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| election_date = 27 October 1991
| election_date = 27 October 1991
| country = Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
| country = Chechen Republic of Ichkeria

| module = {{Infobox election
| embed = yes
| election_name = Presidential election
| type = presidential
| type = presidential
| previous_election = 1991 Chechen presidential elections
| next_election = 1995 Chechen head election
| previous_year = 1991
| next_year = 1995

| image1 = Djokhar Doudaïev.jpg
| image1 = Djokhar Doudaïev.jpg
| candidate1 = '''[[Dzhokhar Dudayev]]'''
| candidate1 = '''[[Dzhokhar Dudayev]]'''
Line 24: Line 29:
| image5 =
| image5 =
| candidate5 = Mamaka Sulayev
| candidate5 = Mamaka Sulayev

| next_election = 1997 Chechen presidential election
| next_year = 1997


| title = [[President of Ichkeria|President]]
| title = [[President of Ichkeria|President]]
| after_election = [[Dzhokhar Dudayev]]
| after_election = [[Dzhokhar Dudayev]]
| after_party = [[Vainakh Democratic Party|VDP]]
| after_party = [[Vainakh Democratic Party|VDP]]
}}
}}}}


'''Presidential elections''' were held in the [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|Chechen Republic]] on 27 October 1991. At the same time, elections to the Parliament of the republic were also held. The result was a victory for [[Dzokhar Dudayev]].
'''General elections''' were held in the [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|Chechen Republic]] on 27 October 1991 to elect the president and parliament. The presidential election resulted in a victory for [[Dzokhar Dudayev]].


==Background==
==Background==
{{Main|Chechen Revolution}}
{{Main|Chechen Revolution}}
On 8 June 1991, a nationalist opposition [[All-National Congress of the Chechen People|Chechen National Congress]], albeit lacking a legal authority, passed a resolution dissolving the [[Supreme Soviet]] of the [[Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] and proclaiming the [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|Chechen Republic (Nokhchi-Cho)]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://chechenlaw.ru/?p=749 |title=РЕШЕНИЕ ОБЩЕНАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО КОНГРЕССА (СЪЕЗДА) ЧЕЧЕНСКОГО НАРОДА (г. Грозный, 8 июня 1991 г.) |access-date=2019-01-27 |archive-date=2021-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304114043/https://chechenlaw.ru/?p=749 |url-status=live }}</ref> In August and September 1991, the [[Chechen Revolution|protests]] organized by Chechen National Congress and its leader [[Dzokhar Dudayev]] ousted the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] and its leader [[Doku Zavgayev]] from power in Checheno-Ingushetia. The leadership of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] also supported removing Doku Zavgayev from office.
On 8 June 1991, a nationalist opposition [[All-National Congress of the Chechen People|Chechen National Congress]], albeit lacking a legal authority, passed a resolution dissolving the [[Supreme Soviet]] of the [[Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] and proclaiming the [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|Chechen Republic (Nokhchi-Cho)]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://chechenlaw.ru/?p=749 |title=РЕШЕНИЕ ОБЩЕНАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО КОНГРЕССА (СЪЕЗДА) ЧЕЧЕНСКОГО НАРОДА (г. Грозный, 8 июня 1991 г.) |date=14 February 2015 |access-date=2019-01-27 |archive-date=2021-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304114043/https://chechenlaw.ru/?p=749 |url-status=live }}</ref> In August and September 1991, the [[Chechen Revolution|protests]] organized by Chechen National Congress and its leader [[Dzokhar Dudayev]] ousted the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] and its leader [[Doku Zavgayev]] from power in Checheno-Ingushetia. The leadership of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] also supported removing Doku Zavgayev from office.
A subsequent conflict between the supporters of Dudayev and Russian authorities led to the Chechen National Congress proclaiming itself as a [[provisional government]] in Chechnya before the elections, which were scheduled by the Congress for October 1991. Initially, the executive committee of the CNC scheduled presidential elections for 19 October and parliamentary elections for 27 October, but both were ultimately held on the same date on 27 October 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru-RU|url=https://chechen-government.com/%d0%bf%d0%be%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%b8%d1%81%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%b0-%d0%be%d0%ba%d1%87%d0%bd-%d0%be%d0%b1%d1%89%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b0/|title=Постановление Исполкома ОКЧН /общенационального конгресса чеченского народа /от 17.09.1991года|author=Автор: ПП ЧР-Ичкерия {{!}} Июл 17, 2020 {{!}} ОКЧН /общенациональный конгресс чеченского народа, Политика {{!}} 0 {{!}}|website=Chechen Government|date=2020-07-17|access-date=2021-03-15}}</ref>
A subsequent conflict between the supporters of Dudayev and Russian authorities led to the Chechen National Congress proclaiming itself as a [[provisional government]] in Chechnya before the elections, which were scheduled by the Congress for October 1991. Initially, the executive committee of the CNC scheduled presidential elections for 19 October and parliamentary elections for 27 October, but both were ultimately held on the same date on 27 October 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru-RU|url=https://chechen-government.com/%d0%bf%d0%be%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%b8%d1%81%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%b0-%d0%be%d0%ba%d1%87%d0%bd-%d0%be%d0%b1%d1%89%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b0/|title=Постановление Исполкома ОКЧН /общенационального конгресса чеченского народа /от 17.09.1991года|author=Автор: ПП ЧР-Ичкерия {{!}} Июл 17, 2020 {{!}} ОКЧН /общенациональный конгресс чеченского народа, Политика {{!}} 0 {{!}}|website=Chechen Government|date=2020-07-17|access-date=2021-03-15}}</ref>


