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Coordinates: 26°33′39″N 97°20′54″W / 26.5609°N 97.34831°W / 26.5609; -97.34831 (Port Mansfield Channel)
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{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{short description|Artificial water inlet in Texas, United States}}
{{Infobox canal
{{Infobox canal
| name = Port Mansfield Channel
| name = Port Mansfield Channel
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<!------------------------- LOCATION -->
<!------------------------- LOCATION -->
| location = {{unbulleted list|[[Padre Island]]|[[Port Mansfield, Texas]]|[[Willacy County, Texas]]}}
| location = {{unbulleted list|[[Padre Island]]|[[Port Mansfield, Texas]]|[[Willacy County, Texas]]}}
| country = [[United States]]
| country = United States
| coordinates = {{coord|26.5609|-97.34831|type:landmark_region:US-TX|display=inline,title|name=Port Mansfield Channel}}
| coordinates = {{coord|26.5609|-97.34831|type:landmark_region:US-TX|display=inline,title|name=Port Mansfield Channel}}
<!------------------------- SPECIFICATIONS -->
<!------------------------- SPECIFICATIONS -->
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<!------------------------- HISTORY -->
<!------------------------- HISTORY -->
| former_names = {{unbulleted list|East Cut|Mansfield Cut|Port Mansfield Gulf Channel}}
| former_names = {{unbulleted list|East Cut|Mansfield Cut|Port Mansfield Gulf Channel}}
| modern_name = Port Mansfield Channel<ref>[{{geonameslink|gnid=4720070|name=Port%20Mansfield%20Channel}} Port Mansfield Channel] in [{{geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]</ref>
| modern_name = Port Mansfield Channel<ref>[{{geonameslink|gnid=4720070|name=Port%20Mansfield%20Channel}} Port Mansfield Channel] in [{{geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]</ref>
| present_owner = Willacy County Navigation District
| present_owner = Willacy County Navigation District
| original_owner =
| original_owner =
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| original_start =
| original_start =
| start_note =
| start_note =
| end_point = Red Fish Bay<ref>{{cite topoquest|quad=26097E4 |url=https://www.topoquest.com/place-detail.php?id=1344912|note=Red Fish Bay, Texas|links=off}}</ref>
| end_point = {{cite map|url=https://www.topoquest.com/place-detail.php?id=1344912|title=Red Fish Bay, Texas}}
| original_end =
| original_end =
| end_note =
| end_note =
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| module =
| module =
}}
}}
'''Port Mansfield Channel''' or '''Mansfield Cut''' is an [[Canal|artificial waterway]] situated on the [[Earth|earth's]] longest [[barrier island]] known as [[Padre Island]] encompassing the [[Texas Gulf Coast]]. During [[Post–World War II economic expansion|Post–World War II]], the [[Longshore_drift#Tidal_inlets|tidal inlet]] was [[Dredging|dredged]] as a private channel [[wikt:differentiate|differentiating]] [[North Padre Island]] and [[South Padre Island]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/port-mansfield-channel |title=Port Mansfield Channel |last=Leatherwood |first=Art |website=Handbook of Texas Online |publisher=[[Texas State Historical Association]]}}</ref> The [[Navigability|navigable waterway]] was channeled during the late [[1950s]] ceremoniously [[wikt:Crest|cresting]] the [[intertidal zone]] of the [[Gulf of Mexico]] by September 1957.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA042651/page/n17/ |title=DTIC ADA042651: A Case History of Port Mansfield Channel, Texas |last=Kieslich |first=James M. |date=May 1, 1977 |trans-title=Figure 4: Port Mansfield Channel, 15 March 1957 |website=Internet Archive |publisher=[[Defense Technical Information Center]] |page=17}}</ref>
