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{{Short description|Component of Xylem}} |
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[[File:Tracheid of oak (from Marshall Ward).png|thumb|150px|Tracheid of [[oak]] shows [[Glossary of botanical terms#pit|pits]] along the walls. It |
[[File:Tracheid of oak (from Marshall Ward).png|thumb|150px|Tracheid of [[oak]] shows [[Glossary of botanical terms#pit|pits]] along the walls. It has no [[Glossary of botanical terms#perforation plate|perforation plates]].]] |
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A '''tracheid''' is a long and tapered [[Lignin|lignified]] cell in the [[xylem]] of [[Tracheophyta|vascular plants]]. It is a type of conductive cell called a tracheary element. [[Angiosperms]] use another type of conductive cell, called [[vessel element]]s, to transport water through the xylem. The main functions of tracheid cells are to [[Transpiration|transport water and inorganic salts]], and to provide structural support for trees. There are often [[Pit (botany)|pits]] on the [[cell walls]] of tracheids, which allows for water flow between cells. Tracheids are dead at functional maturity and do not have a [[protoplast]]. The [[wood]] ([[softwood]]) of [[gymnosperm]]s such as pines and other [[conifer]]s is mainly composed of tracheids.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cuny|first1=Henri E.|last2=Rathgeber|first2=Cyrille B. K.|last3=Frank|first3=David|last4=Fonti|first4=Patrick|last5=Fournier|first5=Meriem|date=2014|title=Kinetics of tracheid development explain conifer tree-ring structure|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nph.12871|journal=New Phytologist|language=en|volume=203|issue=4|pages=1231–1241|doi=10.1111/nph.12871|pmid=24890661|s2cid=22862428 |issn=1469-8137}}</ref> Tracheids are also the main conductive cells in the primary xylem of [[fern]]s.<ref name="Pittermann-2011">{{Cite journal|last1=Pittermann|first1=Jarmila|last2=Limm|first2=Emily|last3=Rico|first3=Christopher|last4=Christman|first4=Mairgareth A.|date=2011|title=Structure–function constraints of tracheid-based xylem: a comparison of conifers and ferns|journal=New Phytologist|language=en|volume=192|issue=2|pages=449–461|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03817.x|pmid=21749396|issn=1469-8137|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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'''Tracheids''' are elongated [[cell (biology)|cell]]s in the [[xylem]] of [[vascular plant]]s that serve in the transport of water and mineral salts. Tracheids are one of two types of [[tracheary element]]s, [[vessel element]]s being the other. Tracheids, unlike vessel elements, do not have [[Glossary of botanical terms#perforation plate|perforation plates]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Esau |first=K. |year=1977 |title=Anatomy of Seed Plants |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |location=New York |edition=2nd |isbn=0-471-24520-8 }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The tracheid was first named by the German botanist Carl Gustav Sanio in 1863, from the German ''Tracheide''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sanio|first=C.|year=1863|title=Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Elementarorgane des Holzkörpers|journal=Bot. Zeitung|volume=21|pages=85–91; 93–98; 101–111|issn=2509-5420}}</ref> |
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All tracheary elements develop a thick lignified cell wall, and at maturity the [[protoplast]] has broken down and disappeared.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Peter A. Raven |author2=Ray F. Evert |author3=Susan E. Eichhorn |year=1999|title=Biology of Plants|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company|pages=576–577|isbn=1-57259-611-2|nopp=}}</ref> The presence of tracheary elements is the defining characteristic of vascular plants to differentiate them from [[non-vascular plant]]s. The two major functions that tracheids may fulfill are contributing to the transport system and providing structural support. The secondary walls have thickenings in various forms—as annular rings; as continuous helices (called helical or spiral); as a network (called reticulate); as transverse nets (called scalariform); or, as extensive thickenings except in the region of pits (called pitted).<ref>{{citation |url=http://preuniversity.grkraj.org/html/3_PLANT_ANATOMY.htm |title=Plant Cell Biology: Pre-University |chapter=Plant anatomy |author=G. R. Kantharaj |accessdate=2 October 2014}}</ref> |
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== Evolution == |
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Tracheids provide most of the structural support in [[softwood]]s, where they are the major cell type. |
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Tracheids were the main conductive cells found in early vascular plants. |
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In the first 140-150 million years of vascular plant evolution, tracheids were the only type of conductive cells found in fossils of plant xylem tissues.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sperry|first=John S.|date=2003-05-01|title=Evolution of Water Transport and Xylem Structure|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/368398|journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences|volume=164|issue=S3|pages=S115–S127|doi=10.1086/368398|s2cid=15314720|issn=1058-5893}}</ref> Ancestral tracheids did not contribute significantly to structural support, as can be seen in extant ferns.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sperry|first1=John S.|last2=Hacke|first2=Uwe G.|last3=Pittermann|first3=Jarmila|date=2006|title=Size and function in conifer tracheids and angiosperm vessels|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.3732/ajb.93.10.1490|journal=American Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=93|issue=10|pages=1490–1500|doi=10.3732/ajb.93.10.1490|pmid=21642096|issn=1537-2197}}</ref> |
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Because tracheids have a much higher surface to volume ratio compared to vessel elements, they serve to hold water against gravity (by [[adhesion]]) when [[transpiration]] is not occurring. This is likely one mechanism that helps plants prevent [[air embolism]]s. |
