Prozostrodontia: Difference between revisions

Prozostrodonts; Temporal range: Late Triassic (Carnian), ; 233.23–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ;
	Skull of Kayentatherium wellesi
	Gaur
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Synapsida
Clade:	Therapsida
Clade:	Cynodontia
Clade:	Probainognathia
Clade:	Prozostrodontia; Liu and Olsen, 2010
Subgroups
	†Agudotherium?; †Alemoatherium; †Santacruzgnathus; †Therioherpeton; †Prozostrodontidae †Prozostrodon; †Pseudotherium; ; †Dromatheriidae; †Tritheledontidae; Mammaliamorpha;

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Prozostrodontia is a clade of cynodonts including mammaliaforms and their closest relatives such as Tritheledontidae and Tritylodontidae. It was erected as a node-based taxon by Liu and Olsen (2010) and defined as the least inclusive clade containing Prozostrodon brasiliensis, Tritylodon langaevus, Pachygenelus monus, and Mus musculus (the house mouse). Prozostrodontia is diagnosed by several characters, including:

Reduced prefrontal and postorbital bones, with the disappearance of a strut of bone called the postorbital bar separating the eye socket from the temporal region
Unfused symphysis between the dentary bones in the lower jaw
The presence of a small hole within the eye socket called the sphenopalatine foramen
A long sagittal crest extending to the rearmost part of the lambdoidal crest at the back of the skull
Neural spines of the dorsal vertebrae angled backward
A convex-shaped iliac crest and a reduced posterior iliac spine on the hip
An acetabular notch on the ischium (a groove in the hip socket)
The position of a small projection called the lesser trochanter close to the head of the femur^[3]

Prozostrodontia includes tritylodontids, which have traditionally been placed within the more primitive cynodont group Cynognathia as distant mammal relatives. It also includes Tritheledontidae, which has long been placed close to mammals. Most previous studies considered Tritheledontidae a valid monophyletic grouping, meaning it was a true clade including all the descendants of a single common ancestor, but Liu and Olsen (2010) found Tritheledontidae to be a paraphyletic series of basal prozostrodontians. Below is a cladogram from Liu and Olsen (2010) showing the phylogenetic position of Prozostrodontia:^[3]

Cynodontia

Luangwa

Scalenodon angustifrons

Scalenodon hirschoni

	Massetognathus

	Exaeretodon

Prozostrodontia

	Tritylodon

	Bienotherium

Brasilodon

Mammalia

Adelobasileus

	Sinoconodon

	Morganucodon

References

^ Martinelli, A. G.; Eltink, E.; Da-Rosa, Á. A. S.; Langer, M. C. (2017). "A new cynodont from the Santa Maria formation, south Brazil, improves Late Triassic probainognathian diversity". Papers in Palaeontology. 3 (3): 401–423. Bibcode:2017PPal....3..401M. doi:10.1002/spp2.1081.
^ Stefanello, M.; Martinelli, A. G.; Müller, R. T.; Dias-da-Silva, S.; Kerber, L. (2023). "A complete skull of a stem mammal from the Late Triassic of Brazil illuminates the early evolution of prozostrodontian cynodonts". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 30 (2): 299–317. doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09648-y.
^ ^a ^b Liu, J.; Olsen, P. (2010). "The Phylogenetic Relationships of Eucynodontia (Amniota: Synapsida)". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 17 (3): 151. doi:10.1007/s10914-010-9136-8.

[Martinelli2017-1] Martinelli, A. G.; Eltink, E.; Da-Rosa, Á. A. S.; Langer, M. C. (2017). "A new cynodont from the Santa Maria formation, south Brazil, improves Late Triassic probainognathian diversity". Papers in Palaeontology. 3 (3): 401–423. Bibcode:2017PPal....3..401M. doi:10.1002/spp2.1081.

[Stefanello2023-2] Stefanello, M.; Martinelli, A. G.; Müller, R. T.; Dias-da-Silva, S.; Kerber, L. (2023). "A complete skull of a stem mammal from the Late Triassic of Brazil illuminates the early evolution of prozostrodontian cynodonts". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 30 (2): 299–317. doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09648-y.

[LO10-3] Liu, J.; Olsen, P. (2010). "The Phylogenetic Relationships of Eucynodontia (Amniota: Synapsida)". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 17 (3): 151. doi:10.1007/s10914-010-9136-8.