'''Port Mansfield Channel''' or '''Mansfield Cut''' is an [[Canal|artificial waterway]] encompassing the [[Laguna Madre]] positioned at the [[97th meridian west]] on the [[earth]]'s longest [[barrier island]] known as [[Padre Island]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.historicalcharts.noaa.gov/image.php?filename=1287-10-1923 |title=Northern Part of Laguna Madre ~ Chart 1287 |date=October 1923 |series=United States Coast and Geodetic Survey |website=NOAA Office of Coast Survey |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.historicalcharts.noaa.gov/image.php?filename=1288-12-1933 |title=Southern Part of Laguna Madre ~ Chart 1288 |date=December 1933 |series=United States Coast and Geodetic Survey |website=NOAA Office of Coast Survey |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref> During [[Post–World War II economic expansion|Post–World War II]], the [[Longshore_drift#Tidal_inlets|tidal inlet]] was [[Dredging|dredged]] as a private channel [[wikt:differentiate|differentiating]] [[North Padre Island]] better known as [[Padre Island National Seashore]] and [[South Padre Island]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/76/651 |title=Padre Island National Seashore Act of 1962 ~ P.L. 87-712 |work=76 Stat. 651 ~ Senate Bill 4 |date=September 28, 1962 |publisher=USLaw.Link}}</ref> The [[Navigability|navigable waterway]] was channeled during the late 1950s ceremoniously [[wikt:Crest|cresting]] the [[intertidal zone]] of the [[Gulf of Mexico]] by September 1957 on the [[Texas Gulf Coast]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/port-mansfield-channel |title=Port Mansfield Channel |last=Leatherwood |first=Art |website=Handbook of Texas Online |publisher=[[Texas State Historical Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA042651/page/n17/ |title=DTIC ADA042651: A Case History of Port Mansfield Channel, Texas |last=Kieslich |first=James M. |date=May 1, 1977 |trans-title=Figure 4: Port Mansfield Channel, 15 March 1957 |website=Internet Archive |publisher=[[Defense Technical Information Center]] |page=17}}</ref>
[[File:Port Mansfield Channel Jetty.jpg|upright=1.5|thumb|left|Mansfield Channel Jetties]]
[[File:Port Mansfield Channel Jetty.jpg|upright=1.5|thumb|left|Mansfield Channel Jetties]]
The [[List_of_seas#Americas|marginal sea]] [[inlet]] was defined by [[Wave-dissipating concrete block|wave-dissipating concrete blocks]] similarly referred to as [[Tetrapod (structure)|tetrapods]] [[wikt:protract|protracting]] into the Gulf of Mexico at Padre Island. The [[Breakwater (structure)|breakwater structure]] was severely [[wikt:dilapidate|dilapidated]] during the [[1957 Atlantic hurricane season]] with the [[Bay of Campeche]] [[wikt:spawn|spawning]] [[Hurricane Audrey]] and [[1957_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Tropical_Storm_Esther|Tropical Storm Esther]] engulfing the existing [[Jetty#At_entrances_to_jetty_harbors|jetty harbor entrance]] on Padre Island.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA042651/page/n19/ |title=DTIC ADA042651: A Case History of Port Mansfield Channel, Texas |last=Kieslich |first=James M. |date=May 1, 1977 |trans-title=Figure 5: Port Mansfield Channel Entrance, November 1957 |website=Internet Archive |publisher=[[Defense Technical Information Center]] |page=18}}</ref>
The [[List_of_seas#Americas|marginal sea]] [[inlet]] was defined by [[wave-dissipating concrete block]]s similarly referred to as [[Tetrapod (structure)|tetrapods]] [[wikt:protract|protracting]] into the Gulf of Mexico at Padre Island. The [[Breakwater (structure)|breakwater structure]] was severely [[wikt:dilapidate|dilapidated]] during the [[1957 Atlantic hurricane season]] with the [[Bay of Campeche]] [[wikt:spawn|spawning]] [[Hurricane Audrey]] and [[1957_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Tropical_Storm_Esther|Tropical Storm Esther]] [[wikt:engulf|engulfing]] the existing [[Jetty#At_entrances_to_jetty_harbors|jetty harbor entrance]] on Padre Island.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA042651/page/n19/ |title=DTIC ADA042651: A Case History of Port Mansfield Channel, Texas |last=Kieslich |first=James M. |date=May 1, 1977 |trans-title=Figure 5: Port Mansfield Channel Entrance, November 1957 |website=Internet Archive |publisher=[[Defense Technical Information Center]] |page=18}}</ref>


