Ghost surgery: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Surgery nonconsensually performed by a substitute surgeon}} |
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A ghost surgery is a surgery in which the person who performs the operation, the "ghost surgeon" or "ghost doctor |
A '''ghost surgery''' is a surgery in which the person who performs the operation, the "ghost surgeon" or "ghost doctor", is not the surgeon that was hired for and is credited with the operation. The ghost doctor substitutes the hired surgeon while the patient is unconscious from [[anesthesia]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last1=Seo |first1=Yoonjung |last2=Hollingsworth |first2=Julia |date=11 April 2021 |title=In South Korea, patients pay for a star plastic surgeon – and get operated by a ghost doctor |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/10/asia/south-korea-ghost-doctors-plastic-surgery-intl-hnk-dst/index.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Yoon |first=John |date=13 May 2022 |title=South Korea Turns to Surveillance as 'Ghost Surgeries' Shake Faith in Hospitals |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/13/world/asia/south-korea-cameras-ghost-surgery.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Ghost doctors are often unlicensed and unqualified to perform the operations they are hired for.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Hong |first1=Seung Eun |last2=Hong |first2=Min Ki |last3=Park |first3=Bo Young |last4=Woo |first4=Kyong Jae |last5=Kang |first5=So Ra |date=2018 |title=Is the "ghost surgery" the subject of legal punishment in Korea? |journal=Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research |language=en |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=167–173 |doi=10.4174/astr.2018.94.4.167 |issn=2288-6575 |pmc=5880973 |pmid=29629350}}</ref> Ghost surgery is widely considered to be unethical.<ref name=":12" /> |
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Today, ghost surgery is particularly common in the [[Cosmetic surgery in South Korea|South Korean cosmetic surgery industry]], in which it is "rampant."<ref name=":0" /> |
Today, ghost surgery is particularly common in the [[Cosmetic surgery in South Korea|South Korean cosmetic surgery industry]], in which it is "rampant."<ref name=":0" /> |
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== History == |
== History == |
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The term "ghost surgery" was originally used to refer to qualified surgeons performing operations in the place of the unqualified physicians credited with the operation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Rosenfeld |first=Neill |date=February 1, 1978 |title=Report Criticizes 'Ghost Surgery' |pages=7Q |work=Newsday}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 14, 1952 |title=Doctor Unit Bars 'Ghost Surgeons' |pages=29 |work=New York Times}}</ref> By the late 1970s, following multiple highly |
The term "ghost surgery" was originally used to refer to qualified surgeons performing operations in the place of the unqualified physicians credited with the operation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Rosenfeld |first=Neill |date=February 1, 1978 |title=Report Criticizes 'Ghost Surgery' |pages=7Q |work=Newsday}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 14, 1952 |title=Doctor Unit Bars 'Ghost Surgeons' |pages=29 |work=New York Times}}</ref> By the late 1970s, following multiple highly publicized cases of medical equipment [[salesmen]] participating in surgery, it came to refer to multiple kinds of scenarios in which one individual substitutes the officially credited surgeon in an operation.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=M. K. |date=May 1980 |title=Ghost surgery |journal=Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=412–414|pmid=6929212 |pmc=1805169 }}</ref> |
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The Lifflander Report, a 1978 investigation commissioned by Speaker of the State Assembly of New York [[Stanley Steingut]], found that 50-95% of surgeries were performed by [[Residency (medicine)|residents]] |
The Lifflander Report, a 1978 investigation commissioned by Speaker of the State Assembly of New York [[Stanley Steingut]], found that 50-95% of surgeries in teaching hospitals were performed by [[Residency (medicine)|residents]] under supervision, rather than by the lead surgeon. The report concluded that this generally does not decrease the quality of care, and is necessary for medical students to gain experience. However, patients typically do not understand and are not properly notified of the extent to which persons besides the lead surgeon will participate in the surgery.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Dunn |first=Debra |date=December 2015 |title=Ghost Surgery: A Frank Look at the Issue and How to Address It |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1016/j.aorn.2015.10.003 |journal=AORN Journal |language=en |volume=102 |issue=6 |pages=602–616 |doi=10.1016/j.aorn.2015.10.003|pmid=26616321 }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> |
