Carl Rosa: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Latest revision as of 19:10, 13 May 2024

Carl August Nicholas Rosa (22 March 1842 – 30 April 1889) was a German-born musical impresario best remembered for founding an English opera company known as the Carl Rosa Opera Company. He started his company in 1869 together with his wife, Euphrosyne Parepa-Rosa, and popularised opera in Britain and America, performing standard repertory in English, as well as operas by English composers.

Early life and career

Rosa was born Karl August Nikolaus Rose in Hamburg, Germany, the son of Ludwig Rose, a Hamburg businessman, and Sophie Becker.^[1] His father subsequently took him to Edinburgh. A child prodigy, Rosa toured in Scotland from age 12 to age 16, eventually earning glowing notices.^[2]^[3] Beginning in 1859, he studied at the Conservatorium at Leipzig (where he met and became lifelong friends with Arthur Sullivan)^[3] and, in 1862, in Paris.

In 1863, Rosa was appointed Konzertmeister at Hamburg, where he had occasional opportunities to conduct.^[1] Three years later he visited England, appearing as a soloist at the Crystal Palace. He had considerable success as a conductor both in England and the United States.^[4] He travelled to America in 1866 as a member of a concert troupe promoted by the Baltimore impresario Hezekiah Linthicum Bateman that also included the Scottish operatic soprano Euphrosyne Parepa. During this tour, on 26 February 1867 in New York City, he married Parepa, who became known as Madame Parepa-Rosa.^[5]

In 1869, in collaboration with the Chicago impresario C. D. Hess, the couple formed the Parepa Rosa English Opera Company in New York and toured in America for three seasons, with Parepa as the star and Rosa as the conductor. It brought grand opera to places in America that had never seen any, performing Italian operas in English, which made them more accessible to American audiences. In 1872, the Rosas returned to England and also visited Europe and Egypt.^[5] Rosa changed the spelling of his name after he moved to England, where people took "Rose" as a monosyllable.^[1]

Carl Rosa Opera Company

In 1873 Rosa and his wife started the Carl Rosa Opera Company (the change in name reflecting her pregnancy) with a performance of William Vincent Wallace's Maritana in Manchester on 1 September,^[6] and then toured England and Ireland. Rosa's policy was to present operas in English, and that remained the company's practice.^[7] That year, Rosa invited the dramatist W. S. Gilbert to write a libretto for Rosa to present as part of a planned 1874 season at the Drury Lane Theatre. Gilbert expanded one of the comic Bab Ballads that he had written for Fun magazine^[8] into a one-act libretto titled Trial by Jury.^[9] Parepa died in January 1874; Rosa dropped the project and cancelled his planned 1874 season.^[9]^{[n 1]} Rosa later endowed a Parepa-Rosa scholarship at the Royal Academy of Music in London. He married a second time in 1881.^[4] With his second wife, Josephine (d. 1927), he had four children.^[1]

The company's first London season opened at the Princess's Theatre in September 1875, playing The Marriage of Figaro, with Charles Santley as Figaro and Rose Hersee as Susanna. In 1876, Rosa staged a second London season, which featured the first performance in English of The Flying Dutchman with Santley in the title role.^[6] For the next fifteen years, under Rosa's guidance, the company prospered and earned good notices, with provincial tours and London seasons, frequently in conjunction with Augustus Harris at the Drury Lane Theatre.^[1] Such was the success of the company that at one point three Carl Rosa touring troupes were set up.^[6] Rosa hired Alberto Randegger as the musical director of the company from 1879 to 1885. In 1880, George Grove wrote: "The careful way in which the pieces are put on the stage, the number of rehearsals, the eminence of the performers and the excellence of the performers have begun to bear their legitimate fruit, and the Carl Rosa Opera Company bids fair to become a permanent English institution."^[11] In 1892, Rosa's Grand Opera Company gave a command performance of La fille du régiment at Balmoral Castle.^[6]

