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{{Use British English|date=August 2016}}
{{other people|Chris Freeman}}
{{other people|Chris Freeman}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox economist
{{Infobox economist
| name = Christopher Freeman
| name = Christopher Freeman
| school_tradition = [[Schumpeterian]]
| school_tradition = [[Schumpeterian]]
| image = Freeman_by_Santhosh.png
| image =
| institution = [[Science Policy Research Unit]]
| institution = [[Science Policy Research Unit]]
| field = Science Policy and Innovation
| field = Science Policy and Innovation
| influences = [[Karl Marx]]<br>[[Joseph Schumpeter]]<br>[[John Desmond Bernal]]
| influences = [[Karl Marx]]<br>[[Joseph Schumpeter]]<br>[[John Desmond Bernal]]
| influenced = [[Keith Pavitt]]<br>[[Carlota Perez]]<br>[[Mary Kaldor]]<br>[[Luc Soete]]<br>[[Giorgio Sirilli]]<br>[[Giovanni Dosi]]<br>[[B.-Å. Lundvall]]<br>[[Daniele Archibugi]]<br>[[Jan Fagerberg]]|birth_date={{Birth date|1921|09|11|df=yes}}|death_date={{Death date and age|2010|08|16|1921|09|11|df=yes}}
|birth_date={{Birth date|1921|09|11|df=yes}}|death_date={{Death date and age|2010|08|16|1921|09|11|df=yes}}
|awards=Bernal Prize (1987), [[Schumpeter Prize]] (1988), Prix International du Futuroscope (1993), World Technology Network Award for Policy (2001), Silver [[Kondratieff Medal]] (2007)
|awards=Bernal Prize (1987), [[Schumpeter Prize]] (1988), Prix International du Futuroscope (1993), World Technology Network Award for Policy (2001), Silver [[Kondratieff Medal]] (2007)
|nationality=British
|nationality=British
|spouses={{plainlist|
|spouses={{marriage|Peggotty Selson| |1971|end=her death}}<br />{{marriage|Margaret Young| | |end=div}}<br />{{marriage|[[Carlota Perez]]|2007||end=}}
* {{marriage|Peggotty Selson| |1971|end=her death}}
* {{marriage|Margaret Young| | |end=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Carlota Perez]]|2007||end=}}
}}
|birth_place=[[Sheffield]], [[England]]|death_place=[[Lewes]], [[England]]}}
|birth_place=[[Sheffield]], [[England]]|death_place=[[Lewes]], [[England]]}}


'''Christopher Freeman''' (11 September 1921 – 16 August 2010)<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://blog.openinnovation.net/2010/08/chris-freeman-1921-2010.html | title=Chris Freeman, 1921-2010}}</ref> a [[British people|British]] [[economist]], recognised as one of the founders of the post-war school of Innovation Studies. He played a lead role in the development of the [[Joseph Schumpeter|neo-Schumpeterian]] tradition focusing on the crucial role of innovation for economic development and of scientific and technological activities for well-being<ref>Jan Toporowski and
'''Christopher Freeman''' (11 September 1921 – 16 August 2010)<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://blog.openinnovation.net/2010/08/chris-freeman-1921-2010.html | title=Chris Freeman, 1921-2010 | access-date=16 August 2010 | archive-date=20 August 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820013650/http://blog.openinnovation.net/2010/08/chris-freeman-1921-2010.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> was a [[British people|British]] [[economist]], recognised as one of the founders of the post-war school of Innovation Studies. He played a lead role in the development of the [[Neo-Schumpeterian economics|neo-Schumpeterian]] tradition focusing on the crucial role of innovation for economic development and of scientific and technological activities for well-being.<ref>Jan Toporowski and
Alan Freeman, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-christopher-freeman-influential-economist-whose-radical-views-gave-him-a-healthy-suspicion-of-capitalism-2125514.html Professor Christopher Freeman: Influential economist whose radical views gave him a healthy suspicion of capitalism] [[The Independent]], Friday 5 November 2010.</ref><ref name=":0" />.
Alan Freeman, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-christopher-freeman-influential-economist-whose-radical-views-gave-him-a-healthy-suspicion-of-capitalism-2125514.html Professor Christopher Freeman: Influential economist whose radical views gave him a healthy suspicion of capitalism] [[The Independent]], Friday 5 November 2010.</ref><ref name=":0" />