In 1962, the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] devised an expansive [[Coastal engineering|coastal engineered]] [[jetty]] system resiliently controlling [[coastal sediment transport]], [[longshore drift]], and [[Shoal|shoaling]] during normal [[gravity wave]] and [[wind wave]] processes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951p01165033o&view=1up&seq=910 |title=Senator Allen J. Ellender - Public Works Assessment Statement - Port Mansfield Director Charles R. Johnson |trans-title=Public Works Appropriations, 1960 ~ U.S. Senate, Eighty-sixth Congress, H.R. 7509 - Making Appropriations for Civil Functions Administered by the Department of the Army |website=HathiTrust Digital Library |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |oclc=9711636 |page=2150}}</ref> The [[wikt:breakwater|breakwater]] jetties were constructed with [[granite]] [[Boulder|boulders]] situated as an eastern [[wikt:protrusion|protrusion]] of {{convert|580|yd|m}} and {{convert|825|yd|m}} from the Padre Island [[Shore|shoreline]] into the Gulf of Mexico [[continental margin]]. The granite [[Pier|piers]] have a divisionary distance of {{convert|315|yd|m}} permitting navigable passage from the [[brackish water]] of the Laguana Madre to the easterly Gulf of Mexico horizon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA042651/page/n61/ |title=DTIC ADA042651: A Case History of Port Mansfield Channel, Texas |last=Kieslich |first=James M. |date=May 1, 1977 |trans-title=Figure E-5: Port Mansfield Channel Entrance, January and July 1962 |website=Internet Archive |publisher=[[Defense Technical Information Center]] |page=60}}</ref> The [[coastal management]] framework was collaterally conformable given the [[wikt:imminent|imminent]] intervals of [[low-pressure area|low-pressure weather systems]] and [[Storm surge|storm surges]] charged by the [[wikt:gradient|gradient]] intensity of [[Tropical cyclone|tropical cyclones]] encroaching the Texas [[Coast|seacoast]].
In 1962, the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] devised an expansive [[Coastal engineering|coastal engineered]] [[jetty]] system resiliently controlling [[coastal sediment transport]], [[longshore drift]], and [[shoal]]ing during diverse [[gravity wave]], [[wind wave]], and [[wikt:inimical|inimical]] [[wikt:oceanic|oceanic]] [[Dispersion (water waves)|wave dispersion]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951p01165033o&view=1up&seq=910 |title=Senator Allen J. Ellender – Public Works Assessment Statement – Port Mansfield Director Charles R. Johnson |trans-title=Public Works Appropriations, 1960 ~ U.S. Senate, Eighty-sixth Congress, H.R. 7509 – Making Appropriations for Civil Functions Administered by the Department of the Army |website=HathiTrust Digital Library |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |oclc=9711636 |page=2150}}</ref> The [[wikt:breakwater|breakwater]] jetties were constructed with [[granite]] [[boulder]]s situated as an eastern [[wikt:protrusion|protrusion]] of {{convert|580|yd|m}} and {{convert|825|yd|m}} from the Padre Island [[shore]]line into the Gulf of Mexico [[continental margin]]. The granite [[pier]]s have a divisionary distance of {{convert|315|yd|m}} permitting navigable [[transit passage]] from the [[brackish water]] of the Laguna Madre to the [[Trade winds|easterly]] Gulf of Mexico horizon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA042651/page/n61/ |title=DTIC ADA042651: A Case History of Port Mansfield Channel, Texas |last=Kieslich |first=James M. |date=May 1, 1977 |trans-title=Figure E-5: Port Mansfield Channel Entrance, January and July 1962 |website=Internet Archive |publisher=[[Defense Technical Information Center]] |page=60}}</ref> The [[coastal management]] framework was collaterally conformable given the [[wikt:imminent|imminent]] intervals of [[low-pressure area|low-pressure weather systems]] and [[storm surge]]s charged by the [[wikt:gradient|gradient]] intensity of [[tropical cyclone]]s encroaching the Texas [[Coast|seacoast]].

