Psathyrella ammophila: Difference between revisions

*Psathyrella ammophila*
Mycological characteristics
Psathyrella ammophila Mycological characteristics
	Gills on hymenium
	Cap is campanulate or flat
	Hymenium is adnate
	Stipe is bare
	Spore print is blackish-brown
	Ecology is saprotrophic
	Edibility is inedible

Psathyrella ammophila
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Agaricales
Family:	Psathyrellaceae
Genus:	Psathyrella
Species:	P. ammophila
Binomial name
	Psathyrella ammophila; (Durieu & Lév.) P.D. Orton
Synonyms
	Agaricus ammophilus Durieu & Lév. (1868); ; Deconica ammophila Morgan (1907); Drosophila ammophila Kühner & Romagn. (1953); Drosophila fatua var. ammophila Quél. (1886); Psathyra ammophila Quél. (1880); Psilocybe ammophila Gillet (1878);

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Psathyrella ammophila is a species of fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae and is found throughout Europe. Commonly known as the dune brittlestem, this agaric primarily grows on sand dunes near marram grass, feeding saprotrophically on the decaying roots. The season of growth is generally May to November.

P. ammophila is variable in appearance, changing colour and shape during its lifespan. Initially bell-shaped and tan or pale brown, the cap gradually flattens and darkens, becoming dark brown with a depressed shape as it ages.

Taxonomy

Psathyrella ammophila was first described in 1868 by Michel Charles Durieu de Maisonneuve and Joseph-Henri Léveillé in one of Durieu de Maisonneuve's publications on the flora, fauna, and funga of Algeria, Exploration scientifique de l'Algérie: Sciences naturelles, botanique. They gave it the scientific name Agaricus ammophilus. The species was identified and described a further five times under different names, until 1960, when the botanist P.D. Orton gave the definitive classification in the journal Transactions of the British Mycological Society (now Fungal Biology).^[1]

The genus name Psathyrella is a diminutive form of Psathyra, derived from the Greek word meaning "friable", psathuros (ψαθυρος). This name, like the common name brittlestem for many of the Psathyrella species, is related to the fragile nature of the cap and stem. The specific epithet ammophila originates from the Greek words ammos (ἄμμος), meaning sand, and phillia (ϕιλος), meaning lover, a reference to the mushroom's sand dune habitat.^{[citation needed]}

Description

Typically small- to medium-sized, P. ammophila is found growing terrestrial or in small clumps near marram grass. The cap is a light clay-brown or tan when younger and about 1 to 4 centimetres (0.4 to 1.6 in) in diameter. Although the cap is generally smooth, it possesses microscopically tiny hairs and is often coated with sand particles. The tissue is not hygrophanous and therefore does not change colour with moisture loss and absorption, but the mushrooms do darken to a dark brown as they age. Cap shape begins as campanulate or convex, gradually flattening and possibly becoming depressed in shape.^[2]^[3]^[4]

The gills of P. ammophila are crowded and attached to the stem usually broadly (adnate) but occasionally narrowly (adnexed). At a very young age they may be a pallid brown, but for most of the lifespan are dark brown, sometimes turning black.^[2]^[3]^[4]

The stipe/stem is light grey to pale brown and centrally attached to the cap. The surface is smooth, sometimes with small vertical ridges. It is deeply rooted in the substrate for feeding on the roots of marram grass and for stability in its sand dune habitat. Above ground, its height is typically 3 to 7 cm (1.2 to 2.8 in) tall and its diameter is slender, about 2 to 5 mm (0.08 to 0.20 in). There is no ring.^[2]^[3]^[4]

The basidia bear four spores. The spores are dark brown and smooth, ellipsoid in shape, and 10 to 11 μm × 6 to 7 μm. There is a large germ pore on each spore.^[3]^[4]

Flesh of the cap and stem is pale, thin, and brittle. Neither the taste nor the odour of the mushroom is distinctive, and it is considered inedible, though not particularly noted as being toxic.^[3]^[4]

Conocybe dunensis is a similar species that is mainly differentiated from P. ammophila by the rust colour of its gills.^[4]