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Ghost surgery has continued as a practice into the present day; most reports of ghost surgery in the United States involve associates or residents performing operations to a greater extent than the patient consented to.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Shelton |first=Deborah L. |date=2012-09-29 |title= |
Ghost surgery has continued as a practice into the present day; most reports of ghost surgery in the United States involve associates or residents performing operations to a greater extent than the patient consented to.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Shelton |first=Deborah L. |date=2012-09-29 |title='Ghost surgery': When your surgeon isn't the one you expected |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/health/ghost-surgery-when-your-surgeon-isnt-the-one-you-expected/ |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=The Seattle Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Peter |date=2020-09-18 |title='Ghost surgery' and Informed Consent Fraud is Common |url=https://www.americanpatient.org/ghost-surgery-and-informed-consent-fraud-is-common/ |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=APRA |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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In [[South Korea]], ghost surgery boomed in the 2010s with the increase |
In [[South Korea]], ghost surgery boomed in the 2010s with the increase in demand for [[plastic surgery]], following the government's promotion of [[Medical tourism in South Korea|medical tourism]]. Ghost surgeries allow surgeons to double-book operations and otherwise maximize the number of patients they accept.<ref name=":4" /> Reports of ghost surgery in South Korea often involve dentists, nurses, or salespeople. One former ghost doctor reported that most substitutes were dentists.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /> |
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== Prevalence == |
== Prevalence == |
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{{See also|Cosmetic surgery in South Korea}} |
{{See also|Cosmetic surgery in South Korea}} |
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As ghost surgeries are untracked, it is unclear how common they are. Patients typically discover a ghost surgery took place after undergoing an unsuccessful operation.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> |
As ghost surgeries are untracked, it is unclear how common they are. Patients typically discover a ghost surgery took place after undergoing an unsuccessful operation.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> |
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Hospital records from [[Parkland Memorial Hospital|Parkland Hospital]] in 2007-2008 showed that there were 161 surgeries in which residents operated for some time without supervision. Of these surgeries, 18% of the time the surgeon was not present for any part of the operation. Overall, across these surgeries, the surgeon was absent from 83% of the total operating time.<ref |
Hospital records from [[Parkland Memorial Hospital|Parkland Hospital]] in 2007-2008 showed that there were 161 surgeries in which residents operated for some time without supervision. Of these surgeries, 18% of the time the surgeon was not present for any part of the operation. Overall, across these surgeries, the surgeon was absent from 83% of the total operating time.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Huffman |first1=Charlotte |last2=Smith |first2=Mark |date=November 21, 2019 |title='Ghost surgery': Is the doctor you chose the one holding the scalpel? Maybe not |work=WFAA |url=https://www.wfaa.com/article/news/local/investigates/ghost-surgery-is-the-doctor-you-chose-the-one-holding-the-scalpel-maybe-not/287-021c2a6f-b66d-4ddf-bb61-b347e181d97f}}</ref> |
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Ghost surgeries are "rampant" in the South Korean cosmetic surgery industry today, and |
Ghost surgeries are "rampant" in the South Korean cosmetic surgery industry today, and are increasingly common nationwide in other areas such as spinal surgeries.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /> The Korean Society of Plastic Surgeons estimated that there were about 100,000 victims of ghost surgery in South Korea between 2008 and 2014. About five patients died during ghost surgeries in South Korea between 2014 and 2022.<ref name=":4" /> |
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== High |
== High profile cases == |
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=== Franklin Mirando === |
=== Franklin Mirando === |
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In 1975, William MacKay, the general sales manager of a prosthetics company, participated in the bone surgery of Franklin Mirando |
