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{{Short description|Species of fungus}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| image = 2010-12-04 Entoloma bloxamii 2 60253.jpg
| image = Bresadola - Entoloma bloxamii.png
| regnum = [[Fungus|Fungi]]
| image_caption = ''Entoloma bloxamii'' illustrated by [[Giacomo Bresadola]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| status = VU
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| subclassis = [[Hymenomycete]]s
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn2022"/>
| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
⚫
| taxon = Entoloma bloxamii
| familia = [[Entolomataceae]]
| authority = ([[Miles Joseph Berkeley|Berk.]] & [[Christopher Edmund Broome|Broome]]) [[Pier Andrea Saccardo|Sacc.]]
| genus = ''[[Entoloma]]''
| synonyms =
| species = '''''E. bloxamii'''''
{{Species list
| binomial = ''Entoloma bloxamii''
| binomial_authority = ([[Miles Joseph Berkeley|Berk.]] & Broome) [[Pier Andrea Saccardo|Sacc.]] (1887)
| Agaricus bloxamii | [[Miles Joseph Berkeley|Berk.]] & [[Christopher Edmund Broome|Broome]]
| synonyms = ''Agaricus bloxamii'' Berk. & Broome<br>
| Entoloma bloxamii var. triste | Boud.
''Entoloma madidum''
| Entoloma madidum var. bloxamii | (Berk. & Broome) Largent
| Rhodophyllus bloxamii | (Berk. & Broome) Romagn.
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{GBIF|id=2539763|taxon=''Entoloma bloxamii''|access-date=2022-05-16}}</ref>
}}
}}
{{mycomorphbox
⚫
| name = ''Entoloma bloxamii''
⚫
| whichGills = adnexed
⚫
| capShape = depressed
⚫
| hymeniumType=gills
⚫
| stipeCharacter=bare
⚫
| sporePrintColor=pink
⚫
| howEdible=unknown
| howEdible2=caution}}


'''''Entoloma bloxamii''''', commonly known as the '''midnight blue entoloma''',<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thiers |first1=Harry D. |last2=Arora |first2=David |date=September 1980 |title=Mushrooms Demystified |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3759750 |journal=Mycologia |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=1054 |doi=10.2307/3759750 |jstor=3759750 |issn=0027-5514|url-access=subscription }}</ref> or '''big blue pinkgill''',<ref name="BMS" /> is a [[species]] of [[agaric]] (gilled mushroom) in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Entolomataceae]]. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland.<ref name="iucn2022"/> ''Entoloma bloxamii'' has been reported from North America, but at least some of these reports represent a distinct species, ''[[Entoloma medianox]]''.<ref name="Schwartz"/> Threats to its habitat have resulted in the Big Blue Pinkgill being assessed as globally "[[vulnerable species|vulnerable]]" on the [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]].<ref name="iucn2022"/>
'''''Entoloma bloxamii''''', commonly known as the '''big blue pinkgill''' or '''Bloxam's entoloma''', is a mushroom in the [[Entolomataceae]] family of [[fungi]]. It is widely distributed in Europe, although it is rare throughout its range, which also extends into Asia and North America.<ref name="ECCF">
{{cite web|url=http://www.artdata.slu.se/Bern_Fungi/ECCF%2033_T-PVS%20(2001)%2034%20rev_low%20resolution_p%2015-82.pdf|title=Compiled information for the suggested fungi |year=2001|work=Threatened Fungi in Europe|publisher=European Council for Conservation of Fungi (ECCF)|accessdate=31 July 2011}}</ref>


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
The species was originally [[species description|described]] from England in 1854 and named ''Agaricus Bloxami'' (sic) by [[Miles Joseph Berkeley]] and [[Christopher Edmund Broome]], in honour of its collector, the naturalist and clergyman [[Andrew Bloxam]]. It was transferred to the [[genus]] ''[[Entoloma]]'' by the Italian mycologist [[Pier Andrea Saccardo]] in 1887.{{fact|date=May 2022}}
First named ''Agaricus bloxami'' by [[Miles Joseph Berkeley]] and Broome in 1854, in honour of [[Andrew Bloxam]], it was given its current name by the Italian mycologist [[Pier Andrea Saccardo]] in 1887. It was also known as ''E. madidum'' in the United States.<ref name=moody>{{cite book|last=William C. Roody|title=Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|year=2003|pages=276|isbn=0-8131-9039-8|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=5HGMPEiy4ykC&pg=PA276&dq=Entoloma+bloxamii&hl=en&ei=eT01TvupBerSmAXsoajwCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Entoloma%20bloxamii&f=false}}</ref>