Freeman was the founder and first Director, from 1966 to 1982, of [[SPRU]], the [[Science Policy Research Unit]] of the [[University of Sussex]], England, and RM Phillips Professor of Science Policy and later Professor Emeritus of at the University of Sussex<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of SPRU|url=https://www.sussex.ac.uk/business-school/people-and-departments/spru/about/history|access-date=25/02/2022|website=History of SPRU}}</ref>. In 1986, on his formal retirement, he became visiting professor at the [[Aalborg University]] in Denmark and professorial fellow at the now [[Maastricht University]] in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/7987544/Christopher-Freeman.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Christopher Freeman | date=7 September 2010}}</ref>
Freeman was the founder and first Director, from 1966 to 1982, of [[SPRU]], the [[Science Policy Research Unit]] of the [[University of Sussex]], England, and RM Phillips Professor of Science Policy and later Professor Emeritus of at the University of Sussex.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of SPRU|url=https://www.sussex.ac.uk/business-school/people-and-departments/spru/about/history|access-date=2022-02-25|website=History of SPRU}}</ref> In 1986, on his formal retirement, he became visiting professor at the [[Aalborg University]] in Denmark and professorial fellow at the now [[Maastricht University]] in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/7987544/Christopher-Freeman.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Christopher Freeman | date=7 September 2010}}</ref>


With various colleagues, Freeman made pioneering contributions to Innovation Studies in a number of respects. As consultant for the OECD, he was responsible for the development of 'The Frascati Manual', the first program designed to collect and standardize the statistics on [[R&D]] which resulted in the development of now commonly-used science and technology indicators at OECD<ref>{{Cite book|first=Directorate for Scientific Affairs|title=The Measurement of Scientific and Technical Activities - Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Development|publisher=OECD|year=1963|pages=6|citation=It was decided at the meeting of the "Ad Hoc" Group in February 1962 to convene a Study Conference on the Technical problems of R. and D. measurement. In preparation for this Conference the Directorate for Scientific Affairs appointed a consultant, Mr.
With various colleagues, Freeman made pioneering contributions to Innovation Studies in a number of respects. As consultant for the OECD, he was responsible for the development of 'The Frascati Manual', the first program designed to collect and standardize the statistics on [[R&D]] which resulted in the development of now commonly-used science and technology indicators at OECD.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Directorate for Scientific Affairs|title=The Measurement of Scientific and Technical Activities - Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Development|publisher=OECD|year=1963|pages=6}}</ref> He helped to shape a tradition of research into firm-based innovation during the early 1970s and was a prominent participant in the discussion around the influential Club of Rome's Limits to Growth Report, arguing presciently that the response to [[environmental degradation]] required a reformulation of the character of economic growth rather than the elimination of economic growth.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/731665|title=Thinking about the future: a critique of The limits to growth;|publisher=Chatto & Windus for Sussex University Press|year=1973|isbn=0-85621-018-8|editor-last=Cole|editor-first=H. S. D.|location=London|oclc=731665|editor-last2=Freeman|editor-first2=Chris|editor-last3=Jahoda|editor-first3=Marie|editor-last4=Pavitt|editor-first4=Keith L. R.}}</ref> With colleagues he played a lead role in recognising the historic significance of the development of microelectronic based technologies. This matured into the development of what has come to be called the Techno-Economic Paradigm theory of long waves, building on [[Kondratiev wave|Kondratieff long wave theory]]. In collaboration with [[Carlota Perez]] (whom he subsequently married), [[Luc Soete]] and [[Francisco Louçã]] he made path-breaking contributions to this field.
C. Freeman, to prepare a draft document which was then circulated to Member countries in the Autumn of 1962 and revised in the light of their comments. This Manual was discussed, revised and unanimously accepted by experts from the O.E.C.D. Member countries at a meeting held at Frascati, Italy, from 17th-21st June, 1963.}}</ref>. He helped to shape a tradition of research into firm-based innovation during the early 1970s and was a prominent participant in the discussion around the influential Club of Rome’s Limits to Growth Report, arguing presciently that the response to environmental degradation required a reformulation of the character of economic growth rather than the elimination of economic growth<ref>{{Cite book|last=University of Sussex. Science Policy Research Unit|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/731665|title=Thinking about the future: a critique of The limits to growth;|date=1973|publisher=Chatto & Windus for Sussex University Press|others=H. S. D. Cole|isbn=0-85621-018-8|location=London,|oclc=731665}}</ref>. With colleagues he played a lead role in recognising the historic significance of the development of microelectronic based technologies. This matured into the development of what has come to be called the Techno-Economic Paradigm theory of long waves, building on [[Kondratiev wave|Kondratieff long wave theory]]. In collaboration with [[Carlota Perez]] (whom he subsequently married), [[Luc Soete]] and [[Francisco Louçã]] he made path-breaking contributions to this field.