In 1975, William MacKay, the general sales manager of a prosthetics company, participated in the bone surgery of Franklin Mirando at the request of the lead surgeons, David Lipton and Harold Massoff.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Peterson |first=Iver |date=1977-11-02 |title=2 L. I. Doctors Reported Indicted; Salesman Allegedly Aided Surgery |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/02/archives/2-li-doctors-reported-indicted-salesman-allegedly-aided-surgery-2.html |access-date=2023-03-04 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> MacKay had never gone to high school and had no medical training, but was interested in surgery; by the time of Mirando's operation, he had been frequently involved in surgical procedures, especially in those where prosthetics his company sold were involved.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=Spring 1979 |title=Book Review Section: Salesman Surgeon, by William MacKay |pages=13 |work=Medicolegal News}}</ref> |
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MacKay was present for Mirando's operation while his hip was replaced, using equipment from his company.<ref name=":8" /> Feeling that his advice was being ignored by Lipton and Massoff, he left to go golfing, but was called back to operating room by Lipton and Massoff when it was discovered the implant had come loose.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Shawn G. |date=September 17, 1980 |title=$1 Million Settles Lawsuit For Medical Malpractice |pages=B2 |work=New York Times}}</ref> MacKay spent three and a half hours operating.<ref name=":2" /> It was later found that medical records had been manipulated to remove evidence of MacKay's participation in the operation.<ref name=":8" /> |
MacKay was present for Mirando's operation while his hip was replaced, using equipment from his company.<ref name=":8" /> Feeling that his advice was being ignored by Lipton and Massoff, he left to go golfing, but was called back to the operating room by Lipton and Massoff when it was discovered the implant had come loose.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Shawn G. |date=September 17, 1980 |title=$1 Million Settles Lawsuit For Medical Malpractice |pages=B2 |work=New York Times}}</ref> MacKay spent three and a half hours operating.<ref name=":2" /> It was later found that medical records had been manipulated to remove evidence of MacKay's participation in the operation.<ref name=":8" /> |
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Mirando, who had been permanently crippled by the 10-hour operation, filed a $2 million malpractice suit against Lipton, Massoff, and Smithtown General Hospital; the case was settled out of court for $1 million in 1980.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9" /> He stated that he was unaware of MacKay's |
Mirando, who had been permanently crippled by the 10-hour operation, filed a $2 million malpractice suit against Lipton, Massoff, and Smithtown General Hospital; the case was settled out of court for $1 million in 1980.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9" /> He stated that he was unaware of MacKay's involvement when suing and that he filed the suit because the surgery had only worsened his condition.<ref name=":9" /> |
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Lipton and Massoff were indicted for allowing a non-licensed person to practice medicine and for manipulation of medical records, but charges were dropped in 1978, after the District Attorney spearheading the investigation was defeated for re-election.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> |
Lipton and Massoff were indicted for allowing a non-licensed person to practice medicine and for manipulation of medical records, but charges were dropped in 1978, after the District Attorney spearheading the investigation was defeated for re-election.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> |
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=== Kwon Dae-hee === |
=== Kwon Dae-hee === |
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In October 2016, university student Kwon Dae-hee died from excessive bleeding after undergoing a jawline surgery partially conducted by a ghost doctor.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last=Muzaffar |first=Maroosha |date=September 1, 2021 |title=How South Korea lost faith in its surgeons |work=Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/east-asia/south-korea-surgeons-cctv-operating-rooms-b1911681.html}}</ref> |
In October 2016, university student Kwon Dae-hee died from excessive bleeding after undergoing a jawline surgery partially conducted by a ghost doctor.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last=Muzaffar |first=Maroosha |date=September 1, 2021 |title=How South Korea lost faith in its surgeons |work=Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/east-asia/south-korea-surgeons-cctv-operating-rooms-b1911681.html}}</ref> |
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Kwon had been bullied in high school for his chin shape and was insecure about his appearance; he booked his cosmetic surgery after seeing an ad for Center A, a well-known cosmetic surgery clinic in Seoul at the time. His family was not aware of the surgery until Kwon's subsequent hospitalization.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":10" /> |