Distribution and habitat

Psathyrella ammophila has a wide but sparse distribution throughout the European continent and in limited coastal locations outside Europe, with records of collection in Algeria, New Zealand, and Canada. It can sometimes be found near the shoreline, inside the littoral zone, but is most often encountered in more stable and established sand dunes and dune slacks inland.^[2]^[5] The presence of marram grass nearby is a key aspect of its habitat, as it has a symbiotic (specifically, commensal) relationship with the plants, using their decaying roots as food.^[2]^[3]^[4] The mushrooms grow singly or in clumps and are, to some degree, sympatric with the fly Delia albula. The fungivorous larvae of the fly develops in P. ammophila parasitically, though will also attack other fungi.^[6]

References

^ Orton, P.D. (1960). "New check list of British Agarics and Boleti, part III (keys to Crepidotus, Deconica, Flocculina, Hygrophorus, Naucoria, Pluteus and Volvaria)". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 43 (2). British Mycological Society: 180. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(60)80065-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Psathyrella ammophila". Fungi. First Nature. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Jordan, Michael (2004). The Encyclopaedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. Frances Lincoln Ltd. p. 237. ISBN 9780711223790.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Pegler, David (2001). Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe (2nd ed.). Kingfisher Books. p. 89. ISBN 978-1859749241.
^ Rotheroe, Maurice (June 1993). "The larger fungi of Welsh sand dunes" (PDF). Cambrian Institute of Mycology. p. 4. Retrieved 2012-07-29.
^ Stubbs, Alan E.; Chandler, P. (1978). "A Dipterist's Handbook". The Amateur Entomologist. 15. Amateur Entomologists' Society: 201.

External links

Media related to Psathyrella ammophila at Wikimedia Commons

[Orton-1] Orton, P.D. (1960). "New check list of British Agarics and Boleti, part III (keys to Crepidotus, Deconica, Flocculina, Hygrophorus, Naucoria, Pluteus and Volvaria)". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 43 (2). British Mycological Society: 180. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(60)80065-4.

[first_nature-2] "Psathyrella ammophila". Fungi. First Nature. Retrieved 2012-07-28.

[Jordan-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Jordan, Michael (2004). The Encyclopaedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. Frances Lincoln Ltd. p. 237. ISBN 9780711223790.

[Pegler-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Pegler, David (2001). Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe (2nd ed.). Kingfisher Books. p. 89. ISBN 978-1859749241.

[Rotheroe-5] Rotheroe, Maurice (June 1993). "The larger fungi of Welsh sand dunes" (PDF). Cambrian Institute of Mycology. p. 4. Retrieved 2012-07-29.

[Stubbs-6] Stubbs, Alan E.; Chandler, P. (1978). "A Dipterist's Handbook". The Amateur Entomologist. 15. Amateur Entomologists' Society: 201.