Rosa introduced many works of important opera repertoire to England for the first time, performing some 150 different operas over the years. Besides Santley and Hersee, Minnie Hauk, Joseph Maas, Barton McGuckin and Giulia Warwick were some of the famous singers associated with the company during its early years.^[12] Rosa also encouraged and supported new works by English composers. Frederic Hymen Cowen's Pauline (1876), Arthur Goring Thomas's Esmeralda (1883), Alexander Mackenzie's Colomba (1883) and The Troubabour, and Charles Villiers Stanford's The Canterbury Pilgrims (1884) were commissioned by the company. Earlier English operas by Wallace, Balfe and Julius Benedict were also included in the company's repertoire.^[5] An obituarist noted, "He had long looked forward to the time when Sir Arthur Sullivan would have undertaken a grand opera, and to the last had hoped to have been able to produce such a work."^[2] Shortly before his death, Rosa launched a light opera company that debuted with Robert Planquette's Paul Jones.^[1]

Rosa's legacy

Rosa died suddenly in Paris, on 30 April 1889,^[13] and was buried in Highgate Cemetery, London.^[14] Rosa's place in English music was indicated by the number of leading musicians who attended his funeral, including Sullivan, Stanford, Mackenzie and George Grove, together with Richard D'Oyly Carte, George Edwardes and Augustus Harris.^[14]

By the time he died, Rosa had demonstrated that English opera could be an artistic and financial success. In a memorial lecture, the critic Herman Klein said of him, "From an artistic point of view he achieved triumph after triumph; he lifted English opera out of the slough of despond in which it was found in 1875."^[7] Both during his life and after his death, his company had much to do with popularizing opera in England, encouraging native composers and training many singers who went on to international careers.^[4] His company survived his death and continued to perform opera in English until 1960.^[6] A new opera company, using the name, was revived in 1997 under the artistic direction of Peter Mulloy. This company performs Gilbert and Sullivan and other light operas, as well as grand opera.^[11]

Notes, references and sources

Notes

^ In 1875, a competing manager, Richard D'Oyly Carte, produced Trial by Jury with music by Arthur Sullivan.^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Legge, R. H., rev. John Rosselli. "Rosa, Carl August Nicholas (1842–1889)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 14 October 2009
^ ^a ^b The Manchester Guardian, obituary, 1 May 1889, p. 5
^ ^a ^b "The young Carl Rosa's gigs in Scotland", Opera Scotland, September 12, 2012
^ ^a ^b ^c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Rosa, Carl August Nicholas". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 720.
^ ^a ^b ^c "American and British History" Archived 2012-02-08 at the Wayback Machine, www.carlrosaopera.co.uk, 2009
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Rosen, Carol. Carl Rosa Opera Company, Grove Music Online (subscription required), accessed 14 October 2009
^ ^a ^b "Mr. Carl Rosa and English Opera", The Manchester Guardian, 21 June 1889, p. 7
^ Gilbert, W. S. Trial by Jury: An Operetta", 11 April 1868, accessed at The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, 20 May 2018
^ ^a ^b Stedman, p. 121
^ Stedman, pp. 125–128; Ainger, p. 105
^ ^a ^b "A Brief History" Archived 2007-02-03 at the Wayback Machine, carlrosaopera.co.uk, 2009
^ "The Performers" Archived 2017-12-11 at the Wayback Machine, carlrosaopera.co.uk, 2009
^ "Death of Carl Rosa", Daily Gazette For Middlesbrough, 30 April 1889, p. 11
^ ^a ^b "Carl Rosa's Funeral", Daily Gazette For Middlesbrough, 6 May 1889, p. 3

Sources

Ainger, Michael (2002). Gilbert and Sullivan – A Dual Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514769-8.
Stedman, Jane W. (1996). W. S. Gilbert, A Classic Victorian & His Theatre. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-816174-5.