On 15 September 1991, the Assembly of Ingush Deputies passed a resolution, announcing its secession from Checheno-Ingushetia to remain within the RSFSR, thus forming the "Ingush Autonomous Republic". A [[Ingush referendum 1991|referendum]] held in Ingushetia on 30 November to 1 December confirmed this decision, and it was finalized on 4 June 1992 with the Russian law “On the Creation of the Ingush Republic in the Russian Federation”.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Domrin|first=Alexander|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Limits_of_Russian_Democratisation/gXp_AgAAQBA|title=The Limits of Russian Democratisation: Emergency Powers and States of Emergency|date=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781134324842|language=en |pages=104}}</ref> The Ingush feared that joining the independent Chechnya would have meant compromising territorial claims on [[Prigorodny District, North Ossetia–Alania|Prigorodny District]], which is a subject of a [[East Prigorodny conflict|dispute]] between the Ingush and [[Ossetians]]. The Ingush lost the land following their [[Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush|deportation to Central Asia]] in 1944, and then recent Russian law [[On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples]], passed in April 1991, gave them hopes of returning the territory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaimoukha|first=Amjad M.|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Chechens/PnjAlei9fe0C|title=The Chechens: A Handbook|date=2004|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|isbn=9780415323284|language=en |pages=62}}</ref> Thus, the Ingush did not take part in Chechen election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/11/09/yeltsin-cracks-down-on-russian-region/02fa4ed8-36aa-4a25-a098-27fe6041ea05/|title=Yeltsin Cracks Down on Russian Region|website=[[Washington Post]]|date=9 November 1991}}</ref>
On 15 September 1991, the Assembly of Ingush Deputies passed a resolution, announcing its secession from Checheno-Ingushetia to remain within the RSFSR, thus forming the "Ingush Autonomous Republic". A [[Ingush referendum 1991|referendum]] held in Ingushetia on 30 November to 1 December confirmed this decision, and it was finalized on 4 June 1992 with the Russian law “On the Creation of the Ingush Republic in the Russian Federation”.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Domrin|first=Alexander|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXp_AgAAQBA|title=The Limits of Russian Democratisation: Emergency Powers and States of Emergency|date=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781134324842|language=en |pages=104}}</ref> The Ingush feared that joining the independent Chechnya would have meant compromising territorial claims on [[Prigorodny District, North Ossetia–Alania|Prigorodny District]], which is a subject of a [[East Prigorodny conflict|dispute]] between the Ingush and [[Ossetians]]. The Ingush lost the land following their [[Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush|deportation to Central Asia]] in 1944, and then recent Russian law [[On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples]], passed in April 1991, gave them hopes of returning the territory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaimoukha|first=Amjad M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnjAlei9fe0C|title=The Chechens: A Handbook|date=2004|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|isbn=9780415323284|language=en |pages=62}}</ref> Thus, the Ingush did not take part in Chechen election.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/11/09/yeltsin-cracks-down-on-russian-region/02fa4ed8-36aa-4a25-a098-27fe6041ea05/|title=Yeltsin Cracks Down on Russian Region|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|date=9 November 1991}}</ref>


