Panaeolus papilionaceus: Difference between revisions

*Panaeolus papilionaceus*
Mycological characteristics
Panaeolus papilionaceus Mycological characteristics
	Gills on hymenium
	Cap is convex
	Hymenium is adnexed
	Stipe is bare
	Spore print is black
	Ecology is saprotrophic
	Edibility is inedible

Panaeolus papilionaceus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Agaricales
Family:	Bolbitiaceae
Genus:	Panaeolus
Species:	P. papilionaceus
Binomial name
	Panaeolus papilionaceus; (Bull. ex Fries) Quélet
Synonyms
	Agaricus calosus; Agaricus campanulatus; Agaricus papilionaceus; Galerula campanulata; Panaeolus campanulatus; Panaeolus retirugis; Panaeolus sphinctrinus

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Panaeolus papilionaceus, also known as Agaricus calosus, Panaeolus campanulatus, Panaeolus retirugis,^[1] and Panaeolus sphinctrinus,^[1] and commonly known as Petticoat mottlegill, is a very common and widely distributed little brown mushroom that feeds on dung.

This mushroom is the type species for the genus Panaeolus.

Description

Cap: 1–5 cm across, obtusely conic, grayish brown,^[1] not hygrophanous, becoming campanulate in age, margin adorned with white toothlike partial veil fragments when young or towards the edge,^[1] flesh thin.
Gills: adnate to adnexed close to crowded, one or two tiers of intermediate gills, pale gray, acquiring a mottled, blackish appearance in age, with whitish edges.
Spores: 12–18 x 7–10 μm, elliptical, smooth, with an apical pore, spore print black.
Stipe: 6–12 cm by 2–4 mm, gray-brown to reddish brown, darker where handled, paler toward the apex, brittle,^[1] fibrous, and pruinose.
Odor: Mild.
Taste: Unappetizing.
Microscopic features: Basidia 4-sterigmate; abruptly clavate. Cheilocystidia abundant; subcylindric, often subcapitate or capitate.

Habitat and formation

Occurring singly, gregariously, or caespitosely on cow/horse dung, moose droppings, and in pastures. Widely distributed in North America throughout the year, but only in warmer climates in winter. It can be found in countries including^[2] Canada (Alberta,^[3] British Columbia), the United States (Alabama, Alaska, California,^[3] Colorado, Florida, Georgia,^[3] Indiana,^[3] Louisiana,^[3] Maine, Massachusetts, Missouri, Montana,^[3] New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, Texas,^[3] Washington^[3]), the Caribbean (Bahamas, Cuba, San Vincent Island), Chile, Colombia, Uruguay, France, The Netherlands, Greece, Mexico,^[3] Norway, Slovenia,^[3] South Africa, Uganda, China, Iran, Lithuania, Kuwait, and the Philippines.

Edibility

Panaeolus papilionaceus is inedible,^[4] and is neither choice in flavor nor substantial in mass. While similar looking species, such as Psilocybe mexicana, do contain psilocybin, Panaeolus papilionaceus does not.^[5]

Gallery

Panaeolus papilionaceus var. papilionaceus

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
^ Worldwide Distribution of Neurotropic Fungi, Guzman (www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Panaeolus papilionaceus The Mushroom Observer (mushroomobserver.org)]
^ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
^ Allen, John W. (2013). Ethnomycological Journals: Sacred Mushroom Studies Volume IX. Santa Cruz, California and Seattle, Washington, respectively: MAPS and Exotic Furays. pp. 130–175. ISBN 978-158-214-396-5.

External links

[:0-1] Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.

[worldwide-2] Worldwide Distribution of Neurotropic Fungi, Guzman (www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it)

[observer-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Panaeolus papilionaceus The Mushroom Observer (mushroomobserver.org)]

[4] Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.

