Zimbabwe Defence Forces: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Combined military forces of Zimbabwe}} |
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{{More footnotes|date=July 2008}} |
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{{Infobox national military |
{{Infobox national military |
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| name = Zimbabwe Defence |
| name = Zimbabwe Defence forces |
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| native_name = |
| native_name = Mauto eZimbabwe |
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| image = [[File:Flag of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces.svg|250px]] |
| image = [[File:Flag of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces.svg|250px]] |
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| alt = |
| alt = |
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<!-- Manpower --> |
<!-- Manpower --> |
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| age = |
| age = |
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| conscription = |
| conscription = N/A |
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| manpower_data = 2017 |
| manpower_data = 2017 |
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| manpower_age = |
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| deployed = |
| deployed = |
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<!-- Financial --> |
<!-- Financial --> |
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| amount = $ |
| amount = $1.7 billion (2022){{sfn|IISS|2019|p=499}} |
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| percent_GDP = 2.16% (2018){{sfn|IISS|2019|p=499}} |
| percent_GDP = 2.16% (2018){{sfn|IISS|2019|p=499}} |
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<!-- Industrial --> |
<!-- Industrial --> |
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| domestic_suppliers = |
| domestic_suppliers = |
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| foreign_suppliers = {{flag|Russia}}<ref>https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/24457/as-the-u-s-disengages-russia-ramps-up-aid-and-arms-sales-to-sub-saharan-africa</ref> |
| foreign_suppliers = {{flag|Russia}}<br>{{China}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/24457/as-the-u-s-disengages-russia-ramps-up-aid-and-arms-sales-to-sub-saharan-africa|title=As the U.S. Disengages, Russia Ramps up Aid and Arms Sales to Sub-Saharan Africa}}</ref> |
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The '''Zimbabwe Defence Forces''' ('''ZDF''') are the [[military forces]] responsible for the defence of [[Zimbabwe]] against external threats from other countries, and also to suppress internal armed factions. It is composed of the [[Zimbabwe National Army]] (ZNA) and the [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] (AFZ). (As a [[landlocked country]] Zimbabwe does not have a navy). Since December 2017 the ZDF is headed by General [[Philip Valerio Sibanda]]. |
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The '''[[Zimbabwe]] Defence Forces''' ('''ZDF''') are composed of the [[Zimbabwe National Army]] (ZNA) and the [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] (AFZ). As a [[landlocked country]], Zimbabwe has no navy. The most senior commander of the ZDF is General [[Philip Valerio Sibanda]]. At the time of independence after the [[Rhodesian Bush War]], the then Prime Minister [[Robert Mugabe]] declared that integrating [[Zimbabwe]]'s three armed forces would be one of Zimbabwe's top priorities. The existing [[Rhodesian Army]] was combined with the two guerrilla armies; the 20,000-strong [[Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army]] (ZANLA) forces of [[Zimbabwe African National Union]]-PF and the 15,000-strong [[Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army]] (ZIPRA) forces of PF-[[Zimbabwe African People's Union]]. The current manpower stands at an estimated strength of 29,000 in the Army, and an estimated 4,000 in the Air Force. Since the Rhodesian Bush War, the armed forces has been mostly involved with the suppression of non-state armed cells in a number of operations. |
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==Ministry of Defence== |
==Ministry of Defence== |
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==Manpower== |
==Manpower== |
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In 2007, the Zimbabwe National Army had an estimated strength of 29,000 and the Air Force of Zimbabwe had an estimated 4,000 men assigned.<ref |
In 2007, the Zimbabwe National Army had an estimated strength of 29,000 and the Air Force of Zimbabwe had an estimated 4,000 men assigned.<ref |
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name=IISS2007>{{cite book|author=The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)| |
name=IISS2007>{{cite book|author=The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)|author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2007 |year=2007 |publisher=Routledge Journals |