Recent [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular]] research, based on [[cladistic]] analysis of [[DNA sequences]], has shown that ''Entoloma bloxamii'' [[sensu lato]] comprises a number of distinct blue taxa in Europe,<ref name="Morgardo"/> including ''Entoloma bloxamii'' [[sensu stricto]], ''Entoloma madidum'' (previously considered a synonym), ''E. atromadidum'', ''E. ochreoprunuloides'' f. ''hyacinthinum'', and an additional as yet unnamed species.<ref name="Ainsworth"/> Collections from the west coast of North America, formerly referred to ''E. bloxamii'' or ''E. madidum'', are also distinct<ref name="Morgardo"/> and are now referred to ''[[Entoloma medianox]]''.<ref name="Schwartz"/>
''Entoloma bloxamii'' belongs to the large genus ''Entoloma'', which contains around 1500 species worldwide. A 2009 study analysing [[DNA sequence]]s and spore [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] found it to lie in a prunuloides [[clade]] with (among other species) ''[[Entoloma gelatinosum|E.&nbsp;gelatinosum]]'' and ''[[Entoloma cretaceum|E.&nbsp;cretaceum]]'', and most closely related to ''[[Entoloma prunuloides|E.&nbsp;prunuloides]]''. This rhodopolioid clade lay within a crown ''Entoloma'' clade. This group is typified by irregular spores with or without bumps.<ref name=Codavid2009>{{cite journal|last=Co-David, Delia; Langeveld, Dorien; Noordeloos, Machiel E. |year=2009|first1=D|last2=Langeveld|first2=D|last3=Noordeloos|first3=ME |title=Molecular phylogeny and spore evolution of Entolomataceae |journal=Persoonia|pmid=20198166 |volume=23|pmc=2802732 |pages=147–76 |doi=10.3767/003158509X480944 |url=http://www.entoloma.nl/pdf/Co-David_et_al_entolomataceae.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref><!-- cites para -->

Common names in the United Kingdom include "big blue pinkgill" and "Bloxam's entoloma". The [[British Mycological Society]] has recommended phasing out the latter in favour of the former as the official name.<ref name=BMS>{{cite web |url=http://www.fungi4schools.org/Reprints/ENGLISH_NAMES.pdf|title=Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK |format=PDF |publisher=[[British Mycological Society]] |accessdate=11 October 2010}}</ref> It is known as the midnight blue entoloma in North America.<ref name=moody/>


==Description==
==Description==
[[Basidiocarps]] are [[agaricoid]], up to 45&nbsp;mm (1.75&nbsp;in) tall, the cap conical becoming convex to conical, up to 50&nbsp;mm (2&nbsp;in) across. The cap surface is smooth, pale greyish blue at first becoming greyish brown. The [[lamella (mycology)|lamellae]] (gills) are white becoming pink from the spores. The [[stipe (mycology)|stipe]] (stem) is smooth, finely fibrillose, white with greyish blue streaks, often yellowish at the base, lacking a [[annulus (mycology)|ring]]. The [[spore print]] is pink, the spores (under a microscope) multi-angled, [[inamyloid]], measuring about 7.5 to 9.5 by 7 to 9.5&nbsp;[[micrometre|μm]].<ref name="Morgardo"/>
The fungus produces a striking, blue, mushroom-shaped [[epigeous]] (aboveground) [[fruiting body]] (basidiocarp),<ref name="ECCF" /> between August and November. The smooth [[Pileus (mycology)|cap]] has a broad swelling in the centre (known as a boss or [[umbo (mycology)|umbo]]), which has a more violet tinge.<ref name="Courtecuisse" /> The tightly packed, white [[Lamella (mycology)|gills]] on the underside of the cap contrast well with the blue colour of the fungus; they develop a more salmon-pink colour as they age.<ref name="kuo08">{{cite web|url=http://www.mushroomexpert.com/entoloma_bloxami.html|title= Entoloma bloxami|last=Kuo|first=Michael|date=2008|work=MushroomExpert.Com Web site|accessdate=13 August 2011}}</ref> The solid [[Stipe (mycology)|stipe]] of the mushroom is also blue in colour with a whitish base.<ref name="kuo08"/> The [[spore print]] is pink to cinnamon-coloured.<ref name=Arora1986>{{cite book |author=Arora, David |authorlink=David Arora |title=Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=Berkeley, California |year=1986 |page=243 |isbn=0-89815-169-4}}</ref>

===Similar species===
''Entoloma madidum'' is a deeper, slightly violet blue and retains some of its colour when old. Microscopically it has smaller spores (6 to 7.5&nbsp;[[micrometre|μm]]).<ref name="Morgardo"/> ''Entoloma atromadidum'' is similar but a darker, indigo blue and ''E. ochreoprunuloides'' f. ''hyacinthinum'' is dark brown with violaceous tints.<ref name="Ainsworth"/>