External links

Photos of the Rosas

[11] In 1875, a competing manager, Richard D'Oyly Carte, produced Trial by Jury with music by Arthur Sullivan.^[10]

[dnb-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Legge, R. H., rev. John Rosselli. "Rosa, Carl August Nicholas (1842–1889)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 14 October 2009

[mg-2] The Manchester Guardian, obituary, 1 May 1889, p. 5

[gigs-3] "The young Carl Rosa's gigs in Scotland", Opera Scotland, September 12, 2012

[EB1911-4] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Rosa, Carl August Nicholas". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 720.

[rosa-5] "American and British History" Archived 2012-02-08 at the Wayback Machine, www.carlrosaopera.co.uk, 2009

[grove-6] Rosen, Carol. Carl Rosa Opera Company, Grove Music Online (subscription required), accessed 14 October 2009

[klein-7] "Mr. Carl Rosa and English Opera", The Manchester Guardian, 21 June 1889, p. 7

[8] Gilbert, W. S. Trial by Jury: An Operetta", 11 April 1868, accessed at The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, 20 May 2018

[js-9] Stedman, p. 121

[10] Stedman, pp. 125–128; Ainger, p. 105

[Brief-12] "A Brief History" Archived 2007-02-03 at the Wayback Machine, carlrosaopera.co.uk, 2009

[13] "The Performers" Archived 2017-12-11 at the Wayback Machine, carlrosaopera.co.uk, 2009

[14] "Death of Carl Rosa", Daily Gazette For Middlesbrough, 30 April 1889, p. 11

[DGFM11-15] "Carl Rosa's Funeral", Daily Gazette For Middlesbrough, 6 May 1889, p. 3

