa", overriding Wikidata description "species of Tubulinea"
 
(2 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Species of protozoa}}
{{Short description|Species of protozoa}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| image =
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_caption =
⚫
| genus = Entamoeba
| unranked_phylum = [[Amoebozoa]]
| subphylum = [[Conosa]]
| species = polecki
⚫
| authority = von Prowazek, 1912
| classis = [[Archamoebae]]
}}
| familia = [[Entamoebidae]]

⚫
| genus = ''[[Entamoeba]]''
⚫
'''''Entamoeba polecki''''' is an intestinal [[Parasitism|parasite]]<ref>Iran J Parasitol: Vol. 10, No. 2, Apr -Jun 2015, pp.146-156</ref> of the genus ''[[Entamoeba]]''. ''E. polecki'' is found primarily in pigs and monkeys and is largely considered non-pathogenic in humans, although there have been some reports regarding symptomatic infections of humans.<ref name=":0" /> Prevalence is concentrated in [[New Guinea]], with distribution also recorded in areas of southeast [[Asia]], [[France]], and the [[United States]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Clinical parasitology : a practical approach|last=A.|first=Gockel-Blessing, Elizabeth|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Saunders|isbn=9781416060444|edition=2nd|location=St. Louis, Mo.|oclc=816557145}}</ref>
| species = '''''E. polecki'''''
| binomial = ''Entamoeba polecki''
⚫
| binomial_authority = von Prowazek, 1912
⚫
}}'''''Entamoeba polecki''''' is an intestinal [[Parasitism|parasite]]<ref>Iran J Parasitol: Vol. 10, No. 2, Apr -Jun 2015, pp.146-156</ref> of the genus ''[[Entamoeba]]''. ''E. polecki'' is found primarily in pigs and monkeys and is largely considered non-pathogenic in humans, although there have been some reports regarding symptomatic infections of humans.<ref name=":0" /> Prevalence is concentrated in [[New Guinea]], with distribution also recorded in areas of southeast [[Asia]], [[France]], and the [[United States]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Clinical parasitology : a practical approach|last=A.|first=Gockel-Blessing, Elizabeth|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Saunders|isbn=9781416060444|edition=2nd|location=St. Louis, Mo.|oclc=816557145}}</ref>


== Morphology ==
== Morphology ==
Line 18: Line 14:
[[File:Common Non-pathogen Parasites Lifecycle.png|thumb|Life cycle of ''Entamoeba'' sp.]]
[[File:Common Non-pathogen Parasites Lifecycle.png|thumb|Life cycle of ''Entamoeba'' sp.]]


== Transmission & Life Cycle ==
== Transmission & life cycle ==
There are two stages in the life cycle of ''E. polecki.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2004/Entamoeba/Entamoeba%20Polecki.htm|title=Entamoeba Polecki|website=web.stanford.edu|access-date=2018-03-24}}</ref> The first is as a trophozoite, a vegetative stage that cannot survive in the environment.<ref name=":0" /> The second is a cyst, where transmission of parasite is possible and provides protection to harsh external environments. Cysts are infective when ingested by another organism.<ref name=":0" /> '' ''The cystic form of this protozoan has a diameter as small as 9.5&nbsp;µm and as large as 17.5&nbsp;µm. Morphologically, ''E. polecki'' is extremely similar to ''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]'' and ''Entamoeba hartmanni.'' <ref name=":0" />
There are two stages in the life cycle of ''E. polecki.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2004/Entamoeba/Entamoeba%20Polecki.htm|title=Entamoeba Polecki|website=web.stanford.edu|access-date=2018-03-24}}</ref> The first is as a trophozoite, a vegetative stage that cannot survive in the environment.<ref name=":0" /> The second is a cyst, where transmission of parasite is possible and provides protection to harsh external environments. Cysts are infective when ingested by another organism.<ref name=":0" /> '' ''The cystic form of this protozoan has a diameter as small as 9.5&nbsp;μm and as large as 17.5&nbsp;μm. Morphologically, ''E. polecki'' is extremely similar to ''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]'' and ''Entamoeba hartmanni.'' <ref name=":0" />