==Conduct==
==Conduct==
[[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Estonia]] and [[Georgia]] sent their observers, and the representatives of non-governmental organizations from several countries also attended the elections. They declared the elections to be free and democratic.<ref>{{cite web |title= День в истории Чеченского Народа |url = http://ichkeriya.mirtesen.ru/blog/43417261983/Den-v-istorii-CHechenskogo-Naroda.-27-oktyabrya-sostoyalis-pervy |website = mirtesen.ru|date=2012-10-27 |accessdate = 2019-03-10 |ref = mirtesen|language=ru}}</ref>
[[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Estonia]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] sent their observers, and the representatives of non-governmental organizations from several countries also attended the elections. They declared the elections to be free and democratic.<ref>{{cite web |title= День в истории Чеченского Народа |url = http://ichkeriya.mirtesen.ru/blog/43417261983/Den-v-istorii-CHechenskogo-Naroda.-27-oktyabrya-sostoyalis-pervy |website = mirtesen.ru|date=2012-10-27 |accessdate = 2019-03-10 |ref = mirtesen|language=ru}}</ref>
According to [[John B. Dunlop]], although some flaws had been observed, the election still could be regarded as reflecting the will of Chechen people.<ref>{{cite book |author1=John B. Dunlop |title=Russia Confronts Chechnya Roots of a Separatist Conflict |date=September 28, 1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521636193 |pages=114–115 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7SUvzGU67IC |access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> [[Ruslan Khasbulatov]] claimed that the elections were undemocratic.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Tony Wood |title=Chechnya The Case for Independence |date=March 17, 2007 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=9781844671144 |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9hoAAAAMAAJ&q=Chechnya:+The+Case+For+Independence |access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref>
According to [[John B. Dunlop]], although some flaws had been observed, the election still could be regarded as reflecting the will of Chechen people.<ref>{{cite book |author1=John B. Dunlop |title=Russia Confronts Chechnya Roots of a Separatist Conflict |date=September 28, 1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521636193 |pages=114–115 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7SUvzGU67IC |access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> [[Ruslan Khasbulatov]] claimed that the elections were undemocratic.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Tony Wood |title=Chechnya The Case for Independence |date=March 17, 2007 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=9781844671144 |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9hoAAAAMAAJ&q=Chechnya:+The+Case+For+Independence |access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref>


==Results==
==Results==
===President===
{{Election results
{{Election results
|cand1=[[Dzhokhar Dudayev]]|party1=[[Vainakh Democratic Party]]|votes1=412671|color1=green
|cand1=[[Dzhokhar Dudayev]]|party1=[[Vainakh Democratic Party]]|votes1=412671|color1=green
Line 58: Line 61:


==Reactions==
==Reactions==
* {{flagicon|RSFSR}} / {{flag|Russia|1991}} – On 2 November, the Fifth [[Congress of People's Deputies of Russia|Congress of RSFSR Deputies]] under the chairmanship of the too Chechen [[Ruslan Khasbulatov]] declared the elections to be unlawful and unconstitutional.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/901606038 |title=Постановление Съезда народных депутатов РСФСР от 2 ноября 1991 года № 1847-I «О признании незаконными выборов, проведенных 27 октября 1991 года в Чечено-Ингушской Республике» |access-date=2019-07-12 |archive-date=2020-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104092017/http://docs.cntd.ru/document/901606038}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|RSFSR}} / {{flag|Russia|1991}} – [[Supreme Soviet of Russia]] and [[Russian President]] [[Boris Yeltsin]] declared the election to be illegal and illegitimate.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Splidsboel‐Hansen|first=Flemming|title=The 1991 Chechen Revolution: The response of Moscow|journal=Central Asian Survey|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41887022|url-access=registration |publisher=University of Copenhagen|year=1994|volume=13|issue=3|pages=400}}</ref>
* {{flag|Georgia|1990}} – Georgian President Zviad Gamsakhurdia congratulated [[Dzokhar Dudayev]] on victory and attended his inauguration.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=E. Cornell|first1=Svante|last2=Frederick Starr|first2=Stephen|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Guns_of_August_2008/oGVsBgAAQBAJ|title= The Guns of August 2008 Russia's War in Georgia|date=28 January 2015|publisher= Taylor & Francis |isbn= 9781317456537|pages=30|language=English}}</ref>
* {{flag|Georgia|1990}} – Georgian President Zviad Gamsakhurdia congratulated [[Dzokhar Dudayev]] on victory and attended his inauguration.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=E. Cornell|first1=Svante|last2=Frederick Starr|first2=Stephen|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVsBgAAQBAJ|title= The Guns of August 2008 Russia's War in Georgia|date=28 January 2015|publisher= Taylor & Francis |isbn= 9781317456537|pages=30|language=English}}</ref>