==History==

During the 1940s, the state of Texas and the United States commenced surveying the Laguna Madre-Padre Island coastal basin for a conducive [[estuary]] landing seeking to [[wikt:proportion|proportion]] the [[maritime transport]] of the [[Gulf Intracoastal Waterway]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://govtrackus.s3.amazonaws.com/legislink/pdf/stat/59/STATUTE-59-Pg10.pdf |title=River and Harbor Act of 1945 ~ P.L. 79-14 |work=59 Stat. 10 ~ Senate Bill 35 |date=March 2, 1945 |publisher=USLaw.Link}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/gulf-intracoastal-waterway |title=Gulf Intracoastal Waterway |last=Leatherwood |first=Art |website=Handbook of Texas Online |publisher=Texas State Historical Association}}</ref> The [[intracoastal waterway]] and Laguna Madre-Padre Island basin observation determined the [[wikt:anonymous|anonymous]] fish camp known as Red Fish Landing to be an adaptable and practical vicinity for a [[Waterfront (area)|waterfront]] [[Berth (moorings)|berth]]. The Red Fish Bay locality sustained a [[wikt:nautical|nautical]] mid-point considering the distance of {{convert|85|mi|km}} from [[Corpus Christi, Texas]] and {{convert|35|mi|km}} from [[Brownsville, Texas]].

In 1949, the [[81st United States Congress]] reached a [[Consensus decision-making|consensus]] regarding the [[Rivers and Harbors Act]] of 1950 as enacted into law by [[Presidency of Harry S. Truman|33rd President of the United States]] Harry Truman on May 17, 1950.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://govtrackus.s3.amazonaws.com/legislink/pdf/stat/64/STATUTE-64-Pg163a.pdf |title=River and Harbor Act of 1950 ~ P.L. 81-516 |work=64 Stat. 163 ~ House Bill 5472 |date=May 17, 1950 |publisher=USLaw.Link}}</ref> The [[Act of Congress]] authorized the waterfront [[wikt:domain|domain]] known as Red Fish Landing to be [[Unanimity|unanimously]] entitled as Port Mansfield as an honorary acknowledgment of [[Joseph J. Mansfield]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/81-1950/s309 |title=Senate Vote #309 in 1950 (81st Congress) ~ HR 5472 Passage: 53-19 |date=April 17, 1950 |publisher=GovTrack}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/81-1950/h179 |title=House Vote #179 in 1950 (81st Congress) ~ HR 5472 Passage: 210-137 |date=May 3, 1950 |publisher=GovTrack}}</ref> The [[inland port]] would serve the [[Public good (economics)|public good]] of the [[ecotone]] basin as a [[Watercraft|water vessel]] [[Berth (moorings)|berth]] for future decades.

During the 1950s, [[United States House of Representatives]] and [[United States Senate]] congressional sessions appointed [[Public works]] [[United States congressional hearing|committee hearings]] furthering the [[wikt:fact-finding|fact-finding]] with regards to the waterway project of the Laguna Madre-Padre Island basin. The legislative hearings supported [[congressional oversight]] concerning the [[navigability]] of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, [[Laguna Madre (United States)|Laguna Madre]], and the continuation of [[estuaries of Texas]] to the [[Port of Brownsville]] and [[South Bay (Texas)|South Bay]] at the [[Mexico–United States border]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3996731&view=1up&seq=61 |title=Gulf Intracoastal Waterway ~ Channel to Port Mansfield, Texas |trans-title=United States Congressional Serial Set No. 12178 |website=HathiTrust Digital Library |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |pages=42-P. IX}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3996731&view=1up&seq=71 |title=Gulf Intracoastal Waterway ~ Channel to Port Mansfield, Texas |trans-title=United States Congressional Serial Set No. 12178 |website=HathiTrust Digital Library |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |pages=1–58}}</ref>


{| style="width: 55%; border: none; text-align: left;"
{| style="width: 55%; border: none; text-align: left;"
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==See also==
==See also==
*[[Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge]]
⚫
:[[Mansfield Cut Underwater Archeological District]]
:[[Padre Island National Seashore]]
*[[Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge]]
⚫
*[[Mansfield Cut Underwater Archeological District]]
:[[Texas barrier islands]]
*[[Texas barrier islands]]


==References==
==References==
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* {{Commons category-inline|Port Mansfield Channel}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Port Mansfield Channel}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Padre Island}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Padre Island}}
* {{wikivoyage-inline|Rio Grande Valley}}
* {{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA112448/ |title=DTIC ADA112448: Tidal Inlet Response to Jetty Construction |last=Kieslich |first=James M. |date=October 1, 1981 |website=Internet Archive |publisher=[[Defense Technical Information Center]]}}
* {{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA112448/ |title=DTIC ADA112448: Tidal Inlet Response to Jetty Construction |last=Kieslich |first=James M. |date=October 1, 1981 |website=Internet Archive |publisher=[[Defense Technical Information Center]]}}