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|location=[[Abingdon, Oxfordshire|Abingdon]] |isbn=978-1-85743-437-8 }} |
|location=[[Abingdon, Oxfordshire|Abingdon]] |isbn=978-1-85743-437-8 }} |
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Page 299.</ref> |
Page 299.</ref> |
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{{main|Military history of Zimbabwe}} |
{{main|Military history of Zimbabwe}} |
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After a 15-year [[Rhodesian Bush War|guerrilla war]] with black nationalist forces, culminating in a [[Lancaster House Agreement|peace agreement]] in December 1979, [[Robert Mugabe]] became the first Prime Minister of Zimbabwe on 11 April 1980 following his [[ZANU–PF]] party winning the [[1980 Southern Rhodesian general election|general election]]. Mugabe declared that integrating [[Zimbabwe]]'s three armed forces would be one of Zimbabwe's top priorities. The existing [[Rhodesian Army]] was combined with the two guerrilla armies; the 20,000-strong [[Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army]] (ZANLA) forces of ZANU–PF and the 15,000-strong [[Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army]] (ZIPRA) forces of PF-[[Zimbabwe African People's Union]]. A British Military Assistance and Training Team played a pivotal role in assisting the creation of the new army, and was still in place in 2000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/uk-urged-to-keep-force-in-zimbabwe-719089.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/uk-urged-to-keep-force-in-zimbabwe-719089.html |archive-date=2022-05-07 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | location=London | work=The Independent | title=UK urged to keep force in Zimbabwe | date=16 April 2000}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Meanwhile the [[Rhodesian Air Force]] was reorganised as the [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]]. |
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== Mozambique Civil War == |
=== Mozambique Civil War === |
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{{Main|Mozambique Civil War}} |
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{{Importance section|date=November 2017}} |
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The [[Mozambican Civil War|Mozambique Civil War]] was a long-running conflict between the Marxist [[FRELIMO]] Government, and anti-communist [[RENAMO]] insurgents. During the 1970's, [[Central Intelligence Organisation|Rhodesian intelligence]] supported the rebel group, but in the years following the election of Robert Mugabe in 1980, the Zimbabwe Defence Forces (ZDF) switched to support the [[FRELIMO]] Government, in order to protect Zimbabwe's eastern city of [[Mutare]] and the strategic railway line to Mozambique's port city of [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]] which were being attacked by RENAMO.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zimbabwe's Military Involvement in Mozambique1982 - 1992 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205234951/http://ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za/archive/defencedigest/defdigest03.html#1 |website=SACDI Defence Digest |access-date=17 May 2024}}</ref> |
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The [[Mozambican Civil War|Mozambique Civil War]] occurred between the [[FRELIMO]] Government and [[RENAMO]]. The rebel group was funded by [[Central Intelligence Organisation|Rhodesian intelligence]] in the 1970s and later the [[apartheid]] [[South Africa|South African]] government to destabilize Mozambique and Zimbabwe. The Zimbabwe Defence Forces got involved to protect Zimbabwe's eastern city of [[Mutare]] and the strategic railway line to Mozambique's port city of [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]] which were being attacked by RENAMO. This was also seen as assistance to the FRELIMO government which had assisted Zimbabwe rebel fighters based in Mozambique during Rhodesian Bush War. Some RENAMO elements had crossed from Mozambique into Zimbabwe several times, robbing shops along the border and had burned down a timber factory. After several meetings with Mozambican officials it was agreed that the ZDF could conduct "hot pursuits" into Mozambique of any RENAMO elements that may have raided Zimbabwe. On this pretext the ZDF begun planning follow-up operations which would take them deep into Mozambique culminating in occupation of former RENAMO bases at [[Gorongosa]]. The decision to send Zimbabwean troops to fight RENAMO was partly influenced by Zimbabwe's close relationship with the Mozambican government which dates back to FRELIMO's assistance for [[Zimbabwe African National Union|ZANU]] in its fight against Rhodesia. There was also the underlying fact that FRELIMO and ZANU shared a common Marxist ideology of [[scientific socialism]]. The South Africa-backed RENAMO professed to be an [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] movement, as did [[Jonas Savimbi]]'s [[UNITA]] movement, which was fighting against the Marxist [[MPLA]] government of Angola. There was thus an ideological alliance of the Maputo - Harare - Luanda axis, with support for these governments from the [[Soviet Union]]. |