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[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of fungus}}
-{{in use}}
+{{Speciesbox
-{{Taxobox
 | image = Psathyrella ammophila crop.jpg
-| image_width = 175px
+| image_upright = 0.8
 | image_caption =
+| genus = Psathyrella
-| image_alt =
+| species = ammophila
-| regnum = [[Fungus|Fungi]]
+| authority = ([[Michel Charles Durieu de Maisonneuve|Durieu]] & [[Joseph-Henri Léveillé|Lév.]]) [[P.D. Orton]]
-| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
-| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
-| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
-| familia = [[Psathyrellaceae]]
-| genus = ''[[Psathyrella]]''
-| species = '''''P. ammophila'''''
-| binomial = ''Psathyrella ammophila''
-| binomial_authority = ([[Michel Charles Durieu de Maisonneuve|Durieu]] & [[Joseph-Henri Léveillé|Lév.]]) [[P.D. Orton]]
 | synonyms = * ''Agaricus ammophilus'' <small>[[Michel Charles Durieu de Maisonneuve|Durieu]] & [[Joseph-Henri Léveillé|Lév.]] (1868)</small><br>
-* ''Deconica ammophila'' <small>[[Andrew Price Morgan|Morgan]] (1907)</small><br>
+* ''Deconica ammophila'' <small>[[Andrew Price Morgan|Morgan]] (1907)</small>
 * ''Drosophila ammophila'' <small>[[Robert Kühner|Kühner]] & [[Henri Romagnesi|Romagn.]] (1953)</small>
 * ''Drosophila fatua var. ammophila'' <small>[[Lucien Quélet|Quél.]] (1886)</small>
@@ Line 33: / Line 26: @@
 }}
-'''''Psathyrella ammophila''''' is a species of [[fungus]] in the [[Psathyrellaceae]] family and is found throughout Europe.  Commonly known as the '''dune brittlestem''', this [[agaric]] primarily grows on sand dunes near [[marram grass]], feeding [[Saprotrophic nutrition|saprotrophically]] on the decaying roots.  The season of growth is generally May to November.
+'''''Psathyrella ammophila''''' is a species of [[fungus]] in the family [[Psathyrellaceae]] and is found throughout Europe.  Commonly known as the '''dune brittlestem''', this [[agaric]] primarily grows on sand dunes near [[marram grass]], feeding [[Saprotrophic nutrition|saprotrophically]] on the decaying roots.  The season of growth is generally May to November.
-''P. ammophila'' is variable in appearance, changing colour and shape during its lifespan.  Initally bell-shaped and tan or pale brown, the cap gradually flattens and darkens, becoming dark brown with a [[:File:Mushroom cap morphology2.png|depressed shape]] as it ages.<ref name="Jordan"/>
+''P. ammophila''<!--the fungus as a whole, or just the visible mushroom?--> is variable in appearance, changing colour and shape during its lifespan.  Initially bell-shaped and tan or pale brown, the cap gradually flattens and darkens, becoming dark brown with a [[:File:Mushroom cap morphology2.png|depressed shape]] as it ages.
 ==Taxonomy==
-''Psathyrella ammophila'' was first described in 1868 by [[Michel Charles Durieu de Maisonneuve]] and [[Joseph-Henri Léveillé]] in one of Durieu de Maisonneuve's publications on the flora and fauna of Algeria, ''Exploration scientifique de l'Algérie: Sciences naturelles, botanique''.  They gave it the scientific name ''Agaricus ammophilus''.  The species was identified and described a further five times under different names, until 1960, when the botanist [[P.D. Orton]] gave the definitive classification in the journal ''Transactions of the British Mycological Society'' (now ''[[Fungal Biology]]'').<ref name="Orton"/>
+''Psathyrella ammophila'' was first described in 1868 by [[Michel Charles Durieu de Maisonneuve]] and [[Joseph-Henri Léveillé]] in one of Durieu de Maisonneuve's publications on the flora, fauna, and funga of Algeria, ''Exploration scientifique de l'Algérie: Sciences naturelles, botanique''.  They gave it the scientific name ''Agaricus ammophilus''.  The species was identified and described a further five times under different names, until 1960, when the botanist [[P.D. Orton]] gave the definitive classification in the journal ''Transactions of the British Mycological Society'' (now ''[[Fungal Biology]]'').<ref name="Orton"/>
-The genus name ''Psathyrella'' is a diminutive form of ''Psathyra'', derived from the Greek word meaning "friable", ''psathuros'' (ψαθυρος).  This name, like the common name brittlestem for many of the ''Psathyrella'' species, is related to the fragile nature of the cap and stem.  The [[specific name (zoology)|specific epithet]] ''ammophila'' (''[[Syllable stress of Botanical Latin|am-mó-phi-la]]'') originates from the Greek words ''ammos'' (ἄμμος), meaning sand, and ''phillia'' (ϕιλος), meaning lover, a reference to the mushroom's sand dune habitat.