[5] Allen, John W. (2013). Ethnomycological Journals: Sacred Mushroom Studies Volume IX. Santa Cruz, California and Seattle, Washington, respectively: MAPS and Exotic Furays. pp. 130–175. ISBN 978-158-214-396-5.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of fungus}}
-{{Taxobox
+{{Speciesbox
-| image = File:Panaeolus_papilionaceus_California.jpg
+| image = Panaeolus_papilionaceus_California.jpg
-| regnum = [[Fungi]]
+| genus = Panaeolus
-| phylum = [[Basidiomycota]]
+| species = papilionaceus
-| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
+| authority = ([[Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard|Bull.]] ex [[Elias Magnus Fries|Fries]]) [[Lucien Quélet|Quélet]]
-| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
-| familia = [[Bolbitiaceae]]
-| genus = ''[[Panaeolus]]''
-| range_map = Panaeolus-papilionaceus-var.-papilionaceus-range-map.png
-| range_map_caption = Approximate range of ''Panaeolus papilionaceus'' var. ''papilionaceus''
-| species = '''''P. papilionaceus'''''
-| binomial = ''Panaeolus papilionaceus''
-| binomial_authority = ([[Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard|Bull.]] ex [[Elias Magnus Fries|Fries]]) [[Lucien Quélet|Quélet]]
 | synonyms = ''Agaricus calosus''<br/>''Agaricus campanulatus''<br/>''Agaricus papilionaceus''<br/>''Galerula campanulata''<br/>''Panaeolus campanulatus''<br/>''Panaeolus retirugis''<br/>''Panaeolus sphinctrinus''
 }}
 {{Mycomorphbox
-| name = Panaeolus papilionaceus
+| name = ''Panaeolus papilionaceus''
 | whichGills = adnexed
 | capShape = convex
@@ Line 24: / Line 17: @@
 | howEdible=inedible}}
-'''''Panaeolus papilionaceus''''', also known as ''Agaricus calosus'', ''Panaeolus campanulatus'', ''Panaeolus retirugis'', and ''Panaeolus sphinctrinus'', and commonly known as '''Petticoat mottlegill''', is a very common and widely distributed little brown mushroom that [[Coprophilous fungi|feeds on dung]].
+'''''Panaeolus papilionaceus''''', also known as ''Agaricus calosus'', ''Panaeolus campanulatus'', ''Panaeolus retirugis'',<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Trudell|first1=Steve|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WevHvt6Tr8kC|title=Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest|last2=Ammirati|first2=Joe|publisher=Timber Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-88192-935-5|series=Timber Press Field Guides|location=Portland, OR|pages=201}}</ref> and ''Panaeolus sphinctrinus'',<ref name=":0" /> and commonly known as '''Petticoat mottlegill''', is a very common and widely distributed little brown mushroom that [[Coprophilous fungi|feeds on dung]].
 This mushroom is the [[type species]] for the genus ''[[Panaeolus]]''.
 ==Description==
-*'''Cap''': 1 – 5&nbsp;cm across, obtusely conic, grayish brown, not [[hygrophanous]], becoming [[wikt:campanulate|campanulate]] in age, margin adorned with white toothlike partial veil fragments when young, flesh thin.
+*'''Cap''': 1–5&nbsp;cm across, obtusely conic, grayish brown,<ref name=":0" /> not [[hygrophanous]], becoming [[wikt:campanulate|campanulate]] in age, margin adorned with white toothlike [[partial veil]] fragments when young or towards the edge,<ref name=":0" /> flesh thin.
 *'''Gills''': [[wikt:adnate|adnate]] to [[wikt:adnexed|adnexed]] close to crowded, one or two tiers of intermediate gills, pale gray, acquiring a mottled, blackish appearance in age, with whitish edges.
-*'''Spores''': 12 - 18 x 7-10 [[µm]], elliptical, smooth, with an apical pore, spore print black.
+*'''Spores''': 12–18 x 7–10 [[μm]], elliptical, smooth, with an apical pore, spore print black.
-*'''Stipe''': 6 – 12&nbsp;cm by 2 – 4&nbsp;mm, gray-brown to reddish brown, darker where handled, paler toward the apex, fibrous and [[wikt:pruinose|pruinose]].
+*'''Stipe''': 6–12&nbsp;cm by 2–4&nbsp;mm, gray-brown to reddish brown, darker where handled, paler toward the apex, brittle,<ref name=":0" /> fibrous, and [[wikt:pruinose|pruinose]].
 *'''Odor''': Mild.
 *'''Taste''': Unappetizing.
@@ Line 38: / Line 31: @@
 ==Habitat and formation==
-Occurring singly, gregariously, or caespitosely on cow/horse dung, moose droppings, and in pastures. Widely distributed in North America in Spring, Summer, and Fall and through the Winter in warmer climates.  It can be found in countries including<ref name="worldwide">[http://www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it/UploadDocs/104_art09-Guzman%20&%20C.pdf Worldwide Distribution of Neurotropic Fungi, Guzman (www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it)]</ref> [[Canada]] ([[Alberta]],<ref name="observer"/> [[British Columbia]]), the United States ([[Alabama]], Alaska, [[California]],<ref name="observer">[https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/observation_search?pattern=Panaeolus+papilionaceus ''Panaeolus papilionaceus''] The Mushroom Observer (mushroomobserver.org)]</ref> [[Colorado]], [[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. State)|Georgia]],<ref name="observer"/> [[Indiana]],<ref name="observer"/> [[Louisiana]],<ref name="observer"/> [[Maine]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Missouri]], [[Montana]],<ref name="observer"/> [[New Mexico]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Texas]],<ref name="observer"/> [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]],<ref name="observer"/>), the Caribbean ([[Bahamas]], [[Cuba]], San Vincent Island), [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Uruguay]], [[France]], [[The Netherlands]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Mexico]],<ref name="observer"/> [[Norway]], [[Slovenia]],<ref name="observer"/> [[South Africa]], [[Uganda]], [[China]], [[Iran]], [[Lithuania]], [[Kuwait]], and the [[Philippines]].