Transmission follows a [[fecal-oral]] route. Infected feces with mature cysts are ingested where the cyst matures to the trophozoite in the gastrointestinal tract of the host. It is considered to be a [[Zoonosis|zoonotic]] parasite, as close contact with infected swine have been reported to be the cause of ''E. polecki'' infections in humans.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Solaymani-Mohammadi|first1=S.|last2=Petri|first2=W.A.|title=Zoonotic implications of the swine-transmitted protozoal infections|journal=Veterinary Parasitology|volume=140|issue=3–4|pages=189–203|doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.05.012|pmid=16828229|year=2006}}</ref> Transmission to humans from consumption of pork is unlikely.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Djurković-Djaković|first1=O.|last2=Bobić|first2=B.|last3=Nikolić|first3=A.|last4=Klun|first4=I.|last5=Dupouy-Camet|first5=J.|title=Pork as a source of human parasitic infection|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|volume=19|issue=7|pages=586–594|doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12162|pmid=23402388|year=2013|doi-access=free}}</ref> Recent studies suggest that different subspecies infect non-human primates and pigs, and close inhabitation between the two do not coincide with transmission.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tuda|first1=Josef|last2=Feng|first2=Meng|last3=Imada|first3=Mihoko|last4=Kobayashi|first4=Seiki|last5=Cheng|first5=Xunjia|last6=Tachibana|first6=Hiroshi|date=2016-09-01|title=Identification ofEntamoeba poleckiwith Unique 18S rRNA Gene Sequences from Celebes Crested Macaques and Pigs in Tangkoko Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi, Indonesia|journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology|language=en|volume=63|issue=5|pages=572–577|doi=10.1111/jeu.12304|pmid=26861809|s2cid=5211949 |issn=1550-7408}}</ref>
Transmission follows a [[fecal-oral]] route. Infected feces with mature cysts are ingested where the cyst matures to the trophozoite in the gastrointestinal tract of the host. It is considered to be a [[Zoonosis|zoonotic]] parasite, as close contact with infected swine have been reported to be the cause of ''E. polecki'' infections in humans.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Solaymani-Mohammadi|first1=S.|last2=Petri|first2=W.A.|title=Zoonotic implications of the swine-transmitted protozoal infections|journal=Veterinary Parasitology|volume=140|issue=3–4|pages=189–203|doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.05.012|pmid=16828229|year=2006}}</ref> Transmission to humans from consumption of pork is unlikely.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Djurković-Djaković|first1=O.|last2=Bobić|first2=B.|last3=Nikolić|first3=A.|last4=Klun|first4=I.|last5=Dupouy-Camet|first5=J.|title=Pork as a source of human parasitic infection|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|volume=19|issue=7|pages=586–594|doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12162|pmid=23402388|year=2013|doi-access=free}}</ref> Recent studies suggest that different subspecies infect non-human primates and pigs, and close inhabitation between the two do not coincide with transmission.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tuda|first1=Josef|last2=Feng|first2=Meng|last3=Imada|first3=Mihoko|last4=Kobayashi|first4=Seiki|last5=Cheng|first5=Xunjia|last6=Tachibana|first6=Hiroshi|date=2016-09-01|title=Identification ofEntamoeba poleckiwith Unique 18S rRNA Gene Sequences from Celebes Crested Macaques and Pigs in Tangkoko Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi, Indonesia|journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology|language=en|volume=63|issue=5|pages=572–577|doi=10.1111/jeu.12304|pmid=26861809|s2cid=5211949 |issn=1550-7408}}</ref>