Kwon had been bullied in high school for his chin shape and was insecure about his appearance; he booked his cosmetic surgery after seeing an ad for Center A, a well-known cosmetic surgery clinic in Seoul at the time. His family was not aware of the surgery until Kwon's subsequent hospitalization.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":10" /> |
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After reviewing [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] footage of the surgery, Kwon's mother found that much of the operation took place with a general doctor, rather than the hired surgeon, in charge, and portions of the operation were performed by nursing assistants with neither doctor nor surgeon present.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> |
After reviewing [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] footage of the surgery, Kwon's mother found that much of the operation took place with a general doctor, rather than the hired surgeon, in charge, and portions of the operation were performed by nursing assistants with neither doctor nor surgeon present.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> The hired surgeon, who had been explicitly advertised as performing surgeries from start to finish, was carrying out operations on multiple patients at the same time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Park |first=Han-na |date=Jul 29, 2020 |title=Do you trust your surgeon? |work=[[The Korea Herald]] |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200728000894}}</ref> |
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After the surgery, both doctors went home. Kwon lost over 3.5 liters of blood, over three times the amount later reported by the medical staff; the unsupervised assistants had to mop the bloodied floor over a dozen times.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":10" /> Kwon was transferred to the hospital that night, and died seven weeks later.<ref name=":3" /> |
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| ⚫ | Following Kwon's death, his mother protested regularly in front of the [[Korea National Assembly Proceeding Hall]] to call for a bill, sometimes known as the "Kwon Dae-hee bill |
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| ⚫ | Following Kwon's death, his mother protested regularly in front of the [[Korea National Assembly Proceeding Hall]] to call for a bill, sometimes known as the "Kwon Dae-hee bill", that mandates the installation of security cameras in operating rooms.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last=Cha |first=Sangmi |date=August 31, 2021 |title=South Korean lawmakers mandate cameras in operating rooms after surgery deaths |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/south-korean-lawmakers-vote-cameras-operating-rooms-after-surgery-deaths-2021-08-30/}}</ref> The bill was passed in August 2021, in part due to the public response to Kwon's death.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> The bill received objections from doctors, hospitals and medical groups, including the [[Korea Medical Association|Korean Medical Association]], claiming that the cameras in the operating rooms would undermine trust in doctors, violate patient privacy and discourage doctors from taking risks to save lives. A poll by the Anti‑Corruption and Civil Rights Commission found that 97.9% of respondents supported the bill.<ref name=":11" /> |
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Ghost surgery was included in the plot of ''[[Squid Game]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yoon |first=John |date=2022-05-13 |title=South Korea Turns to Surveillance as 'Ghost Surgeries' Shake Faith in Hospitals |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/13/world/asia/south-korea-cameras-ghost-surgery.html |access-date=2023-02-19 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=Fears about ghost surgeries were a plot point in the Korean Netflix hit “Squid Game.”}}</ref> |
Ghost surgery was included in the plot of ''[[Squid Game]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yoon |first=John |date=2022-05-13 |title=South Korea Turns to Surveillance as 'Ghost Surgeries' Shake Faith in Hospitals |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/13/world/asia/south-korea-cameras-ghost-surgery.html |access-date=2023-02-19 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=Fears about ghost surgeries were a plot point in the Korean Netflix hit “Squid Game.”}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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<references /> |
<references /> |
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[[Category:Surgery]] |
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[[Category:Medical procedures]] |
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[[Category:Medicine in South Korea]] |