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[n 1]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[10]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|German-born English musical impresario}}
-[[Image:carl-rosa-print.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<center>Carl Rosa</center>]]
+[[Image:carl-rosa-print.jpg|thumb|right|200px|{{center|Carl Rosa}}]]
 '''Carl August Nicholas Rosa''' (22 March 1842{{spaced ndash}}30 April 1889) was a German-born musical [[impresario]] best remembered for founding an English opera company known as the [[Carl Rosa Opera Company]].  He started his company in 1869 together with his wife, [[Euphrosyne Parepa-Rosa]], and popularised opera in Britain and America, performing standard repertory in English, as well as operas by English composers.
 ==Early life and career==
-[[File:Parepa-Rosa, Euphrosyne, 1836-1874.jpg|upright|left|thumb|<center>[[Euphrosyne Parepa-Rosa]]<center>]]
+[[File:Jeremiah Gurney - Photograph of Euphrosyne Parepa-Rosa.jpg|upright|left|thumb|{{center|[[Euphrosyne Parepa-Rosa]]}}]]
 Rosa was born '''Karl August Nikolaus Rose''' in [[Hamburg]], Germany, the son of Ludwig Rose, a Hamburg businessman, and Sophie Becker.<ref name=dnb/>  His father subsequently took him to Edinburgh. A child prodigy, Rosa toured in Scotland from age 12 to age 16, eventually earning glowing notices.<ref name=mg>''The Manchester Guardian'', obituary, 1 May 1889, p. 5</ref><ref name=gigs>[http://www.operascotland.org/news/239/The+young+Carl+Rosa%27s+gigs+in+Scotland "The young Carl Rosa's gigs in Scotland"], Opera Scotland, September 12, 2012</ref>  Beginning in 1859, he studied at the Conservatorium at [[Leipzig]] (where he met and became lifelong friends with [[Arthur Sullivan]])<ref name=gigs/> and, in 1862, in Paris.
-In 1863, Rosa was appointed [[Konzertmeister]] at Hamburg, where he had occasional opportunities to conduct.<ref name=dnb>Legge, R. H., rev. John Rosselli. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24080 "Rosa, Carl August Nicholas (1842–1889)",] ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 14 October 2009</ref>  Three years later he visited England, appearing as a soloist at [[the Crystal Palace]].  He had considerable success as a conductor both in England and the United States.  He travelled to America in 1866 as a member of a concert troupe promoted by the Baltimore impresario [[Hezekiah Linthicum Bateman]] that also included the Scottish operatic soprano [[Euphrosyne Parepa-Rosa|Euphrosyne Parepa]].  During this tour, on 26 February 1867 in New York City, he married Parepa, who became known as ''Madame Parepa-Rosa''.<ref name=rosa>[http://www.carlrosaopera.co.uk/history/uk-ushistory.asp "American and British History"], www.carlrosaopera.co.uk, 2009</ref>
+In 1863, Rosa was appointed [[Konzertmeister]] at Hamburg, where he had occasional opportunities to conduct.<ref name=dnb>Legge, R. H., rev. John Rosselli. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24080 "Rosa, Carl August Nicholas (1842–1889)"], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 14 October 2009</ref>  Three years later he visited England, appearing as a soloist at [[the Crystal Palace]].  He had considerable success as a conductor both in England and the United States.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Rosa, Carl August Nicholas|volume=23|page=720}}</ref>  He travelled to America in 1866 as a member of a concert troupe promoted by the Baltimore impresario [[Hezekiah Linthicum Bateman]] that also included the Scottish operatic soprano [[Euphrosyne Parepa-Rosa|Euphrosyne Parepa]].  During this tour, on 26 February 1867 in New York City, he married Parepa, who became known as ''Madame Parepa-Rosa''.<ref name=rosa>[http://www.carlrosaopera.co.uk/history/uk-ushistory.asp "American and British History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208152042/http://www.carlrosaopera.co.uk/history/uk-ushistory.asp |date=2012-02-08 }}, www.carlrosaopera.co.uk, 2009</ref>
 [[File:Carl Rosa 001.jpg|thumb|upright|Carl Rosa in a Jeremiah Gurney photograph]]
@@ Line 13: / Line 14: @@
 ==Carl Rosa Opera Company==
 {{main|Carl Rosa Opera Company}}