In the early 1990s, together with [[B.-Å. Lundvall]], Freeman developed the concept of [[National System of Innovation]]<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last=Kaldor|first=Mary|title=Christopher Freeman obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2010/sep/08/christopher-freeman-obituary|newspaper=The Guardian|date=8 September 2010|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lundvall|first=Bengt‐Åke|date=2007-02|title=National Innovation Systems—Analytical Concept and Development Tool|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13662710601130863|journal=Industry & Innovation|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=95–119|doi=10.1080/13662710601130863|issn=1366-2716}}</ref> which is widely used to understand the multiple drivers of innovation paths in different countries, regions and sectors. Throughout his career and influenced by [[J. D. Bernal|John Desmond Bernal]], his mentor at the [[London School of Economics]] where he studied after demobilisation after World War II, Freeman fused an analysis of the determinants of innovation in contemporary capitalism with an abiding interest in the social shaping and impact of economic growth<ref>{{Cite book|last=Freeman|first=Christopher|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25713361|title=The economics of hope : essays on technical change, economic growth, and the environment|date=1992|publisher=Pinter Publishers|isbn=1-85567-083-6|location=London|oclc=25713361}}</ref>. As a natural consequence of this, Freeman had a deep commitment to the understanding and promotion of an equitable path of economic growth in the developing world (as seen in the [[Sussex Manifesto]]).
In the early 1990s, together with [[B.-Å. Lundvall]], Freeman developed the concept of [[National System of Innovation]]<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last=Kaldor|first=Mary|title=Christopher Freeman obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2010/sep/08/christopher-freeman-obituary|newspaper=The Guardian|date=8 September 2010|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lundvall|first=Bengt‐Åke|date=February 2007|title=National Innovation Systems—Analytical Concept and Development Tool|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13662710601130863|journal=Industry & Innovation|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=95–119|doi=10.1080/13662710601130863|s2cid=7663829 |issn=1366-2716}}</ref> which is widely used to understand the multiple drivers of innovation paths in different countries, regions and sectors. Throughout his career and influenced by [[J. D. Bernal|John Desmond Bernal]], his mentor at the [[London School of Economics]] where he studied after demobilisation after World War II, Freeman fused an analysis of the determinants of innovation in contemporary capitalism with an abiding interest in the social shaping and impact of economic growth.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Freeman|first=Christopher|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25713361|title=The economics of hope : essays on technical change, economic growth, and the environment|date=1992|publisher=Pinter Publishers|isbn=1-85567-083-6|location=London|oclc=25713361}}</ref> As a natural consequence of this, Freeman had a deep commitment to the understanding and promotion of an equitable path of economic growth in the developing world (as seen in the [[Sussex Manifesto]]).