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
Line 65: Line 68:


===Inauguration===
===Inauguration===
Dudayev's inauguration was scheduled for 9 November. With an apparent goal of prevent Dudayev's inauguration,<ref name="call">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/11/10/rebels-defy-yeltsin-issue-call-to-arms/f2a38484-dde4-4580-87bd-ae3c7eefa5a8/|title=Rebels Defy Yeltsin, Issue Call to Armes|website=[[Washington Post]]|date=11 November 1991}}</ref> Russian President Boris Yeltsin declared the state of emergency in Chechnya on 8 November and ordered the introduction of troops to restore the order, while banning rallies and ordering the confiscation of firearms.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kakachia |first1=Kornely |title=Russia's War in Chechnya: Testing Democracy in the Crucible of War|date=1997|publisher=University of Washington|location=[[Washington]]|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA324973.pdf|access-date=15 September 2023|page=30 |url-status=live }}</ref> 532 Russian Interior Ministry troops arrived to [[Khankala]] military airport in Chechnya, but they were isolated by the Chechen National Guard, which blockaded the roads to a military airfield. The Russian troops were bussed to the Russian border.<ref name="call"/> Amidst the news of the blockade of Russian troops in Khankala, other Russian troops landed in Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia.<ref name="call"/>
Dudayev's inauguration was scheduled for 9 November. With an apparent goal of prevent Dudayev's inauguration,<ref name="call">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/11/10/rebels-defy-yeltsin-issue-call-to-arms/f2a38484-dde4-4580-87bd-ae3c7eefa5a8/|title=Rebels Defy Yeltsin, Issue Call to Armes|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|date=11 November 1991}}</ref> Russian President Boris Yeltsin declared the state of emergency in Chechnya on 8 November and ordered the introduction of troops to restore the order, while banning rallies and ordering the confiscation of firearms.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kakachia |first1=Kornely |title=Russia's War in Chechnya: Testing Democracy in the Crucible of War|date=1997|publisher=University of Washington|location=[[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA324973.pdf|access-date=15 September 2023|page=30 }}</ref> 532 Russian Interior Ministry troops arrived to [[Khankala]] military airport in Chechnya, but they were isolated by the Chechen National Guard, which blockaded the roads to a military airfield. The Russian troops were bussed to the Russian border by Chechen militiamen.<ref name="call"/> Amidst the news of the blockade of Russian troops in Khankala, other Russian troops landed in Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia.<ref name="call"/>