-In 1873 Rosa and his wife started the ''Carl Rosa Opera Company'' (the change in name reflecting her pregnancy) with a performance of [[William Vincent Wallace]]'s ''[[Maritana]]'' in [[Manchester]] on 1 September,<ref name=grove>Rosen, Carol. [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/04948 Carl Rosa Opera Company], Grove Music Online (subscription required), accessed 14 October 2009</ref> and then toured England and Ireland.  Rosa's policy was to present operas in English, and that remained the company's practice.<ref name=klein>"Mr. Carl Rosa and English Opera", ''The Manchester Guardian'', 21 June 1889, p. 7</ref>  Also in 1873, dramatist [[W. S. Gilbert]] approached Rosa about producing a short comic opera based on one of Gilbert's [[Bab Ballads]], "[[Trial by Jury|Trial by Jury: An Operetta]]".  Parepa was to play the soprano lead, as part of Rosa's planned season of English opera at the [[Theatre Royal, Drury Lane|Drury Lane Theatre]]. Parepa died in January 1874,<ref name=grove/> however, and the project was dropped (until, in 1875, a competing manager, [[Richard D'Oyly Carte]], produced ''[[Trial by Jury]]'' with music by Arthur Sullivan).  Rosa later endowed a Parepa-Rosa scholarship at the [[Royal Academy of Music]] in London.  He married a second time in 1881.  With his second wife, Josephine (d. 1927), he had four children.<ref name=dnb/>
+In 1873 Rosa and his wife started the ''Carl Rosa Opera Company'' (the change in name reflecting her pregnancy) with a performance of [[William Vincent Wallace]]'s ''[[Maritana]]'' in [[Manchester]] on 1 September,<ref name=grove>Rosen, Carol. [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/04948 Carl Rosa Opera Company], Grove Music Online (subscription required), accessed 14 October 2009</ref> and then toured England and Ireland. Rosa's policy was to present operas in English, and that remained the company's practice.<ref name=klein>"Mr. Carl Rosa and English Opera", ''The Manchester Guardian'', 21 June 1889, p. 7</ref> That year, Rosa invited the dramatist [[W. S. Gilbert]] to write a libretto for Rosa to present as part of a planned 1874 season at the [[Theatre Royal, Drury Lane|Drury Lane Theatre]]. Gilbert expanded one of the comic ''[[Bab Ballads]]'' that he had written for ''[[Fun (magazine)|Fun]]'' magazine<ref>Gilbert, W. S. [http://www.gsarchive.net/bab_ballads/html/trial.html ''Trial by Jury: An Operetta"], 11 April 1868, accessed at The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, 20 May 2018</ref> into a one-act libretto titled ''[[Trial by Jury]]''.<ref name=js>Stedman, p. 121</ref> Parepa died in January 1874; Rosa dropped the project and cancelled his planned 1874 season.<ref name=js/>{{refn|In 1875, a competing manager, [[Richard D'Oyly Carte]], produced ''[[Trial by Jury]]'' with music by Arthur Sullivan.<ref>Stedman, pp. 125–128; Ainger, p. 105</ref>|group= n}} Rosa later endowed a Parepa-Rosa scholarship at the [[Royal Academy of Music]] in London.  He married a second time in 1881.<ref name="EB1911"/> With his second wife, Josephine (d. 1927), he had four children.<ref name=dnb/>
 [[Image:Carl Rosa 2.png|Carl Rosa startled by the bogey of Italian Opera in an 1886 cartoon by [[Alfred Bryan (Illustrator)|Alfred Bryan]]|thumb|left]]
-The company's first London season opened at the [[Princess's Theatre, London|Princess's Theatre]] in September 1875, playing ''[[The Marriage of Figaro]]'', with [[Charles Santley]] as Figaro and [[Rose Hersee]] as Susanna.  In 1876, Rosa staged a second London season, which featured the first performance in English of ''[[The Flying Dutchman (opera)|The Flying Dutchman]]'' with Santley in the title role.<ref name=grove/>  For the next fifteen years, under Rosa's guidance, the company prospered and earned good notices, with provincial tours and London seasons, frequently in conjunction with [[Augustus Harris]] at the [[Theatre Royal, Drury Lane|Drury Lane Theatre]].<ref name=dnb/>  Such was the success of the company that at one point three Carl Rosa touring troupes were set up.<ref name=grove/>  Rosa hired [[Alberto Randegger]] as the musical director of the company from 1879 to 1885.  In 1880, Sir [[George Grove]] wrote: "The careful way in which the pieces are put on the stage, the number of rehearsals, the eminence of the performers and the excellence of the performers have begun to bear their legitimate fruit, and the Carl Rosa Opera Company bids fair to become a permanent English institution."<ref name=Brief>[http://www.carlrosaopera.co.uk/history/index.asp "A Brief History"], carlrosaopera.co.uk, 2009</ref>  In 1892, Rosa's Grand Opera Company gave a [[Royal Command Performance|command performance]] of ''[[La fille du régiment]]'' at [[Balmoral Castle]].<ref name=grove/>