As a consequence of these significant and wide-ranging contributions, Freeman interacted with and mentored a number of economists and social scientists such as Geoffrey Oldham<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bell|first=Martin|date=26 November 2017|title=Geoffrey Oldham obituary|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/nov/26/geoffrey-oldham-obituary|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>, [[Keith Pavitt]], [[Luc Soete]], [[Carlota Perez]], [[B.-Å. Lundvall]], [[Francisco Louçã]], Martin Bell, [[Daniele Archibugi]], [[Giovanni Dosi]], [[Julian Perry Robinson]] and [[Jan Fagerberg]]. His intellectual legacy has extended to almost every continent through SPRU graduates, some of whom have applied his thinking to the role of innovation in development in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. Programs that have their origins in his work can be traced at leading public policy institutions such as the [[Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs]] at [[Harvard Kennedy School]], where one of his influential African students [[Calestous Juma]] played a leading role.
As a consequence of these significant and wide-ranging contributions, Freeman interacted with and mentored a number of economists and social scientists such as Geoffrey Oldham,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bell|first=Martin|date=26 November 2017|title=Geoffrey Oldham obituary|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/nov/26/geoffrey-oldham-obituary|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> [[Keith Pavitt]], [[Luc Soete]], [[Carlota Perez]], [[B.-Å. Lundvall]], [[Francisco Louçã]], Martin Bell, [[Daniele Archibugi]], [[Giovanni Dosi]], [[Julian Perry Robinson]] and [[Jan Fagerberg]]. His intellectual legacy has extended to almost every continent through SPRU graduates, some of whom have applied his thinking to the role of innovation in development in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. Programs that have their origins in his work can be traced at leading public policy institutions such as the [[Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs]] at [[Harvard Kennedy School]], where one of his influential African students [[Calestous Juma]] played a leading role.


== Awards and honours ==
== Awards and honours ==
Freeman held several honorary doctorates including those from the Universities of [[Linköping University|Linköping]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brighton.ac.uk/alumni/our-alumni/honorary-graduates/index.aspx |title=Honorary doctors at Linköping University |access-date=16 Jan 2022}}</ref> [[University of Sussex|Sussex]], [[Middlesex University|Middlesex]], [[University of Birmingham|Birmingham]], [[University of Brighton|Brighton]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brighton.ac.uk/alumni/our-alumni/honorary-graduates/index.aspx |title=Honorary graduates |access-date=16 Jan 2022}}</ref> . He received the 1987 Bernal Prize,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.4sonline.org/prize/earlier-bernal-prize-winners/ |title=Earlier Bernal Prize Winners |access-date=16 Jan 2022}}</ref> the 1988 [[Schumpeter Prize]], and the 1993 Prix International du Futuroscope. In 2007 he was awarded with the Silver [[Kondratieff Medal]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ikf2010.ru/index.php?id=32_0_1_0_C |title=The International N. D. Kondratieff Foundation |access-date=29 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195235/http://www.ikf2010.ru/index.php?id=32_0_1_0_C |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> by [[International N. D. Kondratiev Foundation|the International N. D. Kondratieff Foundation]] and the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (RAEN).
Freeman held several honorary doctorates including those from the Universities of [[Linköping University|Linköping]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brighton.ac.uk/alumni/our-alumni/honorary-graduates/index.aspx |title=Honorary doctors at Linköping University |access-date=16 Jan 2022}}</ref> [[University of Sussex|Sussex]], [[Middlesex University|Middlesex]], [[University of Birmingham|Birmingham]], [[University of Brighton|Brighton]],.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brighton.ac.uk/alumni/our-alumni/honorary-graduates/index.aspx |title=Honorary graduates |access-date=16 Jan 2022}}</ref> He received the 1987 Bernal Prize,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.4sonline.org/prize/earlier-bernal-prize-winners/ |title=Earlier Bernal Prize Winners |date=6 October 2020 |access-date=16 Jan 2022}}</ref> the 1988 [[Schumpeter Prize]], and the 1993 Prix International du Futuroscope. In 2007 he was awarded with the Silver [[Kondratieff Medal]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ikf2010.ru/index.php?id=32_0_1_0_C |title=The International N. D. Kondratieff Foundation |access-date=29 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195235/http://www.ikf2010.ru/index.php?id=32_0_1_0_C |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> by [[International N. D. Kondratiev Foundation|the International N. D. Kondratieff Foundation]] and the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (RAEN).


The [[SPRU|Freeman Centre]] building in [[Brighton]], former home to [[CENTRIM]] and [[SPRU]], is named after him.
The [[SPRU|Freeman Centre]] building in [[Brighton]], former home to [[CENTRIM]] and [[SPRU]], is named after him.