+The genus name ''Psathyrella'' is a diminutive form of ''Psathyra'', derived from the Greek word meaning "friable", ''psathuros'' (ψαθυρος).  This name, like the common name brittlestem for many of the ''Psathyrella'' species, is related to the fragile nature of the cap and stem.  The [[specific name (zoology)|specific epithet]] ''ammophila'' originates from the Greek words ''ammos'' (ἄμμος), meaning sand, and ''phillia'' (ϕιλος), meaning lover, a reference to the mushroom's sand dune habitat.{{citation needed|date = August 2012}}
 ==Description==
-Typically small- to medium-sized, ''P. ammophila'' is found growing singly or in small clumps near [[marram grass]].  The cap is a light clay-brown or tan when younger and about {{convert|1|to|4|cm|in|1}} in diameter.  Although the cap is generally smooth, it possesses microscopically tiny hairs and is often coated with sand particles.  The tissue is not [[hygrophanous]] and therefore does not change colour with moisture loss and absorption, but the mushrooms do darken to a dark brown as they age.  Cap shape begins as campanulate or convex, gradually flattening and possibly becoming depressed in shape.
+Typically small- to medium-sized, ''P. ammophila'' is found growing terrestrial or in small clumps near [[marram grass]].  The cap is a light clay-brown or tan when younger and about {{convert|1|to|4|cm|in|1}} in diameter.  Although the cap is generally smooth, it possesses microscopically tiny hairs and is often coated with sand particles.  The tissue is not [[hygrophanous]] and therefore does not change colour with moisture loss and absorption, but the mushrooms do darken to a dark brown as they age.  Cap shape begins as campanulate or convex, gradually flattening and possibly becoming depressed in shape.<ref name="first nature"/><ref name="Jordan"/><ref name="Pegler"/>
-The gills of ''P. ammophila'' are crowded and attached to the stem usually broadly (adnate) but occasionally narrowly (adnexed).  At a very young age they may be a pallid brown, but for most of the lifespan are dark brown, sometimes turning black.
+The gills of ''P. ammophila'' are crowded and attached to the stem usually broadly (adnate) but occasionally narrowly (adnexed).  At a very young age they may be a pallid brown, but for most of the lifespan are dark brown, sometimes turning black.<ref name="first nature"/><ref name="Jordan"/><ref name="Pegler"/>
-The [[stipe (mycology)|stipe]]/stem is light grey to pale brown and centrally attached to the cap.  The surface is smooth, sometimes with small vertical ridges.  It is deeply rooted in the substrate for feeding on the roots of marram grass and for stability in its sand dune habitat.  Above ground, its height is typically {{convert|3|to|7|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} tall and its diameter is slender, about {{convert|2|to|5|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}.  There is no ring.
+The [[stipe (mycology)|stipe]]/stem is light grey to pale brown and centrally attached to the cap.  The surface is smooth, sometimes with small vertical ridges.  It is deeply rooted in the substrate for feeding on the roots of marram grass and for stability in its sand dune habitat.  Above ground, its height is typically {{convert|3|to|7|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} tall and its diameter is slender, about {{convert|2|to|5|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}.  There is no ring.<ref name="first nature"/><ref name="Jordan"/><ref name="Pegler"/>
-The [[basidia]] bear four spores.  The spores are dark brown and smooth, ellipsoid in shape, and 10 to 11 µm × 6 to 7 µm.  There is a large [[germ pore]] on each spore.
+The [[basidia]] bear four spores.  The spores are dark brown and smooth, ellipsoid in shape, and 10 to 11&nbsp;μm × 6 to 7&nbsp;μm.  There is a large [[germ pore]] on each spore.<ref name="Jordan"/><ref name="Pegler"/>
-Flesh of the cap and stem is pale, thin, and brittle.  Neither the taste nor the odour of the mushroom is distinctive, and it is considered inedible, though not particularly noted as being toxic.
+Flesh of the cap and stem is pale, thin, and brittle.  Neither the taste nor the odour of the mushroom is distinctive, and it is considered inedible, though not particularly noted as being toxic.<ref name="Jordan"/><ref name="Pegler"/>