+The company's first London season opened at the [[Princess's Theatre, London|Princess's Theatre]] in September 1875, playing ''[[The Marriage of Figaro]]'', with [[Charles Santley]] as Figaro and [[Rose Hersee]] as Susanna.  In 1876, Rosa staged a second London season, which featured the first performance in English of ''[[The Flying Dutchman (opera)|The Flying Dutchman]]'' with Santley in the title role.<ref name=grove/>  For the next fifteen years, under Rosa's guidance, the company prospered and earned good notices, with provincial tours and London seasons, frequently in conjunction with [[Augustus Harris]] at the [[Theatre Royal, Drury Lane|Drury Lane Theatre]].<ref name=dnb/>  Such was the success of the company that at one point three Carl Rosa touring troupes were set up.<ref name=grove/>  Rosa hired [[Alberto Randegger]] as the musical director of the company from 1879 to 1885.  In 1880, [[George Grove]] wrote: "The careful way in which the pieces are put on the stage, the number of rehearsals, the eminence of the performers and the excellence of the performers have begun to bear their legitimate fruit, and the Carl Rosa Opera Company bids fair to become a permanent English institution."<ref name=Brief>[http://www.carlrosaopera.co.uk/history/index.asp "A Brief History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203070239/http://www.carlrosaopera.co.uk/history/index.asp |date=2007-02-03 }}, carlrosaopera.co.uk, 2009</ref>  In 1892, Rosa's Grand Opera Company gave a [[Royal Command Performance|command performance]] of ''[[La fille du régiment]]'' at [[Balmoral Castle]].<ref name=grove/>
-Rosa introduced many works of important opera repertoire to England for the first time, performing some 150 different operas over the years.  Besides Santley and Hersee, [[Minnie Hauk]], [[Joseph Maas]], [[Barton McGuckin]] and [[Giulia Warwick]] were some of the famous singers associated with the company during its early years.<ref>[http://www.carlrosaopera.co.uk/history/opera-company.asp "The Performers"], carlrosaopera.co.uk, 2009</ref>  Rosa also encouraged and supported new works by English composers. [[Frederic Hymen Cowen]]'s ''Pauline'' (1876), [[Arthur Goring Thomas]]'s ''[[Esmeralda (opera)|Esmeralda]]'' (1883), [[Alexander Mackenzie (composer)|Alexander Mackenzie]]'s  ''Colomba'' (1883) and ''The Troubabour'', and [[Charles Villiers Stanford]]'s ''The Canterbury Pilgrims'' (1884) were commissioned by the company.  Earlier English operas by Wallace, [[Michael William Balfe|Balfe]] and [[Julius Benedict]] were also included in the company's repertoire.<ref name=rosa/>  An obituarist noted, "He had long looked forward to the time when Sir Arthur Sullivan would have undertaken a grand opera, and to the last had hoped to have been able to produce such a work."<ref name=mg/>  Shortly before his death, Rosa launched a light opera company that debuted with [[Robert Planquette]]'s ''Paul Jones''.<ref name=dnb/>
+Rosa introduced many works of important opera repertoire to England for the first time, performing some 150 different operas over the years.  Besides Santley and Hersee, [[Minnie Hauk]], [[Joseph Maas]], [[Barton McGuckin]] and [[Giulia Warwick]] were some of the famous singers associated with the company during its early years.<ref>[http://www.carlrosaopera.co.uk/history/opera-company.asp "The Performers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211104951/http://www.carlrosaopera.co.uk/history/opera-company.asp |date=2017-12-11 }}, carlrosaopera.co.uk, 2009</ref>  Rosa also encouraged and supported new works by English composers. [[Frederic Hymen Cowen]]'s ''Pauline'' (1876), [[Arthur Goring Thomas]]'s ''[[Esmeralda (opera)|Esmeralda]]'' (1883), [[Alexander Mackenzie (composer)|Alexander Mackenzie]]'s  ''Colomba'' (1883) and ''The Troubabour'', and [[Charles Villiers Stanford]]'s ''The Canterbury Pilgrims'' (1884) were commissioned by the company.  Earlier English operas by Wallace, [[Michael William Balfe|Balfe]] and [[Julius Benedict]] were also included in the company's repertoire.<ref name=rosa/>  An obituarist noted, "He had long looked forward to the time when Sir Arthur Sullivan would have undertaken a grand opera, and to the last had hoped to have been able to produce such a work."<ref name=mg/>  Shortly before his death, Rosa launched a light opera company that debuted with [[Robert Planquette]]'s ''Paul Jones''.<ref name=dnb/>