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{{Texas ports}}
{{Texas ports}}
{{Waters of Texas}}
{{Waters of Texas}}
{{Portal bar|Geography|Geophysics|Islands|Oceans|Texas|Transport|Tropical cyclones}}
{{Portal bar|Geography|Geophysics|Islands|Oceans|Texas|Transport|Tropical cyclones|Wetlands}}


[[Category:Ports and harbors of Texas]]
[[Category:Ports and harbors of Texas]]

Latest revision as of 18:57, 11 May 2024

Port Mansfield Channel
Port Mansfield Channel
Mansfield Cut at Padre Island
Port Mansfield Channel is located in Texas
Port Mansfield Channel
Port Mansfield Channel Entrance
Location
CountryUnited States
Coordinates26°33′39″N 97°20′54″W / 26.5609°N 97.34831°W / 26.5609; -97.34831 (Port Mansfield Channel)
Specifications
Length15.3 km (9.5 miles)
Navigation authority
  • ☆ Port of Port Mansfield
  • ☆ Willacy County Navigation District
Port Mansfield Marinas
  • Port Mansfield Boat Basin Marina (Map).
  • Willacy County Navigation District Marina (Map).
History
Former names
  • East Cut
  • Mansfield Cut
  • Port Mansfield Gulf Channel
Modern namePort Mansfield Channel[1]
Current ownerWillacy County Navigation District
Other engineer(s)Army Corps of Engineers
Construction beganSeptember 1957
Date restoredJuly 1962
Topo MapPort Mansfield Channel (Map).
Geography
Start pointGulf of Mexico
End pointRed Fish Bay, Texas (Map).
Beginning coordinates26°33′51″N 97°16′07″W / 26.564045°N 97.268697°W / 26.564045; -97.268697
Ending coordinates26°33′32″N 97°24′04″W / 26.558954°N 97.401091°W / 26.558954; -97.401091
Connects to
GNIS feature ID1344370

Port Mansfield Channel or Mansfield Cut is an artificial waterway encompassing the Laguna Madre positioned at the 97th meridian west on the earth's longest barrier island known as Padre Island.[2][3] During Post–World War II, the tidal inlet was dredged as a private channel differentiating North Padre Island better known as Padre Island National Seashore and South Padre Island.[4] The navigable waterway was channeled during the late 1950s ceremoniously cresting the intertidal zone of the Gulf of Mexico by September 1957 on the Texas Gulf Coast.[5][6]

Mansfield Channel Jetties

The marginal sea inlet was defined by wave-dissipating concrete blocks similarly referred to as tetrapods protracting into the Gulf of Mexico at Padre Island. The breakwater structure was severely dilapidated during the 1957 Atlantic hurricane season with the Bay of Campeche spawning Hurricane Audrey and Tropical Storm Esther engulfing the existing jetty harbor entrance on Padre Island.[7]

In 1962, the United States Army Corps of Engineers devised an expansive coastal engineered jetty system resiliently controlling coastal sediment transport, longshore drift, and shoaling during diverse gravity wave, wind wave, and inimical oceanic wave dispersion.[8] The breakwater jetties were constructed with granite boulders situated as an eastern protrusion of 580 yards (530 m) and 825 yards (754 m) from the Padre Island shoreline into the Gulf of Mexico continental margin. The granite piers have a divisionary distance of 315 yards (288 m) permitting navigable transit passage from the brackish water of the Laguna Madre to the easterly Gulf of Mexico horizon.[9] The coastal management framework was collaterally conformable given the imminent intervals of low-pressure weather systems and storm surges charged by the gradient intensity of tropical cyclones encroaching the Texas seacoast.