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Clade of cynodonts}}
 {{Automatic taxobox
+| name = Prozostrodonts
-| fossil_range = {{fossil range|240|Recent}}
+| fossil_range = [[Late Triassic]] ([[Carnian]]), <br>{{fossil range|233.23|0}}<br />
 | image = Kayentatherium wellesi.jpg
 | image_caption = Skull of ''[[Kayentatherium wellesi]]''
+| image2 = Indian Bison Gobo.jpg
+| image2_caption = [[Gaur]]
+| taxon = Prozostrodontia
 | authority = Liu and Olsen, [[2010 in paleontology|2010]]
 | subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
+| subdivision =
-| display_children = 1
+* {{Extinct}}''[[Agudotherium]]''?
+* {{Extinct}}''[[Alemoatherium]]''
+* {{Extinct}}''[[Santacruzgnathus]]''<ref name="Martinelli2017">{{cite journal |last1=Martinelli |first1=A. G. |last2=Eltink |first2=E. |last3=Da-Rosa |first3=Á. A. S. |last4=Langer |first4=M. C. |title=A new cynodont from the Santa Maria formation, south Brazil, improves Late Triassic probainognathian diversity |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |date=2017 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=401–423 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1081|bibcode=2017PPal....3..401M }}</ref>
+* {{Extinct}}''[[Therioherpeton]]''
+* {{Extinct}}'''Prozostrodontidae'''<ref name="Stefanello2023">{{cite journal |last1=Stefanello |first1=M. |last2=Martinelli |first2=A. G. |last3=Müller |first3=R. T. |last4=Dias-da-Silva |first4=S. |last5=Kerber |first5=L. |title=A complete skull of a stem mammal from the Late Triassic of Brazil illuminates the early evolution of prozostrodontian cynodonts |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |date=2023 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=299–317 |doi=10.1007/s10914-022-09648-y}}</ref>
+** {{Extinct}}''[[Prozostrodon]]''
+** {{Extinct}}''[[Pseudotherium]]''
+* {{Extinct}}[[Dromatheriidae]]
+* {{Extinct}}[[Tritheledontidae]]
+* [[Mammaliamorpha]]
 }}
-'''Prozostrodontia''' is a [[clade]] of [[cynodont]]s including [[mammal]]s and their closest non-[[mammaliform]] relatives such as [[Tritheledontidae]] and [[Tritylodontidae]]. It was erected as a [[node-based taxon]] by Liu and Olsen (2010) and defined as the least inclusive clade containing ''[[Prozostrodon brasiliensis]]'', ''[[Tritylodon langaevus]]'', ''[[Pachygenelus monus]]'', and ''[[Mus musculus]]'' (the house mouse). Prozostrodontia is diagnosed by several characters, including:
+'''Prozostrodontia''' is a [[clade]] of [[cynodont]]s including [[mammaliaform]]s and their closest relatives such as [[Tritheledontidae]] and [[Tritylodontidae]]. It was erected as a [[node-based taxon]] by Liu and Olsen (2010) and defined as the least inclusive clade containing ''[[Prozostrodon brasiliensis]]'', ''[[Tritylodon langaevus]]'', ''[[Pachygenelus monus]]'', and ''[[Mus musculus]]'' (the house mouse). Prozostrodontia is diagnosed by several characters, including:
-* Reduced [[prefrontal bone|prefrontal]] and [[postorbital bone]]s, with a reduction or disappearance of a strut of bone called the [[postorbital bar]] separating the [[Orbit (anatomy)|eye socket]] from the [[Temporal fenestra|temporal region]]
+* Reduced [[prefrontal bone|prefrontal]] and [[postorbital bone]]s, with the disappearance of a strut of bone called the [[postorbital bar]] separating the [[Orbit (anatomy)|eye socket]] from the [[Temporal fenestra|temporal region]]
-* Unconnected [[dentary bone]]s in the lower jaw
+* Unfused [[Mandibular symphysis|symphysis]] between the [[dentary bone]]s in the lower jaw
-* The presence of a small hole in the skull called the [[sphenopalatine foramen]]
+* The presence of a small hole within the [[eye socket]] called the [[sphenopalatine foramen]]
-* A [[sagittal crest]] extending along the top of the skull and connecting with a [[lambdoid suture|lambdoidal crest]] at the back of the skull
+* A long [[sagittal crest]] extending to the rearmost part of the [[lambdoid suture|lambdoidal crest]] at the back of the skull
 * [[Neural spine]]s of the [[dorsal vertebrae]] angled backward
 * A convex-shaped [[iliac crest]] and a reduced [[Posterior superior iliac spine|posterior iliac spine]] on the hip
 * An [[acetabular notch]] on the [[ischium]] (a groove in the hip socket)
-* The position of a small projection called the [[lesser trochanter]] close to the head of the [[femur]]<ref name=LO10>{{Cite journal | last1 = Liu | first1 = J. | last2 = Olsen | first2 = P. | doi = 10.1007/s10914-010-9136-8 | title = The Phylogenetic Relationships of Eucynodontia (Amniota: Synapsida) | journal = Journal of Mammalian Evolution | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 151 | year = 2010 | pmid =  | pmc = }}</ref>
+* The position of a small projection called the [[lesser trochanter]] close to the head of the [[femur]]<ref name=LO10>{{Cite journal | last1 = Liu | first1 = J. | last2 = Olsen | first2 = P. | doi = 10.1007/s10914-010-9136-8 | title = The Phylogenetic Relationships of Eucynodontia (Amniota: Synapsida) | journal = Journal of Mammalian Evolution | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 151 | year = 2010 }}</ref>
 Prozostrodontia includes tritylodontids, which have traditionally been placed within the more primitive cynodont group [[Cynognathia]] as distant mammal relatives. It also includes Tritheledontidae, which has long been placed close to mammals. Most previous studies considered Tritheledontidae a valid [[monophyletic]] grouping, meaning it was a true [[clade]] including all the descendants of a single common ancestor, but Liu and Olsen (2010) found Tritheledontidae to be a [[paraphyletic]] series of basal prozostrodontians. Below is a [[cladogram]] from Liu and Olsen (2010) showing the [[phylogenetic]] position of Prozostrodontia:<ref name=LO10/>
-{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:85%
+{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
 |label1=[[Cynodontia]]&nbsp;
 |1={{clade
    |1=''[[Procynosuchus]]''
@@ Line 75: / Line 90: @@
                                        |2={{clade
                                           |1=''[[Tritylodon]]''
-                                          |2=''[[Beinotherium]]''}} }} }}
+                                          |2=''[[Bienotherium]]''}} }} }}
                                  |2={{clade
                                     |1=''[[Brasilodon]]''
-                                    |label2=[[Mammalia]]
+                                    |label2=[[Mammal]]ia
                                     |2={{clade
                                        |1=''[[Adelobasileus]]''
@@ Line 87: / Line 102: @@
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
 {{Cynodontia|P.}}
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q5852697}}
-[[Category:Cynodonts]]
+[[Category:Prozostrodontia| ]]
+[[Category:Carnian first appearances]]
+[[Category:Extant Late Triassic first appearances]]