-''[[Conocybe dunensis]]'' is a similar species that is mainly differentiated from ''P. ammophila'' by the rust colour of its gills.
+''[[Conocybe dunensis]]'' is a similar species that is mainly differentiated from ''P. ammophila'' by the rust colour of its gills.<ref name="Pegler"/>
 ==Distribution and habitat==
-''Psathyrella ammophila'' has a wide but sparse distribution throughout the European continent and in limited coastal locations outside Europe, with records of collection in Algeria, New Zealand, and Canada.  It can sometimes be found near the shoreline, inside the littoral zone, but is most often encountered in more stable and established sand dunes and [[dune slack]]s inland.  The mushrooms grow singly or in clumps and are, to some degree, [[sympatric]] with the fly ''[[Delia albula]]''.  The [[fungivorous]] larvae of the fly develops in ''P. ammophila'' parasitically, though will also attack other fungi.
+''Psathyrella ammophila'' has a wide but sparse distribution throughout the European continent and in limited coastal locations outside Europe, with records of collection in Algeria, New Zealand, and Canada.  It can sometimes be found near the shoreline, inside the [[littoral zone]], but is most often encountered in more stable and established sand dunes and [[dune slack]]s inland.<ref name="first nature"/><ref name="Rotheroe"/>  The presence of [[marram grass]] nearby is a key aspect of its habitat, as it has a [[symbiotic]] (specifically, [[commensal]]) relationship with the plants, using their decaying roots as food.<ref name="first nature"/><ref name="Jordan"/><ref name="Pegler"/>  The mushrooms grow singly or in clumps and are, to some degree, [[sympatric]] with the fly ''[[Delia albula]]''.  The [[fungivorous]] larvae of the fly develops in ''P. ammophila'' parasitically, though will also attack other fungi.<ref name="Stubbs"/>
 ==References==
-{{reflist|refs=
+{{Reflist|refs=
 <ref name="Jordan">{{cite book
  | last = Jordan
@@ Line 66: / Line 59: @@
  | title = The Encyclopaedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe
  | publisher = Frances Lincoln Ltd
- | date = 2004
+ | year = 2004
  | page = 237
  | isbn = 9780711223790}}</ref>
@@ Line 80: / Line 73: @@
  | page =180
  | publisher =British Mycological Society
- | date =1960
+ | year =1960
  | url =http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Link=T&TableKey=14682616000000061&Rec=5930&Fields=All
  | jstor =
  | issn =
  | doi =10.1016/S0007-1536(60)80065-4}}</ref>
+<ref name="first nature">{{cite web
+ | title =Psathyrella ammophila
+ | work =Fungi
+ | publisher =First Nature
+ | url =http://www.first-nature.com/fungi/psathyrella-ammophila.php
+ | accessdate = 2012-07-28}}</ref>
+<ref name="Pegler">{{cite book
+ | last =Pegler
+ | first =David
+ | title =Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe
+ | publisher =Kingfisher Books
+ | edition =2nd
+ | year =2001
+ | page =89
+ | isbn =978-1859749241}}</ref>
+<ref name="Stubbs">{{cite journal
+ | last = Stubbs
+ | first = Alan E.
+ |author2=Chandler, P.
+  | title =A Dipterist's Handbook
+ | journal =The Amateur Entomologist
+ | volume =15
+ | page =201
+ | publisher =Amateur Entomologists' Society
+ | year =1978}}</ref>
+<ref name="Rotheroe">{{cite web
+ | last =Rotheroe
+ | first =Maurice
+ | title =The larger fungi of Welsh sand dunes
+ | page =4
+ | publisher =Cambrian Institute of Mycology
+ | date =June 1993
+ | url =http://www.aber.ac.uk/waxcap/downloads/rotheroe93-welshsanddunefungi.pdf
+ | accessdate =2012-07-29}}</ref>
 }}
+==External links==
+{{Commons category-inline}}
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q7254038}}
 [[Category:Psathyrellaceae]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Joseph-Henri Léveillé]]
+[[Category:Fungi described in 1868]]
+[[Category:Fungus species]]

Psathyrella ammophila Mycological characteristics
	Gills on hymenium
	Cap is campanulate or flat
	Hymenium is adnate
	Stipe is bare
	Spore print is blackish-brown
	Ecology is saprotrophic
	Edibility is inedible

Taxon identifiers
Psathyrella ammophila	Wikidata: Q7254038 BioLib: 358793 EoL: 194796 GBIF: 2534773 iNaturalist: 351954 IndexFungorum: 337654 IRMNG: 10877495 MycoBank: 337654 NatureServe: 2.1062870 NBN: NHMSYS0001495014 NCBI: 415558 NZOR: 847967ba-52a1-4f1d-afcf-26bf07423955 Observation.org: 15092 Open Tree of Life: 604565 SpeciesFungorum: 337654 WoRMS: 426228
Agaricus ammophilus	Wikidata: Q115189408 IndexFungorum: 308335 SpeciesFungorum: 308335