==Selected Publications==
==Selected publications==
*Developing science, technology and innovation indicators: What we can learn from the past, Research Policy, 2009, vol. 38, issue 4, pages 583-589 (with Luc L. Soete), [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733309000237 doi:10.1016/j.respol.2009.01.018]
*Developing science, technology and innovation indicators: What we can learn from the past, Research Policy, 2009, vol. 38, issue 4, pages 583-589 (with Luc L. Soete), [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733309000237 doi:10.1016/j.respol.2009.01.018]
*''Systems of Innovation: Selected Essays in Evolutionary Economics'', Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2008.
*''Systems of Innovation: Selected Essays in Evolutionary Economics'', Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2008.
Line 44: Line 47:
==Works on Freeman==
==Works on Freeman==
*Technology and the Human Prospect: Essays in Honour of Christopher Freeman edited by Roy MacLeod. London: Pinter Pub Ltd (1986)
*Technology and the Human Prospect: Essays in Honour of Christopher Freeman edited by Roy MacLeod. London: Pinter Pub Ltd (1986)
*Mammo Muchie; [https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2011.575688 Christopher Freeman: the founder and doyen of the economics of innovation theory] ''Innovation and Development'', Volume 1, Issue 1, 2011, pages 135-150.
*Mammo Muchie; [https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2011.575688 Christopher Freeman: the founder and doyen of the economics of innovation theory] ''Innovation and Development'', Volume 1, Issue 1, 2011, pages 135–150.
*Jan Fagerberg, Morten Fosaas, Martin Bell and Ben R. Martin; [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.06.011 Christopher Freeman: social science entrepreneur] ''Research Policy'', Volume 40, Issue 7, September 2011, Pages 897-916.
*Jan Fagerberg, Morten Fosaas, Martin Bell and Ben R. Martin; [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.06.011 Christopher Freeman: social science entrepreneur] ''Research Policy'', Volume 40, Issue 7, September 2011, Pages 897–916.


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 09:38, 16 May 2024

Christopher Freeman
Born(1921-09-11)11 September 1921
Died16 August 2010(2010-08-16) (aged 88)
NationalityBritish
Spouses
Peggotty Selson
(died 1971)
Margaret Young
(divorced)
(after 2007)
Academic career
FieldScience Policy and Innovation
InstitutionScience Policy Research Unit
School or
tradition
Schumpeterian
InfluencesKarl Marx
Joseph Schumpeter
John Desmond Bernal
AwardsBernal Prize (1987), Schumpeter Prize (1988), Prix International du Futuroscope (1993), World Technology Network Award for Policy (2001), Silver Kondratieff Medal (2007)

Christopher Freeman (11 September 1921 – 16 August 2010)[1] was a British economist, recognised as one of the founders of the post-war school of Innovation Studies. He played a lead role in the development of the neo-Schumpeterian tradition focusing on the crucial role of innovation for economic development and of scientific and technological activities for well-being.[2][3]

Freeman was the founder and first Director, from 1966 to 1982, of SPRU, the Science Policy Research Unit of the University of Sussex, England, and RM Phillips Professor of Science Policy and later Professor Emeritus of at the University of Sussex.[4] In 1986, on his formal retirement, he became visiting professor at the Aalborg University in Denmark and professorial fellow at the now Maastricht University in the Netherlands.[5]

With various colleagues, Freeman made pioneering contributions to Innovation Studies in a number of respects. As consultant for the OECD, he was responsible for the development of 'The Frascati Manual', the first program designed to collect and standardize the statistics on R&D which resulted in the development of now commonly-used science and technology indicators at OECD.[6] He helped to shape a tradition of research into firm-based innovation during the early 1970s and was a prominent participant in the discussion around the influential Club of Rome's Limits to Growth Report, arguing presciently that the response to environmental degradation required a reformulation of the character of economic growth rather than the elimination of economic growth.[7] With colleagues he played a lead role in recognising the historic significance of the development of microelectronic based technologies. This matured into the development of what has come to be called the Techno-Economic Paradigm theory of long waves, building on Kondratieff long wave theory. In collaboration with Carlota Perez (whom he subsequently married), Luc Soete and Francisco Louçã he made path-breaking contributions to this field.

In the early 1990s, together with B.-Å. Lundvall, Freeman developed the concept of National System of Innovation[3][8] which is widely used to understand the multiple drivers of innovation paths in different countries, regions and sectors. Throughout his career and influenced by John Desmond Bernal, his mentor at the London School of Economics where he studied after demobilisation after World War II, Freeman fused an analysis of the determinants of innovation in contemporary capitalism with an abiding interest in the social shaping and impact of economic growth.[9] As a natural consequence of this, Freeman had a deep commitment to the understanding and promotion of an equitable path of economic growth in the developing world (as seen in the Sussex Manifesto).