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===Operation Restore Legacy=== |
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The first of the ZDF follow-up operations was launched from Katiyo and Aberdeen in northern [[Manicaland Province|Manicaland]], code-named Operation "Lemon". The five-day operation lasted from the 5th to 9 December 1984. It comprised elements of 3 Brigade, the Parachute Group, Special Air Service (SAS), and was supported by the Air Force of Zimbabwe (AFZ). Poor weather conditions and the difficult mountainous terrain reduced the use of aircraft, and most transportation had to be done by helicopters. The movement of troops on the ground was also difficult. Four contacts were made and two RENAMO bases were destroyed. While successful in capturing the bases themselves, most RENAMO elements in the bases managed to escape and only eight were captured. The ZDF considered this operation as a major failure and the code word Lemon was corrupted to mean any failure in all subsequent operations. It was further established that there were no other permanent bases in the area, only some advance posts and temporary bases used by RENAMO as launching pads for food raids into Zimbabwe. The raid was important in establishing the location of the main RENAMO base at Messinse, Chito, Nyazonia, Buetoni, Gorongosa Central Base and Casa Banana. |
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=== Gukurahundi Genocide 1983-87 === |
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Gukurahundi was a series of massacres of [[Northern Ndebele]] people or formerly known as [[Matabele]] carried out by the Zimbabwe National Army from early 1983 to late 1987. It derives from a Shona language term which loosely translates to "the early rain which washes away the chaff before the spring rains".It is estimated that more than 50 000 unarmed [[Matabele]] people were killed. |
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During the Rhodesian Bush War two rival nationalist parties, Robert Mugabe's Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) and Joshua Nkomo's Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), had emerged to challenge Rhodesia's predominantly white government.ZANU initially defined Gukurahundi as an ideological strategy aimed at carrying the war into major settlements and individual homesteads.Following Mugabe's ascension to power in 1980, his government remained threatened by "Matabele people" and disgruntled former guerrillas and supporters of ZAPU.[4] |
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ZANU recruited mainly from the majority Shona Ethnicity groups who include Karanga,Zezuru,Manyika,Ndau etc, whereas ZAPU had its greatest support among the Matabele/Ndebele People. In early 1983, the North Korean-trained Fifth Brigade, an infantry brigade of the Zimbabwe National Army (ZNA), began a crackdown on Matabeles in [[Mthwakazi]]'s [[Matabeleland]] Territory, a homeland of the [[Matabele]] people. Over the following two years, thousands of Ndebele were Killed, displaced and detained by government forces.Although there are different estimates, the consensus of the International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS) says that more than 50,000 people were killed. The IAGS has classified the massacres as a genocide. |
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''''Background'''' |
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[[Robert Mugabe]], then Prime Minister, had signed an agreement with North Korean President [[Kim Il Sung]] in October 1980 to have the North Korean military train a brigade for the Zimbabwean army. This was soon after Mugabe had announced the need for a militia to "combat malcontents." Mugabe replied by saying Matabele people should "watch out," announcing the brigade would be called "Gukurahundi." This brigade was named the Fifth Brigade. The members of the Fifth Brigade were drawn from 3500 ex-ZANLA Shona troops at Tongogara Assembly Point, named after Josiah Tongogara, the ZANLA general. The training of 5th Brigade lasted until September 1982, when Defence Minister [[Sydney Sekeramayi]] announced training was complete. |
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The first Commander of the Fifth Brigade was Colonel [[Perence Shiri]]. The Fifth Brigade was different from all other Zimbabwean army units in that it was directly subordinated to the Prime Minister office. Their codes, uniforms, radios and equipment were not compatible with other army units. Their most distinguishing feature in the field was their red berets. |