== Pathology ==
== Pathology ==
''E. polecki'' is considered to be [[Nonpathogenic organisms|non-pathogenic]] in humans. [[Symptom|Nonspecific symptoms]] from infection have been reported, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bloody stools, and fever.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious disease.|last=J.|first=Magill, Alan|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|others=Strickland, G. Thomas., Maguire, James H., Ryan, Edward T., Solomon, Tom.|isbn=9781416043904|edition=9th|location=London|oclc=861539914}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Prevalence of infection amongst swine may be up to 25% across the world, but tend to be asymptomatic.<ref name=":1" />
''Entamoeba polecki'' is considered to be [[Nonpathogenic organisms|non-pathogenic]] in humans. [[Symptom|Nonspecific symptoms]] from infection have been reported, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bloody stools, and fever.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious disease.|last=J.|first=Magill, Alan|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|others=Strickland, G. Thomas., Maguire, James H., Ryan, Edward T., Solomon, Tom.|isbn=9781416043904|edition=9th|location=London|oclc=861539914}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Prevalence of infection amongst swine may be up to 25% across the world, but tend to be asymptomatic.<ref name=":1" />


=== Diagnosis and Treatment ===
=== Diagnosis and treatment ===
Examination of stool samples for [[uninucleate]]d cysts and trophozoites have been used for diagnosis.<ref name=":2" /> This method is not always reliable due to morphological similarities between ''E. polecki'' and other ''Entamoeba'' species.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> More recent diagnostic methods utilizing [[Gene duplication|DNA amplification]] and comparison have been used to better differentiate amongst pathogenic and species such as ''E. histolytica'' and non-pathogenic species.<ref name=":1" /> A definitive diagnosis can be made by using [[ELISA|electroimmunotransfer blots]].<ref name=":0" /> Serological testing is not accurate between species of ''Entamoeba''.<ref name=":0" />
Examination of stool samples for [[uninucleate]]d cysts and trophozoites have been used for diagnosis.<ref name=":2" /> This method is not always reliable due to morphological similarities between ''E. polecki'' and other ''Entamoeba'' species.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> More recent diagnostic methods utilizing [[Gene duplication|DNA amplification]] and comparison have been used to better differentiate amongst pathogenic and species such as ''E. histolytica'' and non-pathogenic species.<ref name=":1" /> A definitive diagnosis can be made by using [[ELISA|electroimmunotransfer blots]].<ref name=":0" /> Serological testing is not accurate between species of ''Entamoeba''.<ref name=":0" />


Line 32: Line 28:


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references />

# Cook R. Entamoeba Polecki [Internet]. Web.stanford.edu. 2004 [cited 23 March 2018]. Available from: <nowiki>https://web.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2004/Entamoeba/Entamoeba%20Polecki.htm</nowiki>
# Cook R. Entamoeba Polecki [Internet]. Web.stanford.edu. 2004 [cited 23 March 2018]. Available from: <nowiki>https://web.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2004/Entamoeba/Entamoeba%20Polecki.htm</nowiki>
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3536119}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3536119}}


[[Category:Conosa]]
[[Category:Conosa]]
[[Category:Amoebozoa species]]
[[Category:Parasites of mammals]]
[[Category:Parasites of mammals]]
[[Category:Parasitic amoebozoa]]
[[Category:Parasitic amoebozoa]]

Latest revision as of 01:48, 11 May 2024

Entamoeba polecki
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Phylum: Amoebozoa
Family: Entamoebidae
Genus: Entamoeba
Species:
E. polecki
Binomial name
Entamoeba polecki
von Prowazek, 1912

Entamoeba polecki is an intestinal parasite[1] of the genus Entamoeba. E. polecki is found primarily in pigs and monkeys and is largely considered non-pathogenic in humans, although there have been some reports regarding symptomatic infections of humans.[2] Prevalence is concentrated in New Guinea, with distribution also recorded in areas of southeast Asia, France, and the United States.[3]

Morphology

[edit]

Mature trophozoites of E. polecki are generally 10-20 μm in diameter. Trophozoites are irregularly shaped and possess pseudopodia for motility.[3] They have a single nucleus with a small central karyosome and finely dispersed peripheral chromatin, similar to that of Entamoeba histolytica[3]. Cytoplasmic contents are similar to other Entamoeba sp. and are usually granular and vacuolated.[3] Cysts of E. polecki are morphologically unique, containing only one nucleus, varyingly sized chromatoid bars, and a large inclusion mass.[3][4]

Life cycle of Entamoeba sp.