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[[Category:Plastic surgery]] |
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[[Category:Medical malpractice]] |
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[[Category:Manslaughter]] |
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[[Category:Statutory law]] |
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Latest revision as of 03:02, 15 May 2024
A ghost surgery is a surgery in which the person who performs the operation, the "ghost surgeon" or "ghost doctor", is not the surgeon that was hired for and is credited with the operation. The ghost doctor substitutes the hired surgeon while the patient is unconscious from anesthesia.[1][2] Ghost doctors are often unlicensed and unqualified to perform the operations they are hired for.[1][3] Ghost surgery is widely considered to be unethical.[4]
Today, ghost surgery is particularly common in the South Korean cosmetic surgery industry, in which it is "rampant."[3]
History
[edit]The term "ghost surgery" was originally used to refer to qualified surgeons performing operations in the place of the unqualified physicians credited with the operation.[5][6] By the late 1970s, following multiple highly publicized cases of medical equipment salesmen participating in surgery, it came to refer to multiple kinds of scenarios in which one individual substitutes the officially credited surgeon in an operation.[5][7]
The Lifflander Report, a 1978 investigation commissioned by Speaker of the State Assembly of New York Stanley Steingut, found that 50-95% of surgeries in teaching hospitals were performed by residents under supervision, rather than by the lead surgeon. The report concluded that this generally does not decrease the quality of care, and is necessary for medical students to gain experience. However, patients typically do not understand and are not properly notified of the extent to which persons besides the lead surgeon will participate in the surgery.[4][7]
Ghost surgery has continued as a practice into the present day; most reports of ghost surgery in the United States involve associates or residents performing operations to a greater extent than the patient consented to.[8][9]
In South Korea, ghost surgery boomed in the 2010s with the increase in demand for plastic surgery, following the government's promotion of medical tourism. Ghost surgeries allow surgeons to double-book operations and otherwise maximize the number of patients they accept.[2] Reports of ghost surgery in South Korea often involve dentists, nurses, or salespeople. One former ghost doctor reported that most substitutes were dentists.[1][2][3]
Prevalence
[edit]As ghost surgeries are untracked, it is unclear how common they are. Patients typically discover a ghost surgery took place after undergoing an unsuccessful operation.[8][9]
Hospital records from Parkland Hospital in 2007-2008 showed that there were 161 surgeries in which residents operated for some time without supervision. Of these surgeries, 18% of the time the surgeon was not present for any part of the operation. Overall, across these surgeries, the surgeon was absent from 83% of the total operating time.[10]
Ghost surgeries are "rampant" in the South Korean cosmetic surgery industry today, and are increasingly common nationwide in other areas such as spinal surgeries.[1][2][3] The Korean Society of Plastic Surgeons estimated that there were about 100,000 victims of ghost surgery in South Korea between 2008 and 2014. About five patients died during ghost surgeries in South Korea between 2014 and 2022.[2]
High profile cases
[edit]Franklin Mirando
[edit]In 1975, William MacKay, the general sales manager of a prosthetics company, participated in the bone surgery of Franklin Mirando at the request of the lead surgeons, David Lipton and Harold Massoff.[7][11] MacKay had never gone to high school and had no medical training, but was interested in surgery; by the time of Mirando's operation, he had been frequently involved in surgical procedures, especially in those where prosthetics his company sold were involved.[7][12]
MacKay was present for Mirando's operation while his hip was replaced, using equipment from his company.[12] Feeling that his advice was being ignored by Lipton and Massoff, he left to go golfing, but was called back to the operating room by Lipton and Massoff when it was discovered the implant had come loose.[12][13] MacKay spent three and a half hours operating.[7] It was later found that medical records had been manipulated to remove evidence of MacKay's participation in the operation.[12]
Mirando, who had been permanently crippled by the 10-hour operation, filed a $2 million malpractice suit against Lipton, Massoff, and Smithtown General Hospital; the case was settled out of court for $1 million in 1980.[11][13] He stated that he was unaware of MacKay's involvement when suing and that he filed the suit because the surgery had only worsened his condition.[13]