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The [[fossil]] record shows three different types of tracheid cells found in early plants, which were classified as S-type, G-type and P-type. The first two of them were lignified and had pores to facilitate the transportation of water between cells. The P-type tracheid cells had pits similar to extant plant tracheids. Later, more complex pits appeared, such as bordered pits on many tracheids, which allowed plants to transport water between cells while reducing the risk of cavitation and embolisms in the xylem. |
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| ⚫ | The |
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As tracheids evolved along with secondary xylem tissues, specialized inter-tracheid pits appeared.<ref name="Pittermann-2011"/> Tracheid length and diameter also increased, with tracheid diameter increasing to an average length of 80 μm by the end of the [[Devonian]] period.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Niklas|first=Karl J.|title=The Evolution of Tracheid Diameter in Early Vascular Plants and ITS Implications on the Hydraulic Conductance of the Primary Xylem Strand|date=September 1985|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28561493/|journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution|volume=39|issue=5|pages=1110–1122|doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00451.x|issn=1558-5646|pmid=28561493|s2cid=13045808}}</ref> |
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Tracheids then evolved into the vessel elements and structural fibers that make up angiosperm wood.<ref name="Pittermann-2011"/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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* Wilson |
*{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=K. |first2=D. J. B. |last2=White |year=1986 |title=The Anatomy of Wood: Its Diversity and Variability |publisher=Stobart & Son Ltd |location=London |isbn=0-85442-033-9 }} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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[[Category:Plant anatomy]] |
[[Category:Plant anatomy]] |
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Latest revision as of 20:38, 14 May 2024
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A tracheid is a long and tapered lignified cell in the xylem of vascular plants. It is a type of conductive cell called a tracheary element. Angiosperms use another type of conductive cell, called vessel elements, to transport water through the xylem. The main functions of tracheid cells are to transport water and inorganic salts, and to provide structural support for trees. There are often pits on the cell walls of tracheids, which allows for water flow between cells. Tracheids are dead at functional maturity and do not have a protoplast. The wood (softwood) of gymnosperms such as pines and other conifers is mainly composed of tracheids.[1] Tracheids are also the main conductive cells in the primary xylem of ferns.[2]
The tracheid was first named by the German botanist Carl Gustav Sanio in 1863, from the German Tracheide.[3]
Evolution
[edit]Tracheids were the main conductive cells found in early vascular plants.
In the first 140-150 million years of vascular plant evolution, tracheids were the only type of conductive cells found in fossils of plant xylem tissues.[4] Ancestral tracheids did not contribute significantly to structural support, as can be seen in extant ferns.[5]
The fossil record shows three different types of tracheid cells found in early plants, which were classified as S-type, G-type and P-type. The first two of them were lignified and had pores to facilitate the transportation of water between cells. The P-type tracheid cells had pits similar to extant plant tracheids. Later, more complex pits appeared, such as bordered pits on many tracheids, which allowed plants to transport water between cells while reducing the risk of cavitation and embolisms in the xylem.
As tracheids evolved along with secondary xylem tissues, specialized inter-tracheid pits appeared.[2] Tracheid length and diameter also increased, with tracheid diameter increasing to an average length of 80 μm by the end of the Devonian period.[6]
Tracheids then evolved into the vessel elements and structural fibers that make up angiosperm wood.[2]
References
[edit]- ^ Cuny, Henri E.; Rathgeber, Cyrille B. K.; Frank, David; Fonti, Patrick; Fournier, Meriem (2014). "Kinetics of tracheid development explain conifer tree-ring structure". New Phytologist. 203 (4): 1231–1241. doi:10.1111/nph.12871. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 24890661. S2CID 22862428.
- ^ a b c Pittermann, Jarmila; Limm, Emily; Rico, Christopher; Christman, Mairgareth A. (2011). "Structure–function constraints of tracheid-based xylem: a comparison of conifers and ferns". New Phytologist. 192 (2): 449–461. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03817.x. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 21749396.
- ^ Sanio, C. (1863). "Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Elementarorgane des Holzkörpers". Bot. Zeitung. 21: 85–91, 93–98, 101–111. ISSN 2509-5420.
- ^ Sperry, John S. (2003-05-01). "Evolution of Water Transport and Xylem Structure". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 164 (S3): S115–S127. doi:10.1086/368398. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 15314720.
- ^ Sperry, John S.; Hacke, Uwe G.; Pittermann, Jarmila (2006). "Size and function in conifer tracheids and angiosperm vessels". American Journal of Botany. 93 (10): 1490–1500. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.10.1490. ISSN 1537-2197. PMID 21642096.
- ^ Niklas, Karl J. (September 1985). "The Evolution of Tracheid Diameter in Early Vascular Plants and ITS Implications on the Hydraulic Conductance of the Primary Xylem Strand". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 39 (5): 1110–1122. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00451.x. ISSN 1558-5646. PMID 28561493. S2CID 13045808.
Further reading
[edit]- Wilson, K.; White, D. J. B. (1986). The Anatomy of Wood: Its Diversity and Variability. London: Stobart & Son Ltd. ISBN 0-85442-033-9.
External links
[edit]
- Pictures of softwood tracheids in cross section and in maceration; both in pine.
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