+Occurring singly, gregariously, or caespitosely on cow/horse dung, moose droppings, and in pastures. Widely distributed in North America throughout the year, but only in warmer climates in winter. It can be found in countries including<ref name="worldwide">[http://www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it/UploadDocs/104_art09-Guzman%20&%20C.pdf Worldwide Distribution of Neurotropic Fungi, Guzman (www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it)]</ref> [[Canada]] ([[Alberta]],<ref name="observer"/> [[British Columbia]]), the United States ([[Alabama]], Alaska, [[California]],<ref name="observer">[https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/observation_search?pattern=Panaeolus+papilionaceus ''Panaeolus papilionaceus''] The Mushroom Observer (mushroomobserver.org)]</ref> [[Colorado]], [[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. State)|Georgia]],<ref name="observer"/> [[Indiana]],<ref name="observer"/> [[Louisiana]],<ref name="observer"/> [[Maine]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Missouri]], [[Montana]],<ref name="observer"/> [[New Mexico]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Texas]],<ref name="observer"/> [[Washington (state)|Washington]]<ref name="observer" />), the Caribbean ([[Bahamas]], [[Cuba]], San Vincent Island), [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Uruguay]], [[France]], [[The Netherlands]], [[Greece]], [[Mexico]],<ref name="observer"/> [[Norway]], [[Slovenia]],<ref name="observer"/> [[South Africa]], [[Uganda]], [[China]], [[Iran]], [[Lithuania]], [[Kuwait]], and the [[Philippines]].
 ==Edibility==
-''Panaeolus papilionaceus'' is inedible,<ref>{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Roger |title=Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America |year=2010 |publisher=Firefly Books |location=Buffalo, NY |isbn=978-1-55407-651-2 |p=236}}</ref> and is neither choice in flavor nor substantial in mass.  While similar looking species, such as ''[[Panaeolus cinctulus]]'', do contain [[psilocybin]], ''Panaeolus papilionaceus'' does not<ref>{{cite book |last=Allen |first=John W. |title=Ethnomycological Jounnals: Sacred Mushroom Studies Volume IX |year= |2000[1998] |publisher=MAPS and Exotic Furays |location=Santa Cruz, California and Seattle, Washington, respectively |isbn=158-214-396-X |pp.=130-175}}</ref>
+''Panaeolus papilionaceus'' is inedible,<ref>{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Roger |title=Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America |year=2010 |publisher=Firefly Books |location=Buffalo, NY |isbn=978-1-55407-651-2 |page=236}}</ref> and is neither choice in flavor nor substantial in mass. While similar looking species, such as ''[[Psilocybe mexicana]]'', do contain [[psilocybin]], ''Panaeolus papilionaceus'' does not.<ref>{{cite book |last=Allen |first=John W. |title=Ethnomycological Journals: Sacred Mushroom Studies Volume IX |year=2013 |publisher=MAPS and Exotic Furays |location=Santa Cruz, California and Seattle, Washington, respectively |isbn=978-158-214-396-5 |pages=130–175}}</ref>
 ==Gallery==
@@ Line 58: / Line 51: @@
 ==References==
+{{Reflist}}
-{{Reflist}} Allen, John W. Ethnomycological Jounnals: Sacred Mushroom Studies Volume IX. Santa Cruz, California and Seattle, Washington, respectively: MAPS and Exotic Furays. ISBN 158-214-396-X. Text "2000 " ignored (help); Unknown parameter |pp=130-175 ignored (help)
 ==External links==
 * [http://www.mushroomexpert.com/panaeolus_papilionaceus.html Mushroom Expert - ''Panaeolus papilionaceus'']
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170613074522/http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Panaeolus_papilionaceus.html Mykoweb - ''Panaeolus papilionaceus'']
-* [https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/observation_search?pattern=Panaeolus+papilionaceus Observations on [[Mushroom Observer]]]
+* [https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/observation_search?pattern=Panaeolus+papilionaceus Observations] on [[Mushroom Observer]]
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q2484523}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Panaeolus papilionaceus}}
 [[Category:Panaeolus|papilionaceus]]
 [[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
 [[Category:Fungi of North America]]
 [[Category:Inedible fungi]]
+[[Category:Fungus species]]

Panaeolus papilionaceus Mycological characteristics
	Gills on hymenium
	Cap is convex
	Hymenium is adnexed
	Stipe is bare
	Spore print is black
	Ecology is saprotrophic
	Edibility is inedible