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Conflict and killings In January 1983, a crackdown by the elite Fifth Brigade in Matabeleland North was initiated to purge the Ndebele People, and its participation lasted until late 1984.The brigade's directives apparently specified a search for local ZAPU officials and veterans of ZAPU's armed wing, the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA)and Ndebele population at large.Seizure or detention by the Fifth Brigade was arbitrary. In Bulawayo, for instance, Ndebele men of fighting age were considered potential dissidents and therefore, guilty of subversive activities.Most detained were summarily executed or marched to detention camps for torcher or execution, the notorious camp was [[Bhalagwe]] in Khezi Matobo district,where thousands were detained and thrown into an old disused [[Antelope Mine]] shaft dead or alive.Most of the dead were shot in public executions, often after being forced to dig their own graves in front of family and fellow villagers. On occasion the Fifth Brigade also massacred large groups of Ndebele, seemingly at random—the largest such incident occurred in March 1983, when 62 young men and women were shot on the banks of the Cewale River, Lupane.Seven survived with gunshot wounds, the other 55 died. Another way 5 Brigade used to kill large groups of people was to burn them alive in huts. They did this in Tsholotsho,Kezi, Plumtree and also in Lupane. They would routinely round up dozens, or even hundreds, of civilians and march them at gun point to a central place, like a school or bore-hole. There they would be forced to sing unknown Shona songs praising ZANU, at the same time being beaten with sticks. These gatherings usually ended with public executions, public rape and public beating. The Zimbabwe government repudiated these allegations and accused the hostile foreign press of fabricating stories.The government characterised such allegations as irresponsible, contrived propaganda. |
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The Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe documented at least 20 000 deaths, and speculated that the actual number could be 80,000 or higher.Local Ndebele People put the figure between 50,000[21] and 100,000.[5] Journalist Heidi Holland referred to a death toll of 80,000 as a typical conservative estimate.[22] In February 1983 the International Red Cross disclosed that 1,200 Ndebele had been murdered that month alone.[1] In a unanimously adopted resolution in 2005, the International Association of Genocide Scholars estimated the death toll at 20,000 to 50 000. |
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===Casa Banana Raid=== |
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Intelligence sources had indicated that Cassa Banana, RENAMO's national headquarters had a strength of 400 elements. However, the organisation maintained a string of other smaller bases along the Gorongosa Mountains, which were considered as part of the main base. This raised the total estimated strength in the area to 1 000 elements. During the night of 27 August 1985, three Zimbabwe infantry battalions were established in their Form Up Points (FUP) with the help of the SAS and Commando elements. At Chimoio a Fireforce was being given final briefing, and five AFZ planes were given orders for a first light take-off for Gorongosa on the morning of 28 August. The Fireforce was divided into three sections each with one helicopter gunship, two transport helicopters and two transport aircraft with paratroopers. Each Fireforce section was detailed to attack specific suspected RENAMO positions around the Gorongossa Mountains. It was during this three pronged attack that one helicopter observed activity on the ground at the location that had been given at the briefing as Cassa Banana. Fighter jets from Thornhill, which were already in the air, began the raid on Cassa Banana. It took the entire day to conclude the raid. No official records of casualties for either contingent were given. |
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==Operation Restore Legacy== |
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{{Main|2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état}} |
{{Main|2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état}} |
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In October 2017, the ZDF was involved in a coup d'état which resulted in the resignation of long-serving President [[Robert Mugabe]] and the formation of a new government under [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]].<ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zimbabwe-politics-mugabe-specialrepor |