==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
It is widely distributed in western Europe from Spain and the British Isles east to Poland and Ukraine, as well as Scandinavia in the north and Italy to the southeast, although it is rare throughout its range, which also extends into Asia and North America.<ref name="ECCF"/> It inhabits unimproved grasslands such as old meadows and hayfields.<ref name="ECCF" /> It is usually associated with [[Calcareous grassland|calcareous soils]] although it may also be found in more acidic areas,<ref name="Courtecuisse">Courtecuisse, R. & Duhem, B. (1995) Mushrooms and toadstools of Britain and Europe. Harper Collins, London.</ref> and is threatened by the disturbance of its habitat caused by agricultural improvement.<ref name="ECCF" /> As of June 2003, it was a candidate species for listing in Appendix I of the [[Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats]] (the "Bern Convention").<ref>The distribution, status and habitat requirement of the 33 fungal candidates for listing in Appendix I of the Bern Convention (June 2003) http://www.artdata.slu.se/Bern_Fungi/Bern_Fungi.htm</ref><ref>Bern Convention (June, 2003) http://www.nature.coe.int/english/cadres/bern.htm</ref>
The Big Blue Pinkgill is rare but widespread in Europe.<ref name="iucn2022"/> Like many other European pinkgills, it occurs in old, agriculturally unimproved, [[waxcap grassland|short-sward grassland]] (pastures and lawns). It is usually associated with [[Calcareous grassland|calcareous soils]] although it may also be found in more acidic areas.<ref name="Courtecuisse">Courtecuisse, R. & Duhem, B. (1995) Mushrooms and toadstools of Britain and Europe. Harper Collins, London.</ref>


==Edibility==
==Conservation==
''Entoloma bloxamii'' is typical of [[waxcap grassland]]s, a declining habitat due to changing agricultural practices. As a result, the species is of global conservation concern and is listed as "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.<ref name="iucn2022"/>
It has a nondescript taste and smell. Its edibility in eastern North America is not known but many members of the genus are poisonous.<ref name=moody/> [[David Arora]] reports it as a well-flavoured edible in California.<ref name=Arora1986/>


==See also==
==See also==
{{Mycomorphbox
| name = ''{{PAGENAME}}''{{italic title}}
⚫
| hymeniumType = gills
⚫
| capShape = convex
⚫
| whichGills = adnexed
⚫
| stipeCharacter = bare
⚫
| sporePrintColor = pink
| ecologicalType = saprotrophic
⚫
| howEdible = caution
}}
*[[List of Entoloma species|List of ''Entoloma'' species]]
*[[List of Entoloma species|List of ''Entoloma'' species]]


==References==
==References==
⚫
{{Reflist|refs=
{{ARKive attribute}}
⚫
{{Reflist}}


<ref name="iucn2022">{{cite iucn |publisher=[[IUCN]] |title=''Entoloma bloxamii'' |author=Jordal J. |year=2019 |volume=2019 |page=e.T147245319A147869057 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147245319A147869057.en |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/147245319/147869057}}</ref>
==External links==
{{commons category|Entoloma bloxamii}}
{{wikispecies}}
*{{IndexFungorum|221900}}
*{{ARKive|bloxams-entoloma|entoloma-bloxamii}}


<ref name="Schwartz">{{cite web |author=Schwartz C |year=2015 |title=''Entoloma medianox'', a new name for a common species on the Pacific coast of North America |url=http://www.scmycoflora.org/documents/Entoloma-medianox.pdf}}</ref>


<ref name="Ainsworth">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ainsworth AM, Douglas B, Suz LM |year=2018 |title=Big Blue Pinkgills formerly known as ''Entoloma bloxamii'' in Britain: ''E. bloxamii'' s. str., ''E. madidum'', ''E. ochreoprunuloides'' forma ''hyacinthinum'' and ''E. atromadidum'' sp. nov. |journal=Field Mycology |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=5–14 |doi=10.1016/j.fldmyc.2018.01.004|doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[pms:Entoloma bloxamii]]

[[ru:Entoloma bloxamii]]
<ref name="Morgardo">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morgado LN, Noordeloos ME, Lamoureux Y, Geml J |year=2013 |title=Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses reveal species limits, phylogeographic patterns, and evolutionary histories of key morphological traits in ''Entoloma'' (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) |journal=Persoonia |volume=31 |pages=159–178 |doi=10.3767/003158513X673521|pmid=24761041 |pmc=3904048 }}</ref>

<ref name="BMS">{{cite web |author=Holden L. |url=http://www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/library/english-names/ |title=English names for fungi 2014 |date=July 2014 |publisher=[[British Mycological Society]] |accessdate=2016-02-06 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194645/http://www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/library/english-names/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q1956186}}


[[Category:Entolomataceae]]
[[Category:Entolomataceae]]
[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Fungi of North America]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1854]]
[[Category:Fungus species]]

Latest revision as of 11:43, 12 May 2024

Entoloma bloxamii
Entoloma bloxamii illustrated by Giacomo Bresadola
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Entolomataceae
Genus: Entoloma
Species:
E. bloxamii
Binomial name
Entoloma bloxamii
Synonyms[2]
  • Agaricus bloxamii Berk. & Broome
  • Entoloma bloxamii var. triste Boud.
  • Entoloma madidum var. bloxamii (Berk. & Broome) Largent
  • Rhodophyllus bloxamii (Berk. & Broome) Romagn.