As a consequence of these significant and wide-ranging contributions, Freeman interacted with and mentored a number of economists and social scientists such as Geoffrey Oldham,[10] Keith Pavitt, Luc Soete, Carlota Perez, B.-Å. Lundvall, Francisco Louçã, Martin Bell, Daniele Archibugi, Giovanni Dosi, Julian Perry Robinson and Jan Fagerberg. His intellectual legacy has extended to almost every continent through SPRU graduates, some of whom have applied his thinking to the role of innovation in development in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. Programs that have their origins in his work can be traced at leading public policy institutions such as the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard Kennedy School, where one of his influential African students Calestous Juma played a leading role.

Awards and honours

[edit]

Freeman held several honorary doctorates including those from the Universities of Linköping,[11] Sussex, Middlesex, Birmingham, Brighton,.[12] He received the 1987 Bernal Prize,[13] the 1988 Schumpeter Prize, and the 1993 Prix International du Futuroscope. In 2007 he was awarded with the Silver Kondratieff Medal[14] by the International N. D. Kondratieff Foundation and the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (RAEN).

The Freeman Centre building in Brighton, former home to CENTRIM and SPRU, is named after him.

Selected publications

[edit]
  • Developing science, technology and innovation indicators: What we can learn from the past, Research Policy, 2009, vol. 38, issue 4, pages 583-589 (with Luc L. Soete), doi:10.1016/j.respol.2009.01.018
  • Systems of Innovation: Selected Essays in Evolutionary Economics, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2008.
  • As Time Goes By: From the Industrial Revolutions to the Information Revolution (co-author with Francisco Louçã), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • The Economics of Industrial Innovation, 3rd edn. (co-author with Luc Soete), Pinter, London, 1997.
  • Work for All or Mass Unemployment?: Computerised Technical Change in the Twenty-First Century, (co-author with Luc Soete), Pinter Pub Ltd, 1994.
  • The Economics of Hope: Essays on Technical Change, Economic Growth, and the Environment, Pinter Pub Ltd, 1992.
  • Technology Policy and Economic Performance: Lessons from Japan, Pinter Pub Ltd, 1987.
  • Unemployment and Technical Innovation: A Study of Long Waves and Economic Development, (co-author with John Clark and Luc Soete), Greenwood Press, 1982.

Works on Freeman

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Chris Freeman, 1921-2010". Archived from the original on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
  2. ^ Jan Toporowski and Alan Freeman, Professor Christopher Freeman: Influential economist whose radical views gave him a healthy suspicion of capitalism The Independent, Friday 5 November 2010.
  3. ^ a b Kaldor, Mary (8 September 2010). "Christopher Freeman obituary". The Guardian. London.
  4. ^ "History of SPRU". History of SPRU. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  5. ^ "Christopher Freeman". The Daily Telegraph. London. 7 September 2010.
  6. ^ Directorate for Scientific Affairs (1963). The Measurement of Scientific and Technical Activities - Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Development. OECD. p. 6.
  7. ^ Cole, H. S. D.; Freeman, Chris; Jahoda, Marie; Pavitt, Keith L. R., eds. (1973). Thinking about the future: a critique of The limits to growth;. London: Chatto & Windus for Sussex University Press. ISBN 0-85621-018-8. OCLC 731665.
  8. ^ Lundvall, Bengt‐Åke (February 2007). "National Innovation Systems—Analytical Concept and Development Tool". Industry & Innovation. 14 (1): 95–119. doi:10.1080/13662710601130863. ISSN 1366-2716. S2CID 7663829.
  9. ^ Freeman, Christopher (1992). The economics of hope : essays on technical change, economic growth, and the environment. London: Pinter Publishers. ISBN 1-85567-083-6. OCLC 25713361.
  10. ^ Bell, Martin (26 November 2017). "Geoffrey Oldham obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  11. ^ "Honorary doctors at Linköping University". Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  12. ^ "Honorary graduates". Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  13. ^ "Earlier Bernal Prize Winners". 6 October 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  14. ^ "The International N. D. Kondratieff Foundation". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
[edit]