Russia issued a warrant for the arrest of Dudayev. Inauguration took place and Dudayev took an oath on the Koran. Dudayev responded by declaring the martial law in Chechnya and announcing a general mobilization. The Dudayev's troops began to build street barricades out of buses and trucks to prevent Russian troops from entering Grozny. Chechen activists hijacked a Tupolov-154 Aeroflot airliner in [[Mineralnye Vody]] with a goal of bringing international attention to the Chechen situation. Police patrols were issued automatic rifles and security was strengthened around Russian Parliament in Moscow in face of threats against Yeltsin's life coming from Grozny.<ref name="call"/> The decision to send the troops was not supported by the Soviet leaders, with the Soviet Interior Minister [[Viktor Barannikov]] saying that he and Soviet President [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] wanted to see the conflict resolved by "political means".<ref>{{cite news|title=Yeltsin rebuffed on Revolt|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/11/11/yeltsin-rebuffed-on-revolt/7da1767e-e293-413a-8a17-8818fbe1814a/|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=11 November 1991}}</ref> On 11 November, Russian Supreme Soviet voted 177 to 4 to abolish the state of emergency.
Russia issued a warrant for the arrest of Dudayev. Inauguration took place and Dudayev took an oath on the Koran. Dudayev responded by declaring the martial law in Chechnya and announcing a general mobilization. The Dudayev's troops began to build street barricades out of buses and trucks to prevent Russian troops from entering Grozny. Chechen activists hijacked a Tupolov-154 Aeroflot airliner in [[Mineralnye Vody]] with a goal of bringing international attention to the Chechen situation. Police patrols were issued automatic rifles and security was strengthened around Russian Parliament in Moscow in face of threats against Yeltsin's life coming from Grozny.<ref name="call"/> The decision to send the troops was not supported by the Soviet leaders, with the Soviet Interior Minister [[Viktor Barannikov]] saying that he and Soviet President [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] wanted to see the conflict resolved by "political means".<ref>{{cite news|title=Yeltsin rebuffed on Revolt|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/11/11/yeltsin-rebuffed-on-revolt/7da1767e-e293-413a-8a17-8818fbe1814a/|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|date=11 November 1991}}</ref> On 11 November, Russian Supreme Soviet voted 177 to 4 to abolish the state of emergency.


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 22:11, 17 May 2024

1991 Chechen general election
27 October 1991
Presidential election
1995 →
 
Candidate Dzhokhar Dudayev Shamil Basayev
Party VDP
Popular vote 412,671
Percentage 90.07%
 
Candidate Ramzan Goytemirov Mamaka Sulayev
Elected President

Dzhokhar Dudayev
VDP

General elections were held in the Chechen Republic on 27 October 1991 to elect the president and parliament. The presidential election resulted in a victory for Dzokhar Dudayev.

Background

[edit]
Main article: Chechen Revolution

On 8 June 1991, a nationalist opposition Chechen National Congress, albeit lacking a legal authority, passed a resolution dissolving the Supreme Soviet of the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and proclaiming the Chechen Republic (Nokhchi-Cho).[1] In August and September 1991, the protests organized by Chechen National Congress and its leader Dzokhar Dudayev ousted the Communist Party and its leader Doku Zavgayev from power in Checheno-Ingushetia. The leadership of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic also supported removing Doku Zavgayev from office. A subsequent conflict between the supporters of Dudayev and Russian authorities led to the Chechen National Congress proclaiming itself as a provisional government in Chechnya before the elections, which were scheduled by the Congress for October 1991. Initially, the executive committee of the CNC scheduled presidential elections for 19 October and parliamentary elections for 27 October, but both were ultimately held on the same date on 27 October 1991.[2]

On 15 September 1991, the Assembly of Ingush Deputies passed a resolution, announcing its secession from Checheno-Ingushetia to remain within the RSFSR, thus forming the "Ingush Autonomous Republic". A referendum held in Ingushetia on 30 November to 1 December confirmed this decision, and it was finalized on 4 June 1992 with the Russian law “On the Creation of the Ingush Republic in the Russian Federation”.[3] The Ingush feared that joining the independent Chechnya would have meant compromising territorial claims on Prigorodny District, which is a subject of a dispute between the Ingush and Ossetians. The Ingush lost the land following their deportation to Central Asia in 1944, and then recent Russian law On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples, passed in April 1991, gave them hopes of returning the territory.[4] Thus, the Ingush did not take part in Chechen election.[5]

Conduct

[edit]

Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Georgia sent their observers, and the representatives of non-governmental organizations from several countries also attended the elections. They declared the elections to be free and democratic.[6] According to John B. Dunlop, although some flaws had been observed, the election still could be regarded as reflecting the will of Chechen people.[7] Ruslan Khasbulatov claimed that the elections were undemocratic.[8]

Results

[edit]

President

[edit]
CandidatePartyVotes%
Dzhokhar DudayevVainakh Democratic Party412,67190.07
Shamil Basayev45,4739.93
Ramzan Goytemirov
Mamaka Sulayev
Total458,144100.00
Total votes458,144–
Registered voters/turnout638,60871.74
Source: Dzidzoev[9]

Reactions

[edit]

Aftermath

[edit]

On 1 November, Dzokhar Dudayev issued a decree declaring the independence of the Chechen Republic.[12][13]

Inauguration

[edit]