Entoloma bloxamii, commonly known as the midnight blue entoloma,[3] or big blue pinkgill,[4] is a species of agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Entolomataceae. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland.[1] Entoloma bloxamii has been reported from North America, but at least some of these reports represent a distinct species, Entoloma medianox.[5] Threats to its habitat have resulted in the Big Blue Pinkgill being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1]

Taxonomy

[edit]

The species was originally described from England in 1854 and named Agaricus Bloxami (sic) by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Christopher Edmund Broome, in honour of its collector, the naturalist and clergyman Andrew Bloxam. It was transferred to the genus Entoloma by the Italian mycologist Pier Andrea Saccardo in 1887.[citation needed]

Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that Entoloma bloxamii sensu lato comprises a number of distinct blue taxa in Europe,[6] including Entoloma bloxamii sensu stricto, Entoloma madidum (previously considered a synonym), E. atromadidum, E. ochreoprunuloides f. hyacinthinum, and an additional as yet unnamed species.[7] Collections from the west coast of North America, formerly referred to E. bloxamii or E. madidum, are also distinct[6] and are now referred to Entoloma medianox.[5]

Description

[edit]

Basidiocarps are agaricoid, up to 45 mm (1.75 in) tall, the cap conical becoming convex to conical, up to 50 mm (2 in) across. The cap surface is smooth, pale greyish blue at first becoming greyish brown. The lamellae (gills) are white becoming pink from the spores. The stipe (stem) is smooth, finely fibrillose, white with greyish blue streaks, often yellowish at the base, lacking a ring. The spore print is pink, the spores (under a microscope) multi-angled, inamyloid, measuring about 7.5 to 9.5 by 7 to 9.5 μm.[6]

Similar species

[edit]

Entoloma madidum is a deeper, slightly violet blue and retains some of its colour when old. Microscopically it has smaller spores (6 to 7.5 μm).[6] Entoloma atromadidum is similar but a darker, indigo blue and E. ochreoprunuloides f. hyacinthinum is dark brown with violaceous tints.[7]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

The Big Blue Pinkgill is rare but widespread in Europe.[1] Like many other European pinkgills, it occurs in old, agriculturally unimproved, short-sward grassland (pastures and lawns). It is usually associated with calcareous soils although it may also be found in more acidic areas.[8]

Conservation

[edit]

Entoloma bloxamii is typical of waxcap grasslands, a declining habitat due to changing agricultural practices. As a result, the species is of global conservation concern and is listed as "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1]

See also

[edit]
Entoloma bloxamii
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Gills on hymenium
Cap is convex
Hymenium is adnexed
Stipe is bare
Spore print is pink
Ecology is saprotrophic
Edibility is not recommended

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Jordal J. (2019). "Entoloma bloxamii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019. IUCN: e.T147245319A147869057. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147245319A147869057.en.
  2. ^ "Entoloma bloxamii". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  3. ^ Thiers, Harry D.; Arora, David (September 1980). "Mushrooms Demystified". Mycologia. 72 (5): 1054. doi:10.2307/3759750. ISSN 0027-5514. JSTOR 3759750.
  4. ^ Holden L. (July 2014). "English names for fungi 2014". British Mycological Society. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  5. ^ a b Schwartz C (2015). "Entoloma medianox, a new name for a common species on the Pacific coast of North America" (PDF).
  6. ^ a b c d Morgado LN, Noordeloos ME, Lamoureux Y, Geml J (2013). "Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses reveal species limits, phylogeographic patterns, and evolutionary histories of key morphological traits in Entoloma (Agaricales, Basidiomycota)". Persoonia. 31: 159–178. doi:10.3767/003158513X673521. PMC 3904048. PMID 24761041.
  7. ^ a b Ainsworth AM, Douglas B, Suz LM (2018). "Big Blue Pinkgills formerly known as Entoloma bloxamii in Britain: E. bloxamii s. str., E. madidum, E. ochreoprunuloides forma hyacinthinum and E. atromadidum sp. nov". Field Mycology. 19 (1): 5–14. doi:10.1016/j.fldmyc.2018.01.004.
  8. ^ Courtecuisse, R. & Duhem, B. (1995) Mushrooms and toadstools of Britain and Europe. Harper Collins, London.
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