In October 2017, the ZDF was involved in a coup d'état which resulted in the resignation of long-serving President [[Robert Mugabe]] and the formation of a new government under [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cropley|first=MacDonald Dzirutwe, Joe Brock, Ed|date=2017-11-27|title=Special Report: 'Treacherous shenanigans' - The inside story of Mugabe's downfall|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zimbabwe-politics-mugabe-specialrepor-idUSKBN1DQ0AG|access-date=2021-05-30}}</ref> |
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==Equipment== |
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* [[Type 63 (armoured personnel carrier)|Type 63 APC]] |
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* [[Type 85 AFV]] |
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* [[Type 89 AFV]] |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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* |
* {{cite web |title=Zimbabwe |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zimbabwe/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |date=4 May 2022}} |
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*{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2019| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| |
* {{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2019| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=15 February 2019| publisher=[[Routledge]]| location=[[London]]| isbn=9781857439885| ref={{sfnref|IISS|2019}} }} |
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* |
* [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zimbabwe-politics-mugabe-specialrepor/special-report-treacherous-shenanigans-the-inside-story-of-mugabes-downfall-idUSKBN1DQ0AG Reuters Report] |
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* Central Intelligence Organisation |
* Central Intelligence Organisation |
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*https://www.enca.com/africa/full-statement-by-zim-army-on-state-broadcaster |
* https://www.enca.com/africa/full-statement-by-zim-army-on-state-broadcaster |
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* |
* [https://news.pindula.co.zw/2017/11/17/zrp-support-unit-attempted-to-arrest-general-chiwenga-when-he-returned-from-china/ Operation Restore Legacy] |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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*Abiodun Alao, 'The Metamorphosis of the Unorthodox: The Integration and Development of the Zimbabwe National Army' (chapter in book compiled by Terence Ranger, 'Soldiers in Zimbabwe's Liberation War'), 1995 |
*Abiodun Alao, 'The Metamorphosis of the Unorthodox: The Integration and Development of the Zimbabwe National Army' (chapter in book compiled by Terence Ranger, 'Soldiers in Zimbabwe's Liberation War'), 1995 |
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*Norma J. Kriger, ‘Guerrilla Veterans in Post-war Zimbabwe: Symbolic and Violent Politics,’ |
*Norma J. Kriger, ‘Guerrilla Veterans in Post-war Zimbabwe: Symbolic and Violent Politics,’ 1980–1987, Cambridge UP, 2003 |
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*{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Defence - H/Q |date=2011 |title=The Zimbabwe Defence Forces: Resolute in defence of national gains, peace and security |url=http://www.defence.gov.zw/ |access-date=27 May 2022 |website=Ministry of Defence}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://www.mod.gov.zw/ Zimbabwe Ministry of Defence] |
*[http://www.mod.gov.zw/ Zimbabwe Ministry of Defence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004055939/http://www.mod.gov.zw/ |date=2006-10-04 }} |
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{{Zimbabwe topics}} |
{{Zimbabwe topics}} |
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Latest revision as of 01:22, 17 May 2024
| Zimbabwe Defence forces | |
|---|---|
| Mauto eZimbabwe | |
 Flag of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces | |
| Founded | 18 May 1980 |
| Service branches |  Zimbabwe National Army Air Force of Zimbabwe |
| Headquarters | Harare |
| Leadership | |
| President | Emmerson Mnangagwa |
| Minister of Defence | Oppah Muchinguri |
| Chief of Defense | Philip Valerio Sibanda |
| Personnel | |
| Conscription | N/A |
| Available for military service | 5,500,000, age 15–49 (2017) |
| Fit for military service | 3,175,000, age 15–49 (2017) |
| Reaching military age annually | 310,000 (2017) |
| Active personnel | 29,000 active[1] 21,800 paramilitary[1] (ranked 83rd) |
| Expenditure | |
| Budget | $1.7 billion (2022)[2] |
| Percent of GDP | 2.16% (2018)[2] |
| Industry | |
| Foreign suppliers |  Russia China[3] |
| Related articles | |
| History | Military history of Zimbabwe |
| Ranks | Military ranks of Zimbabwe |
The Zimbabwe Defence Forces (ZDF) are the military forces responsible for the defence of Zimbabwe against external threats from other countries, and also to suppress internal armed factions. It is composed of the Zimbabwe National Army (ZNA) and the Air Force of Zimbabwe (AFZ). (As a landlocked country Zimbabwe does not have a navy). Since December 2017 the ZDF is headed by General Philip Valerio Sibanda.