History

[edit]

During the 1940s, the state of Texas and the United States commenced surveying the Laguna Madre-Padre Island coastal basin for a conducive estuary landing seeking to proportion the maritime transport of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway.[10][11] The intracoastal waterway and Laguna Madre-Padre Island basin observation determined the anonymous fish camp known as Red Fish Landing to be an adaptable and practical vicinity for a waterfront berth. The Red Fish Bay locality sustained a nautical mid-point considering the distance of 85 miles (137 km) from Corpus Christi, Texas and 35 miles (56 km) from Brownsville, Texas.

In 1949, the 81st United States Congress reached a consensus regarding the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1950 as enacted into law by 33rd President of the United States Harry Truman on May 17, 1950.[12] The Act of Congress authorized the waterfront domain known as Red Fish Landing to be unanimously entitled as Port Mansfield as an honorary acknowledgment of Joseph J. Mansfield.[13][14] The inland port would serve the public good of the ecotone basin as a water vessel berth for future decades.

During the 1950s, United States House of Representatives and United States Senate congressional sessions appointed Public works committee hearings furthering the fact-finding with regards to the waterway project of the Laguna Madre-Padre Island basin. The legislative hearings supported congressional oversight concerning the navigability of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, Laguna Madre, and the continuation of estuaries of Texas to the Port of Brownsville and South Bay at the Mexico–United States border.[15][16]

Padre Island, Texas
Climate chart (explanation)
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█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
Metric conversion
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█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Port Mansfield Channel in Geonames.org (cc-by)
  2. ^ "Northern Part of Laguna Madre ~ Chart 1287". NOAA Office of Coast Survey. United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. October 1923.
  3. ^ "Southern Part of Laguna Madre ~ Chart 1288". NOAA Office of Coast Survey. United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. December 1933.
  4. ^ "Padre Island National Seashore Act of 1962 ~ P.L. 87-712". 76 Stat. 651 ~ Senate Bill 4. USLaw.Link. September 28, 1962.
  5. ^ Leatherwood, Art. "Port Mansfield Channel". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
  6. ^ Kieslich, James M. (May 1, 1977). "DTIC ADA042651: A Case History of Port Mansfield Channel, Texas" [Figure 4: Port Mansfield Channel, 15 March 1957]. Internet Archive. Defense Technical Information Center. p. 17.
  7. ^ Kieslich, James M. (May 1, 1977). "DTIC ADA042651: A Case History of Port Mansfield Channel, Texas" [Figure 5: Port Mansfield Channel Entrance, November 1957]. Internet Archive. Defense Technical Information Center. p. 18.
  8. ^ "Senator Allen J. Ellender – Public Works Assessment Statement – Port Mansfield Director Charles R. Johnson" [Public Works Appropriations, 1960 ~ U.S. Senate, Eighty-sixth Congress, H.R. 7509 – Making Appropriations for Civil Functions Administered by the Department of the Army]. HathiTrust Digital Library. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 2150. OCLC 9711636.
  9. ^ Kieslich, James M. (May 1, 1977). "DTIC ADA042651: A Case History of Port Mansfield Channel, Texas" [Figure E-5: Port Mansfield Channel Entrance, January and July 1962]. Internet Archive. Defense Technical Information Center. p. 60.
  10. ^ "River and Harbor Act of 1945 ~ P.L. 79-14" (PDF). 59 Stat. 10 ~ Senate Bill 35. USLaw.Link. March 2, 1945.
  11. ^ Leatherwood, Art. "Gulf Intracoastal Waterway". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
  12. ^ "River and Harbor Act of 1950 ~ P.L. 81-516" (PDF). 64 Stat. 163 ~ House Bill 5472. USLaw.Link. May 17, 1950.
  13. ^ "Senate Vote #309 in 1950 (81st Congress) ~ HR 5472 Passage: 53-19". GovTrack. April 17, 1950.
  14. ^ "House Vote #179 in 1950 (81st Congress) ~ HR 5472 Passage: 210-137". GovTrack. May 3, 1950.
  15. ^ "Gulf Intracoastal Waterway ~ Channel to Port Mansfield, Texas" [United States Congressional Serial Set No. 12178]. HathiTrust Digital Library. United States Government Printing Office. pp. 42-P. IX.
  16. ^ "Gulf Intracoastal Waterway ~ Channel to Port Mansfield, Texas" [United States Congressional Serial Set No. 12178]. HathiTrust Digital Library. United States Government Printing Office. pp. 1–58.
[edit]
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