Lipton and Massoff were indicted for allowing a non-licensed person to practice medicine and for manipulation of medical records, but charges were dropped in 1978, after the District Attorney spearheading the investigation was defeated for re-election.[12][13]
Kwon Dae-hee
[edit]In October 2016, university student Kwon Dae-hee died from excessive bleeding after undergoing a jawline surgery partially conducted by a ghost doctor.[1][2][14]
Kwon had been bullied in high school for his chin shape and was insecure about his appearance; he booked his cosmetic surgery after seeing an ad for Center A, a well-known cosmetic surgery clinic in Seoul at the time. His family was not aware of the surgery until Kwon's subsequent hospitalization.[1][14]
After reviewing CCTV footage of the surgery, Kwon's mother found that much of the operation took place with a general doctor, rather than the hired surgeon, in charge, and portions of the operation were performed by nursing assistants with neither doctor nor surgeon present.[1][2] The hired surgeon, who had been explicitly advertised as performing surgeries from start to finish, was carrying out operations on multiple patients at the same time.[15]
After the surgery, both doctors went home. Kwon lost over 3.5 liters of blood, over three times the amount later reported by the medical staff; the unsupervised assistants had to mop the bloodied floor over a dozen times.[1][14] Kwon was transferred to the hospital that night, and died seven weeks later.[1]
Kwon's family won 430 million won in damages against the clinic in 2019.[1] The surgeon in the case was sentenced in 2021 to three years of prison for involuntary manslaughter.[2]
Following Kwon's death, his mother protested regularly in front of the Korea National Assembly Proceeding Hall to call for a bill, sometimes known as the "Kwon Dae-hee bill", that mandates the installation of security cameras in operating rooms.[1][16] The bill was passed in August 2021, in part due to the public response to Kwon's death.[14][16] The bill received objections from doctors, hospitals and medical groups, including the Korean Medical Association, claiming that the cameras in the operating rooms would undermine trust in doctors, violate patient privacy and discourage doctors from taking risks to save lives. A poll by the Anti‑Corruption and Civil Rights Commission found that 97.9% of respondents supported the bill.[16]
In popular culture
[edit]Ghost surgery was included in the plot of Squid Game.[17]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Seo, Yoonjung; Hollingsworth, Julia (11 April 2021). "In South Korea, patients pay for a star plastic surgeon – and get operated by a ghost doctor". CNN. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Yoon, John (13 May 2022). "South Korea Turns to Surveillance as 'Ghost Surgeries' Shake Faith in Hospitals". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
- ^ a b c d Hong, Seung Eun; Hong, Min Ki; Park, Bo Young; Woo, Kyong Jae; Kang, So Ra (2018). "Is the "ghost surgery" the subject of legal punishment in Korea?". Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research. 94 (4): 167–173. doi:10.4174/astr.2018.94.4.167. ISSN 2288-6575. PMC 5880973. PMID 29629350.
- ^ a b Dunn, Debra (December 2015). "Ghost Surgery: A Frank Look at the Issue and How to Address It". AORN Journal. 102 (6): 602–616. doi:10.1016/j.aorn.2015.10.003. PMID 26616321.
- ^ a b Rosenfeld, Neill (February 1, 1978). "Report Criticizes 'Ghost Surgery'". Newsday. pp. 7Q.
- ^ "Doctor Unit Bars 'Ghost Surgeons'". New York Times. May 14, 1952. p. 29.
- ^ a b c d e Holmes, M. K. (May 1980). "Ghost surgery". Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 54 (4): 412–414. PMC 1805169. PMID 6929212.
- ^ a b Shelton, Deborah L. (2012-09-29). "'Ghost surgery': When your surgeon isn't the one you expected". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
- ^ a b Hunt, Peter (2020-09-18). "'Ghost surgery' and Informed Consent Fraud is Common". APRA. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
- ^ Huffman, Charlotte; Smith, Mark (November 21, 2019). "'Ghost surgery': Is the doctor you chose the one holding the scalpel? Maybe not". WFAA.
- ^ a b Peterson, Iver (1977-11-02). "2 L. I. Doctors Reported Indicted; Salesman Allegedly Aided Surgery". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
- ^ a b c d e "Book Review Section: Salesman Surgeon, by William MacKay". Medicolegal News. Spring 1979. p. 13.
- ^ a b c d Kennedy, Shawn G. (September 17, 1980). "$1 Million Settles Lawsuit For Medical Malpractice". New York Times. pp. B2.
- ^ a b c d Muzaffar, Maroosha (September 1, 2021). "How South Korea lost faith in its surgeons". Independent.
- ^ Park, Han-na (Jul 29, 2020). "Do you trust your surgeon?". The Korea Herald.
- ^ a b c Cha, Sangmi (August 31, 2021). "South Korean lawmakers mandate cameras in operating rooms after surgery deaths". Reuters.
- ^ Yoon, John (2022-05-13). "South Korea Turns to Surveillance as 'Ghost Surgeries' Shake Faith in Hospitals". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-02-19.
Fears about ghost surgeries were a plot point in the Korean Netflix hit "Squid Game."