Ministry of Defence
[edit]In July 1994 the combined Zimbabwe Defence Forces Headquarters was created.
Manpower
[edit]In 2007, the Zimbabwe National Army had an estimated strength of 29,000 and the Air Force of Zimbabwe had an estimated 4,000 men assigned.[4]
History
[edit]After a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces, culminating in a peace agreement in December 1979, Robert Mugabe became the first Prime Minister of Zimbabwe on 11 April 1980 following his ZANU–PF party winning the general election. Mugabe declared that integrating Zimbabwe's three armed forces would be one of Zimbabwe's top priorities. The existing Rhodesian Army was combined with the two guerrilla armies; the 20,000-strong Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) forces of ZANU–PF and the 15,000-strong Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) forces of PF-Zimbabwe African People's Union. A British Military Assistance and Training Team played a pivotal role in assisting the creation of the new army, and was still in place in 2000.[5] Meanwhile the Rhodesian Air Force was reorganised as the Air Force of Zimbabwe.
Mozambique Civil War
[edit]The Mozambique Civil War was a long-running conflict between the Marxist FRELIMO Government, and anti-communist RENAMO insurgents. During the 1970's, Rhodesian intelligence supported the rebel group, but in the years following the election of Robert Mugabe in 1980, the Zimbabwe Defence Forces (ZDF) switched to support the FRELIMO Government, in order to protect Zimbabwe's eastern city of Mutare and the strategic railway line to Mozambique's port city of Beira which were being attacked by RENAMO.[6]
Operation Restore Legacy
[edit]In October 2017, the ZDF was involved in a coup d'état which resulted in the resignation of long-serving President Robert Mugabe and the formation of a new government under Emmerson Mnangagwa.[7]
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b IISS 2019, p. 500.
- ^ a b IISS 2019, p. 499.
- ^ "As the U.S. Disengages, Russia Ramps up Aid and Arms Sales to Sub-Saharan Africa".
- ^ The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2007). The Military Balance 2007. Abingdon: Routledge Journals. ISBN 978-1-85743-437-8. Page 299.
- ^ "UK urged to keep force in Zimbabwe". The Independent. London. 16 April 2000. Archived from the original on 2022-05-07.
- ^ "Zimbabwe's Military Involvement in Mozambique1982 - 1992". SACDI Defence Digest. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
- ^ Cropley, MacDonald Dzirutwe, Joe Brock, Ed (2017-11-27). "Special Report: 'Treacherous shenanigans' - The inside story of Mugabe's downfall". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
References
[edit]- "Zimbabwe". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 4 May 2022.
- International Institute for Strategic Studies (15 February 2019). The Military Balance 2019. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781857439885.
- Reuters Report
- Central Intelligence Organisation
- https://www.enca.com/africa/full-statement-by-zim-army-on-state-broadcaster
- Operation Restore Legacy
Further reading
[edit]- Abiodun Alao, 'The Metamorphosis of the Unorthodox: The Integration and Development of the Zimbabwe National Army' (chapter in book compiled by Terence Ranger, 'Soldiers in Zimbabwe's Liberation War'), 1995
- Norma J. Kriger, ‘Guerrilla Veterans in Post-war Zimbabwe: Symbolic and Violent Politics,’ 1980–1987, Cambridge UP, 2003
- Ministry of Defence - H/Q (2011). "The Zimbabwe Defence Forces: Resolute in defence of national gains, peace and security". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
External links
[edit]- Zimbabwe Ministry of Defence Archived 2006-10-04 at the Wayback Machine