+[[Image:Carl Rosa.png|thumb|right|Tomb of Rosa, his second wife Josephine and daughter Violet, [[Highgate Cemetery]], London]]
 ==Rosa's legacy==
-[[Image:Carl Rosa.gif|thumb|right|Tomb of Carl Rosa, his second wife Josephine and daughter Violet, [[Highgate Cemetery]], London.]]
 Rosa died suddenly in Paris, on 30 April 1889,<ref>"Death of Carl Rosa", ''Daily Gazette For Middlesbrough'', 30 April 1889, p. 11</ref> and was buried in [[Highgate Cemetery]], London.<ref name=DGFM11>"Carl Rosa's Funeral", ''Daily Gazette For Middlesbrough'', 6 May 1889, p. 3</ref>  Rosa's place in English music was indicated by the number of leading musicians who attended his funeral, including Sullivan, Stanford, Mackenzie and [[George Grove]], together with Richard D'Oyly Carte, [[George Edwardes]] and [[Augustus Harris]].<ref name=DGFM11/>
-By the time he died, Rosa had demonstrated that English opera could be an artistic and financial success.  In a memorial lecture, the critic [[Herman Klein]] said of him, "From an artistic point of view he achieved triumph after triumph; he lifted English opera out of the slough of despond in which it was found in 1875."<ref name=klein/>  Both during his life and after his death, his company had much to do with popularizing opera in England, encouraging native composers and training many singers who went on to international careers.  His company survived his death and continued to perform opera in English until 1960.<ref name=grove/>  A new opera company, using the name, was revived in 1997 under the artistic direction of Peter Mulloy.  This company performs [[Gilbert and Sullivan]] and other light operas, as well as [[grand opera]].<ref name=Brief/>
+By the time he died, Rosa had demonstrated that English opera could be an artistic and financial success.  In a memorial lecture, the critic [[Herman Klein]] said of him, "From an artistic point of view he achieved triumph after triumph; he lifted English opera out of the slough of despond in which it was found in 1875."<ref name=klein/>  Both during his life and after his death, his company had much to do with popularizing opera in England, encouraging native composers and training many singers who went on to international careers.<ref name="EB1911"/>  His company survived his death and continued to perform opera in English until 1960.<ref name=grove/>  A new opera company, using the name, was revived in 1997 under the artistic direction of Peter Mulloy.  This company performs [[Gilbert and Sullivan]] and other light operas, as well as [[grand opera]].<ref name=Brief/>
-==Notes==
+==Notes, references and sources==
-{{reflist}}
+===Notes===
+{{Reflist|group=n}}
+===References===
+{{Reflist}}
+===Sources===
+* {{cite book | last=Ainger | first=Michael | year=2002 | title=Gilbert and Sullivan &ndash; A Dual Biography | location=Oxford | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | isbn=978-0-19-514769-8}}
+* {{cite book|last=Stedman|first=Jane W.|year=1996|title=W. S. Gilbert, A Classic Victorian & His Theatre|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-816174-5}}
 ==Further reading==
@@ Line 37: / Line 47: @@
 ==External links==
-*[http://www.historicopera.com/jearly_gurney_page1.htm Photos of the Rosas]
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061210095216/http://www.historicopera.com/jearly_gurney_page1.htm Photos of the Rosas]
+{{Authority control}}
-{{Authority control|VIAF=21852517}}
-{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
-| NAME              = Rosa, Carl August
-| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
-| SHORT DESCRIPTION = German-British opera manager
-| DATE OF BIRTH     = 1842
-| PLACE OF BIRTH    =
-| DATE OF DEATH     = 1889
-| PLACE OF DEATH    =
-}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Rosa, Carl August}}
-[[Category:Opera managers]]
+[[Category:German opera managers]]
-[[Category:Impresarios]]
+[[Category:German impresarios]]
+[[Category:German emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
 [[Category:People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan]]
 [[Category:1842 births]]

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States
People	Deutsche Biographie
Other	SNAC