Transmission & life cycle

[edit]

There are two stages in the life cycle of E. polecki.[2] The first is as a trophozoite, a vegetative stage that cannot survive in the environment.[2] The second is a cyst, where transmission of parasite is possible and provides protection to harsh external environments. Cysts are infective when ingested by another organism.[2] The cystic form of this protozoan has a diameter as small as 9.5 μm and as large as 17.5 μm. Morphologically, E. polecki is extremely similar to Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba hartmanni. [2]

Transmission follows a fecal-oral route. Infected feces with mature cysts are ingested where the cyst matures to the trophozoite in the gastrointestinal tract of the host. It is considered to be a zoonotic parasite, as close contact with infected swine have been reported to be the cause of E. polecki infections in humans.[5] Transmission to humans from consumption of pork is unlikely.[6] Recent studies suggest that different subspecies infect non-human primates and pigs, and close inhabitation between the two do not coincide with transmission.[7]

Pathology

[edit]

Entamoeba polecki is considered to be non-pathogenic in humans. Nonspecific symptoms from infection have been reported, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bloody stools, and fever.[8][5] Prevalence of infection amongst swine may be up to 25% across the world, but tend to be asymptomatic.[5]

Diagnosis and treatment

[edit]

Examination of stool samples for uninucleated cysts and trophozoites have been used for diagnosis.[8] This method is not always reliable due to morphological similarities between E. polecki and other Entamoeba species.[8][5] More recent diagnostic methods utilizing DNA amplification and comparison have been used to better differentiate amongst pathogenic and species such as E. histolytica and non-pathogenic species.[5] A definitive diagnosis can be made by using electroimmunotransfer blots.[2] Serological testing is not accurate between species of Entamoeba.[2]

Treatment of infection is similar to that of other Entamoeba infections. Anti-parasitic medications such as metronidazole and ornidazole are generally used to treat human infections.[3] Combination therapies such as metronidazole and diloxanide furoate have been effective as well.[5]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Iran J Parasitol: Vol. 10, No. 2, Apr -Jun 2015, pp.146-156
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Entamoeba Polecki". web.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
  3. ^ a b c d e f A., Gockel-Blessing, Elizabeth (2013). Clinical parasitology : a practical approach (2nd ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 9781416060444. OCLC 816557145.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Roberts, Larry S. (2005). Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' foundations of parasitology. Janovy, John, Jr., 1937- (7th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0072348989. OCLC 54400427.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Solaymani-Mohammadi, S.; Petri, W.A. (2006). "Zoonotic implications of the swine-transmitted protozoal infections". Veterinary Parasitology. 140 (3–4): 189–203. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.05.012. PMID 16828229.
  6. ^ Djurković-Djaković, O.; Bobić, B.; Nikolić, A.; Klun, I.; Dupouy-Camet, J. (2013). "Pork as a source of human parasitic infection". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 19 (7): 586–594. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12162. PMID 23402388.
  7. ^ Tuda, Josef; Feng, Meng; Imada, Mihoko; Kobayashi, Seiki; Cheng, Xunjia; Tachibana, Hiroshi (2016-09-01). "Identification ofEntamoeba poleckiwith Unique 18S rRNA Gene Sequences from Celebes Crested Macaques and Pigs in Tangkoko Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi, Indonesia". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 63 (5): 572–577. doi:10.1111/jeu.12304. ISSN 1550-7408. PMID 26861809. S2CID 5211949.
  8. ^ a b c J., Magill, Alan (2012). Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious disease. Strickland, G. Thomas., Maguire, James H., Ryan, Edward T., Solomon, Tom. (9th ed.). London: Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9781416043904. OCLC 861539914.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  1. Cook R. Entamoeba Polecki [Internet]. Web.stanford.edu. 2004 [cited 23 March 2018]. Available from: https://web.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2004/Entamoeba/Entamoeba%20Polecki.htm
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Entamoeba_polecki&oldid=1223282376"