Cadence (cycling): Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Rate at which a cyclist turns the pedals}} |
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[[File:Trittfrequenz3.jpg|thumb|Sigma Sport BC 1606L Cyclocomputer displaying cadence]] |
[[File:Trittfrequenz3.jpg|thumb|Sigma Sport BC 1606L Cyclocomputer displaying cadence]] |
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[[File:BicyclePedalingCadenceRPMVariable.png|thumb|Bicycle cadence graph]] |
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In [[cycling]], '''cadence''' (or pedalling rate) is the number of revolutions of the [[crankset|crank]] per minute; this is the rate at which a [[cyclist]] is pedalling/turning the pedals. Cadence is directly proportional to [[speedometer|wheel speed]], but is a distinct measurement and changes with gearing—which determines the ratio of crank rpm to wheel rpm. |
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In [[cycling]], '''cadence''' is a measure of [[rotational speed]] of the [[crankset|crank]], expressed in [[unit of measurement|units]] of [[revolutions per minute]] (r/min or rpm). In other words, it is the '''pedalling rate''' at which a cyclist is [[Turn (angle)|turning]] the [[Bicycle pedal|pedals]]. Cadence is directly [[Proportionality (mathematics)|proportional]] to [[Bicycle wheel|wheel]] [[speedometer|speed]], but is a distinct measurement and changes with gearing. In other words, the gearing changes the ratio of the crank's rotational speed (cadence) to that of the [[drive wheel|drive wheel's]] rotational speed. |
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== Typical cadence == |
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Cyclists typically have a cadence at which they feel most comfortable, and on [[bicycle]]s with many gears it is possible to maintain a preferred cadence at a wide range of speeds. |
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* 60–80 r/min is a typical cadence for many recreational and utility cyclists |
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| ⚫ | * According to cadence measurement of seven professional cyclists during three-week races they cycle about 90 r/min during flat and long (≈190 km) group stages and [[Individual time trial|individual time trials]] of ≈50 km. During ≈15 km uphill cycling on high mountain passes they cycle about 70 r/min.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lucía|first1=A. |first2=J.|last2=Hoyos |first3=J. L.|last3=Chicarro |name-list-style=amp |title=Preferred pedaling cadence in professional cycling|journal=Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise|date=August 2001|volume=33|issue=8|pages=1361–1366|pmid=11474339|doi=10.1097/00005768-200108000-00018|citeseerx=10.1.1.453.6997 |s2cid=1014622 }}</ref> |
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Cyclists choose cadence to minimise muscular fatigue, and not metabolic demand, since oxygen consumption is lower at cadences 60-70 r/min.<ref name=ISMJ2009>{{cite journal|last1=Abbiss|first1=C.R.|last2=Peiffer|first2=J.J.|last3=Laursen|first3=P.B|title=Optimal cadence selection during cycling|journal=International SportMed Journal|date=2009|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49284193}}</ref> |
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While fast cadence is also referred to as "spinning", slow cadence is referred to as "mashing" or "grinding". |
While fast cadence is also referred to as "spinning", slow cadence is referred to as "mashing" or "grinding". |
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Any particular cyclist has only a narrow range of preferred cadences, often smaller than the general ranges listed above. This in turn influences the number and range of gears which are appropriate for any particular cycling conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kenkifer.com/bikepages/touring/gears.htm |title=Cycling Cadence and Bicycle Gearing |last=Kifer |first=Ken |accessdate=2009-05-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204100228/http://www.kenkifer.com/bikepages/touring/gears.htm |archivedate=2012-02-04 |
Any particular cyclist has only a narrow range of preferred cadences, often smaller than the general ranges listed above. This in turn influences the number and range of gears which are appropriate for any particular cycling conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kenkifer.com/bikepages/touring/gears.htm |title=Cycling Cadence and Bicycle Gearing |last=Kifer |first=Ken |accessdate=2009-05-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204100228/http://www.kenkifer.com/bikepages/touring/gears.htm |archivedate=2012-02-04 }}</ref> |
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== Sensors == |
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Cadence can be measured via various types of sensors, for example a simple [[reed switch]] and a magnet which detects one revolution each time the crank arm passes a point on the frame, or more advanced sensors based on a force sensor (e.g. pedals), torque sensor (e.g. crank arms) or other types of [[Cycling power meter|cycling power sensors]]. |
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== Presentation == |
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Certain [[cyclocomputer]]s are able to measure cadence, and relay the reading to the cyclist via a display, typically mounted on the bicycle's handlebars. |
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The cadence can be presented on a smartphone via Bluetooth, on an LCD display via cable, or on a GPS or [[cyclocomputer]] via ANT+, typically mounted on the bicycle's handlebars. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Cycling power meter]] |
*[[Cycling power meter]] |
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*[[Bicycle gearing]] |
*[[Bicycle gearing]] |
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*[[Tachometer]] — a motor vehicle's tachometer is analogous to a bicycle's cadence; they are both measurements of the [[Bicycle drivetrain systems|drive-train's]] rotational speed prior to the "transmission" ([[derailleur]]) |