Dudayev's inauguration was scheduled for 9 November. With an apparent goal of prevent Dudayev's inauguration,[14] Russian President Boris Yeltsin declared the state of emergency in Chechnya on 8 November and ordered the introduction of troops to restore the order, while banning rallies and ordering the confiscation of firearms.[15] 532 Russian Interior Ministry troops arrived to Khankala military airport in Chechnya, but they were isolated by the Chechen National Guard, which blockaded the roads to a military airfield. The Russian troops were bussed to the Russian border by Chechen militiamen.[14] Amidst the news of the blockade of Russian troops in Khankala, other Russian troops landed in Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia.[14]

Russia issued a warrant for the arrest of Dudayev. Inauguration took place and Dudayev took an oath on the Koran. Dudayev responded by declaring the martial law in Chechnya and announcing a general mobilization. The Dudayev's troops began to build street barricades out of buses and trucks to prevent Russian troops from entering Grozny. Chechen activists hijacked a Tupolov-154 Aeroflot airliner in Mineralnye Vody with a goal of bringing international attention to the Chechen situation. Police patrols were issued automatic rifles and security was strengthened around Russian Parliament in Moscow in face of threats against Yeltsin's life coming from Grozny.[14] The decision to send the troops was not supported by the Soviet leaders, with the Soviet Interior Minister Viktor Barannikov saying that he and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev wanted to see the conflict resolved by "political means".[16] On 11 November, Russian Supreme Soviet voted 177 to 4 to abolish the state of emergency.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "РЕШЕНИЕ ОБЩЕНАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО КОНГРЕССА (СЪЕЗДА) ЧЕЧЕНСКОГО НАРОДА (г. Грозный, 8 июня 1991 г.)". 14 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2021-03-04. Retrieved 2019-01-27.
  2. ^ Автор: ПП ЧР-Ичкерия | Июл 17, 2020 | ОКЧН /общенациональный конгресс чеченского народа, Политика | 0 | (2020-07-17). "Постановление Исполкома ОКЧН /общенационального конгресса чеченского народа /от 17.09.1991года". Chechen Government (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-03-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Domrin, Alexander (2006). The Limits of Russian Democratisation: Emergency Powers and States of Emergency. Taylor & Francis. p. 104. ISBN 9781134324842.
  4. ^ Jaimoukha, Amjad M. (2004). The Chechens: A Handbook. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 62. ISBN 9780415323284.
  5. ^ "Yeltsin Cracks Down on Russian Region". Washington Post. 9 November 1991.
  6. ^ "День в истории Чеченского Народа". mirtesen.ru (in Russian). 2012-10-27. Retrieved 2019-03-10.
  7. ^ John B. Dunlop (September 28, 1998). Russia Confronts Chechnya Roots of a Separatist Conflict. Cambridge University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 9780521636193. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  8. ^ Tony Wood (March 17, 2007). Chechnya The Case for Independence. Verso Books. p. 51. ISBN 9781844671144. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  9. ^ Valery Dudarovich Dzidzoev (2004). Кавказ конца XX века: тенденции этнополитического развития : историко-политологическое исследование. p. 22.
  10. ^ "Постановление Съезда народных депутатов РСФСР от 2 ноября 1991 года № 1847-I «О признании незаконными выборов, проведенных 27 октября 1991 года в Чечено-Ингушской Республике»". Archived from the original on 2020-11-04. Retrieved 2019-07-12.
  11. ^ E. Cornell, Svante; Frederick Starr, Stephen (28 January 2015). The Guns of August 2008 Russia's War in Georgia. Taylor & Francis. p. 30. ISBN 9781317456537.
  12. ^ Указ Президента Чеченской Республики от 1 ноября 1991 года «О государственном суверенитете Чеченской Республики»
  13. ^ "Defiance of the wolf baying at Yeltsin's door". The Guardian. 8 September 1994. Archived from the original on 23 August 2013.
  14. ^ a b c d "Rebels Defy Yeltsin, Issue Call to Armes". Washington Post. 11 November 1991.
  15. ^ Kakachia, Kornely (1997). Russia's War in Chechnya: Testing Democracy in the Crucible of War (PDF). Washington: University of Washington. p. 30. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  16. ^ "Yeltsin rebuffed on Revolt". Washington Post. 11 November 1991.
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