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Peñon woman or Peñon Woman III is the name for the human remains, specifically a skull, of a Paleo-Indian woman found by an ancient lake bed in Pueblo Peñón de los Baños in Mexico City in 1959.^[1]

Discovery

Peñon Woman III was found on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco.^[2]

The skeleton's age has been estimated by radiocarbon dating by Silvia Gonzalez of Liverpool John Moores University.^[3] Her ¹⁴C date is 10,755±55 years^[2] (12,705 cal years) BP.

She is one of the oldest human remains found in the Americas.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Gonzalez theorizes that Peñon woman is related to the historic Pericú people of Baja California, who also shared similar physical traits.^[7]

Notes

^ Connor, Steve (3 December 2002). "Does skull prove that the first Americans came from Europe?". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
^ ^a ^b Grattan and Torrence 91
^ "The New World may be far older than it originally seemed." The Economist. 14 July 2005. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
^ Legon, Jeordan. "Scientist: Oldest American skull found." CNN 4 Dec 2002. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
^ Steve Connor (3 December 2002). "Does skull prove that the first Americans came from Europe?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26.
^ "George Erikson: Who Were The Earliest Americans?". historynewsnetwork.org.
^ Rincon, Paul. "Tribe challenges American origins." BBC News. 7 Sept 2004. Retrieved 15 April 2012.

References

Grattan, John and Robin Torrence, eds. Living Under the Shadow: Cultural Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2007. ISBN 978-1-59874-268-8.

[1] Connor, Steve (3 December 2002). "Does skull prove that the first Americans came from Europe?". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 23 June 2011.

[g91-2] Grattan and Torrence 91

[econo-3] "The New World may be far older than it originally seemed." The Economist. 14 July 2005. Retrieved 15 April 2012.

[4] Legon, Jeordan. "Scientist: Oldest American skull found." CNN 4 Dec 2002. Retrieved 15 April 2012.

[5] Steve Connor (3 December 2002). "Does skull prove that the first Americans came from Europe?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26.

[6] "George Erikson: Who Were The Earliest Americans?". historynewsnetwork.org.

[7] Rincon, Paul. "Tribe challenges American origins." BBC News. 7 Sept 2004. Retrieved 15 April 2012.

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[2]

[3]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Paleo-Indian skull found in Mexico City}}
-'''Peñon woman''' or '''Peñon Woman III''' is the name for the human remains, specifically a skull, of a [[Paleo-Indian]] woman found by an ancient lake bed near [[Mexico City]] in 1959.<ref>{{cite news|last=Connor|first=Steve|title=Does skull prove that the first Americans came from Europe?|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/does-skull-prove-that-the-first-americans-came-from-europe-609699.html|accessdate=23 June 2011|newspaper=The Independent|date=3 December 2002|location=London}}</ref>
+'''Peñon woman''' or '''Peñon Woman III''' is the name for the human remains, specifically a skull, of a [[Paleo-Indian]] woman found by an ancient lake bed in Pueblo Peñón de los Baños in [[Mexico City]] in 1959.<ref>{{cite news|last=Connor|first=Steve|title=Does skull prove that the first Americans came from Europe?|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/does-skull-prove-that-the-first-americans-came-from-europe-609699.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/does-skull-prove-that-the-first-americans-came-from-europe-609699.html |archive-date=2022-05-26 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=23 June 2011|newspaper=The Independent|date=3 December 2002|location=London}}</ref>
+==Discovery==
 Peñon Woman III was found on an island in the middle of [[Lake Texcoco]].<ref name=g91>Grattan and Torrence 91</ref>
 The skeleton's age has been estimated by [[radiocarbon dating]] by Silvia Gonzalez of [[Liverpool John Moores University]].<ref name=econo>[http://www.economist.com/node/4174278 "The New World may be far older than it originally seemed."] ''The Economist.'' 14 July 2005. Retrieved 15 April 2012.</ref> Her <sup>14</sup>C date is 10,755±55 years<ref name=g91/> (12,705 cal years) BP.
-She is the oldest human remain found in the [[Americas]].<ref>Legon, Jeordan. [http://www.cnn.com/2002/TECH/science/12/03/oldest.skull/ "Scientist: Oldest American skull found."] ''CNN'' 4 Dec 2002. Retrieved 15 April 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/does-skull-prove-that-the-first-americans-came-from-europe-134429.html|title=Does skull prove that the first Americans came from Europe?|date=3 December 2002|author=Steve Connor|website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/21860|title=George Erikson: Who Were The Earliest Americans?|website=historynewsnetwork.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=44lXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT92&lpg=PT92&dq=penon+woman+nature&source=bl&ots=eoPCGja81_&sig=ACfU3U3Rb0j18sO__HA5wFdHA7lGtu1oNg&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwidwoSzpPrkAhUsneAKHei8CDM4ChDoATALegQIBRAB#v=onepage&q=penon%20woman%20nature&f=false|title=Scattered Skeletons in Our Closet|author=Karen Mutton|isbn=1-935487-41-8|publisher=Adventures Unlimited Press|loction=Illinois, USA|year=2011}}</ref>
+She is one of the oldest human remains found in the [[Americas]].<ref>Legon, Jeordan. [http://www.cnn.com/2002/TECH/science/12/03/oldest.skull/ "Scientist: Oldest American skull found."] ''CNN'' 4 Dec 2002. Retrieved 15 April 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/does-skull-prove-that-the-first-americans-came-from-europe-134429.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/does-skull-prove-that-the-first-americans-came-from-europe-134429.html |archive-date=2022-05-26 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Does skull prove that the first Americans came from Europe?|date=3 December 2002|author=Steve Connor|website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/21860|title=George Erikson: Who Were The Earliest Americans?|website=historynewsnetwork.org}}</ref>
-Gonzalez theorizes that Peñon woman is related to the historic [[Pericú people]] of [[Baja California]], who also shared similar physical traits.<ref>Rincon, Paul.  "Tribe challenges American origins."  ''BBC News.'' 7 Sept 2004. Retrieved 15 April 2012.</ref>
+Gonzalez theorizes that Peñon woman is related to the historic [[Pericú people]] of [[Baja California]], who also shared similar physical traits.<ref>Rincon, Paul. "Tribe challenges American origins."  ''BBC News.'' 7 Sept 2004. Retrieved 15 April 2012.</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 18: / Line 20: @@
 *[[Fort Rock Cave]] – <small>(Archeological site)</small>
 *[[Kennewick Man]] – <small>(Human remains)</small>
+*[[List of unsolved deaths]]
 *[[Luzia Woman]] – <small>(Human remains)</small>
-*[[Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi]] – <small>(Human remains)</small>
+*[[Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi]] – <small>(Human remains)</small>
 *[[Marmes Rockshelter]] – <small>(Archeological site)</small>
 *[[Paisley Caves]]  – <small>(Archeological site)</small>
@@ Line 30: / Line 33: @@
 ==References==
-* Grattan, John and Robin Torrence, eds. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2OJQbNBEYC4C&lpg=PA91&dq=Pe%C3%B1on%20woman&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Living Under the Shadow: Cultural Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions.''] Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-59874-268-8}}.
+* Grattan, John and Robin Torrence, eds. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2OJQbNBEYC4C&dq=Pe%C3%B1on%20woman&pg=PP1 ''Living Under the Shadow: Cultural Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions.''] Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-59874-268-8}}.
 {{Pre-Columbian North America}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Penon Woman}}
-[[Category:Paleo-Indian period]]
+[[Category:1959 archaeological discoveries]]
 [[Category:Archaeological sites in the State of Mexico]]
 [[Category:Human remains (archaeological)]]
 [[Category:Indigenous Mexicans]]
-[[Category:Paleo-Indian archaeological sites in Mexico]]
 [[Category:Oldest human remains in the Americas]]
-[[Category:1959 archaeological discoveries]]
+[[Category:Paleo-Indian archaeological sites in Mexico]]
+[[Category:Paleo-Indian people]]
+[[Category:Indigenous peoples in Mexico City]]