*[[Tachometer]] — a motor vehicle's tachometer is analogous to a bicycle's cadence; they are both measurements of the [[Bicycle drivetrain systems|drive-train's]] rotational speed prior to the "transmission" ([[derailleur]] or [[hub gear]]) |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*{{citation| |
*{{citation|last1=Abbiss|first1=C.R.|last2=Peiffer|first2=J.J.|last3=Laursen|first3=P.B.|date=2009|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49284193|journal=International SportMed Journal|accessdate=5 May 2015|title=Optimal cadence selection during cycling}} |
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*{{cite journal|last=Marsh|first=Anthony P.|date=Summer 1996|url=http://www2.bsn.de/Cycling/articles/cadence.html|title=What Determines The Optimal Cadence?|journal=Cycling Science|accessdate=20 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718204033/http://www2.bsn.de/Cycling/articles/cadence.html |
*{{cite journal|last=Marsh|first=Anthony P.|date=Summer 1996|url=http://www2.bsn.de/Cycling/articles/cadence.html|title=What Determines The Optimal Cadence?|journal=Cycling Science|accessdate=20 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718204033/http://www2.bsn.de/Cycling/articles/cadence.html|archive-date=2011-07-18|url-status=dead}} |
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*{{cite journal| |
*{{cite journal|last1=Martin|first1=J.C.|last2=Spirduso|first2=W.W.|date=2001|url=http://wbeauchamp08.serveronline.net/wisil/MartinDocs/Determinants%20of%20Maximal%20Cycling%20Power.pdf|title=Determinants of maximal cycling power: crank length, pedaling rate and pedal speed|journal=Eur J Appl Physiol|volume=84|issue=5|pages=413–418|doi=10.1007/s004210100400|pmid=11417428|s2cid=25701163|access-date=2014-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320113437/http://wbeauchamp08.serveronline.net/wisil/MartinDocs/Determinants%20of%20Maximal%20Cycling%20Power.pdf|archive-date=2014-03-20|url-status=dead}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Cadence (Cycling)}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cadence (Cycling)}} |
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[[Category:Cycling]] |
[[Category:Cycling]] |
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[[Category:Road bicycle racing terminology]] |
[[Category:Road bicycle racing terminology]] |
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[[Category:Velocity]] |
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Latest revision as of 06:47, 11 May 2024
In cycling, cadence is a measure of rotational speed of the crank, expressed in units of revolutions per minute (r/min or rpm). In other words, it is the pedalling rate at which a cyclist is turning the pedals. Cadence is directly proportional to wheel speed, but is a distinct measurement and changes with gearing. In other words, the gearing changes the ratio of the crank's rotational speed (cadence) to that of the drive wheel's rotational speed.
Typical cadence
[edit]Cyclists typically have a cadence at which they feel most comfortable, and on bicycles with many gears it is possible to maintain a preferred cadence at a wide range of speeds.
- 60–80 r/min is a typical cadence for many recreational and utility cyclists
- According to cadence measurement of seven professional cyclists during three-week races they cycle about 90 r/min during flat and long (≈190 km) group stages and individual time trials of ≈50 km. During ≈15 km uphill cycling on high mountain passes they cycle about 70 r/min.[1]
Cyclists choose cadence to minimise muscular fatigue, and not metabolic demand, since oxygen consumption is lower at cadences 60-70 r/min.[2]
While fast cadence is also referred to as "spinning", slow cadence is referred to as "mashing" or "grinding".
Any particular cyclist has only a narrow range of preferred cadences, often smaller than the general ranges listed above. This in turn influences the number and range of gears which are appropriate for any particular cycling conditions.[3]
Sensors
[edit]Cadence can be measured via various types of sensors, for example a simple reed switch and a magnet which detects one revolution each time the crank arm passes a point on the frame, or more advanced sensors based on a force sensor (e.g. pedals), torque sensor (e.g. crank arms) or other types of cycling power sensors.
Presentation
[edit]The cadence can be presented on a smartphone via Bluetooth, on an LCD display via cable, or on a GPS or cyclocomputer via ANT+, typically mounted on the bicycle's handlebars.
See also
[edit]- Cycling power meter
- Bicycle gearing
- Tachometer — a motor vehicle's tachometer is analogous to a bicycle's cadence; they are both measurements of the drive-train's rotational speed prior to the "transmission" (derailleur or hub gear)
References
[edit]- ^ Lucía, A.; Hoyos, J. & Chicarro, J. L. (August 2001). "Preferred pedaling cadence in professional cycling". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 33 (8): 1361–1366. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.453.6997. doi:10.1097/00005768-200108000-00018. PMID 11474339. S2CID 1014622.
- ^ Abbiss, C.R.; Peiffer, J.J.; Laursen, P.B (2009). "Optimal cadence selection during cycling". International SportMed Journal.
- ^ Kifer, Ken. "Cycling Cadence and Bicycle Gearing". Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
External links
[edit]- Abbiss, C.R.; Peiffer, J.J.; Laursen, P.B. (2009), "Optimal cadence selection during cycling", International SportMed Journal, retrieved 5 May 2015
- Marsh, Anthony P. (Summer 1996). "What Determines The Optimal Cadence?". Cycling Science. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
- Martin, J.C.; Spirduso, W.W. (2001). "Determinants of maximal cycling power: crank length, pedaling rate and pedal speed" (PDF). Eur J Appl Physiol. 84 (5): 413–418. doi:10.1007/s004210100400. PMID 11417428. S2CID 25701163. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-20. Retrieved 2014-03-20.
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