v t e Pre-Columbian North America
Periods Lithic Archaic Formative Classic Post-Classic
Archaeological cultures	Adena Alachua Ancient Beringian Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) Anishinaabe Avonlea Baytown Belle Glade Buttermilk Creek complex Caborn-Welborn Cades Pond Calf Creek Caloosahatchee Clovis Coles Creek Comondú Deptford Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Walton Fremont Glacial Kame Glades Hohokam Hopewell List of Hopewell sites La Jolla Las Palmas Maritime Archaic Mississippian List of Mississippian sites Mogollon Monongahela Old Cordilleran Oneota Paleo-Arctic Paleo-Indians Patayan Plano Plaquemine Poverty Point Red Ocher Safety Harbor Santa Rosa-Swift Creek St. Johns Steed-Kisker Suwannee Valley Tchefuncte Troyville Weeden Island
Archaeological sites	Angel Mounds Anzick site Bandelier National Monument Bastian Benson Blue Spring Shelter Bluefish Caves The Bluff Point Stoneworks Brewster Cahokia Candelaria Cave Casa Grande Chaco Canyon Coso Rock Art District Crystal River Cuarenta Casas Cueva de la Olla Cutler Eaker El Fin del Mundo El Vallecito Effigy Mounds Etowah Indian Mounds Eva Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Center Fort Juelson Four Mounds Gila Cliff Dwellings Glenwood Grimes Point Helen Blazes Holly Bluff Hopewell Culture National Historical Park Horr's Island Huápoca Key Marco Kimball Village Kincaid Mounds Kolomoki Mounds Lake Jackson Mounds Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site L'Anse aux Meadows Lynch Quarry Site Marksville Marmes Rockshelter Meadowcroft Rockshelter Mesa Verde Moaning Cavern Moorehead Circle Morrison Mounds Moundville Mummy Cave Nodena site Ocmulgee Mounds Old Stone Fort Orwell site Paquime Painted Bluff Parkin Park Pinson Mounds Plum Bayou Mounds Portsmouth Earthworks Poverty Point Pueblo Bonito Rassawek Recapture Canyon River Styx Roberts Island Rock Eagle Rock Hawk Rosenstock Village Russell Cave Salmon Ruins Serpent Mound Sierra de San Francisco Shell ring sites Spiro Mounds Stallings Island SunWatch Taos Pueblo Town Creek Indian Mound Turkey River Mounds Upward Sun River Velda Mound West Oak Forest Earthlodge Wickiup Hill Windover Winterville Wupatki
Human remains	Anzick-1 Arlington Springs Man Buhl Woman Kennewick Man La Brea Woman Leanderthal Lady Melbourne Man Minnesota Woman Peñon woman Spirit Cave mummy Vero man
Miscellaneous	Aridoamerica Ballgame Black drink Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Chunkey Clovis point Container Revolution Eastern Agricultural Complex Eden point Effigy mound Falcon dancer Folsom point Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Kiva Medicine wheel Metallurgy Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing Mound Builders N.A.G.P.R.A. Norse colonization of North America Oasisamerica Piasa Projectile point Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Stickball Three Sisters agriculture Thunderbird Transoceanic contact Underwater panther Water glyphs
Related Genetic history Pre-Columbian era