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{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2009}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2009}}

{{Infobox company
{{Infobox company
| name = J. Hudson and Co. Ltd
| name = J. Hudson and Co. Ltd
| logo =
| logo = File:J Hudson & Co logo.png
| type = Private
| type = Private
| foundation = [[Birmingham]], England (1883)
| foundation = [[Birmingham]], England (1883)
Line 13: Line 12:
| products = Whistles
| products = Whistles
| revenue = {{profit}} 5 million [[British Pound|GBP]] (2005)
| revenue = {{profit}} 5 million [[British Pound|GBP]] (2005)
| num_employees = ~100
| num_employees = ~50
| homepage = [http://www.acmewhistles.co.uk/ www.acmewhistles.co.uk]
| homepage = [http://www.acmewhistles.co.uk/ www.acmewhistles.co.uk]
}}
}}
⚫
[[Image:Acme Thunder.jpg|thumb|The Acme Thunderer. The name "Acme" was taken from the Greek word ''acme'', meaning a high point, indicating that the whistle was a tool for producing a very high [[decibel]] level. Their Tornado 2000 whistle is capable of easily reaching 122 decibels.]]


'''J Hudson & Co''' was founded in the 1870s in Birmingham by [[Joseph Hudson (inventor)|Joseph Hudson]] (1848–1930) and his brother James Hudson (1850–1888). The company became a manufacturer of whistles and continues as '''Acme Whistles'''. Acme is the world’s largest and most famous producer of [[whistle]]s. They are headquartered in the [[Jewellery Quarter]] district of [[Birmingham]], England.
'''J Hudson & Co''' was founded in the 1870s in Birmingham by [[Joseph Hudson (inventor)|Joseph Hudson]] (1848–1930) and his brother James Hudson (1850–1889). The company became a manufacturer of [[whistle]]s and continues as '''Acme Whistles'''. Acme is the world's largest and most famous producer of whistles. They are headquartered in the [[Jewellery Quarter]] district of [[Birmingham]], England.


== History ==
== History ==


The company was family-run for over 100 years and three generations; Joseph Hudson's son, James Clifford Hudson and his grandson, Leon Clifford Hudson ran the company after Joseph retired. As of 2014, Acme Whistles is owned and managed by Simon Topman.<ref>{{cite web|last=Walker |first=Bob |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8065641.stm |title=UK &#124; Company whistles through history |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-05-24 |accessdate=2014-01-27}}</ref>
The company was family-run for over 100 years and three generations; Joseph Hudson's son, James Clifford Hudson and his grandson, Leon Clifford Hudson ran the company after Joseph retired. As of 2014, Acme Whistles are now owned and managed by Simon Topman.<ref>{{cite web|last=Walker |first=Bob |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8065641.stm |title=UK &#124; Company whistles through history |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-05-24 |accessdate=2014-01-27}}</ref>


=== 1883–1908 ===
=== 1883–1908 ===
[[File:Birmingham City Police whistles J. Hudson.jpg|thumb|[[Birmingham City Police]] whistles in the [[West Midlands Police Museum]]]]

Joseph Hudson started working at the age of 12. He moved to Bent & Parker, a maker of army supplies and whistles in Birmingham. In 1870, aged 22, he started his own business with younger brother James.
Joseph Hudson started working at the age of 12. He moved to Bent & Parker, a maker of army supplies and whistles in Birmingham. In 1870, aged 22, he started his own business with younger brother James.


In 1883 Hudson began tinkering in his toolshed to make gadgets to sell, including whistles. After observing local police struggling to communicate with rattles,<ref name="taylor">Taylor, J. [http://www.constabulary.com/mystery/rattle.htm "The Victorian Police Rattle Mystery"] ''The Constabulary (2003) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418022247/http://www.constabulary.com/mystery/rattle.htm |date=18 April 2009 }}</ref> he realised that his whistle could be used as a tool. As the story goes, Hudson, a violin player, accidentally dropped his [[violin]] and it shattered on the floor. Observing how the discordant sound of the breaking strings travelled, Hudson had the idea to put a pea in the whistle.<ref name="acme">{{cite web|url=http://www.gdfra.org.au/history_of_the_whistle.htm |title=History of the Whistle |publisher=Gdfra.org.au |date= |accessdate=2014-01-27}}</ref> This gave it an ear splitting rattle that could grab attention even a mile away.<ref name="acme"/> After a demonstration at [[Scotland Yard]], Hudson had his first sale.
In 1883 Hudson began tinkering in his toolshed to make gadgets to sell, including whistles. After observing local police struggling to communicate with rattles,<ref name="taylor">Taylor, J. [http://www.constabulary.com/mystery/rattle.htm "The Victorian Police Rattle Mystery"] ''The Constabulary'' (2003) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418022247/http://www.constabulary.com/mystery/rattle.htm |date=18 April 2009 }}</ref> he realised that his whistle could be used as a tool. As the story goes, Hudson, a violin player, accidentally dropped his [[violin]] and it shattered on the floor. Observing how the discordant sound of the breaking strings travelled, Hudson had the idea to put a pea in the whistle.<ref name="acme">{{cite web|url=http://www.gdfra.org.au/history_of_the_whistle.htm |title=History of the Whistle |publisher=Gdfra.org.au |date= |accessdate=2014-01-27}}</ref> This gave it an ear splitting rattle that could grab attention even a mile away.<ref name="acme"/> After a demonstration at [[Scotland Yard]], Hudson had his first sale.


This 1884 contract with the police gradually made Hudson the largest whistle manufacturer for [[British Empire]] police forces, military, sports, railways and many others. By the 1890s, Hudson faced the rise of many competitor makers and companies.
This 1884 contract with the police gradually made Hudson the largest whistle manufacturer for [[British Empire]] police forces, military, sports, railways and many others. By the 1890s, Hudson faced the rise of many competitor makers and companies.
Line 43: Line 43:
* In early 1900 Hudson makes whistles on a small scale for [[Bent & Parker]].
* In early 1900 Hudson makes whistles on a small scale for [[Bent & Parker]].
* At an unknown date c. late 1890s, early 1900 [[T Yates]] stops manufacturing whistles.
* At an unknown date c. late 1890s, early 1900 [[T Yates]] stops manufacturing whistles.
* 1903 [[H A Ward]] stops making whistles. ( Year of death )
* 1903 [[H A Ward]] stops making whistles. (Year of death)


By 1908, Hudson and De Courcy were the two major whistle makers in England.
By 1908, Hudson and De Courcy were the two major whistle makers in England.


=== 1909–1930 ===
=== 1909–1930 ===

⚫
[[Image:Acme Thunder.jpg|thumb|The Acme Thunderer. The name "Acme" was taken from the Greek word "acme", meaning a high point, indicating that the [[whistle]] was a tool for producing a very high [[decibel]] level. Their Tornado 2000 whistle is capable of easily reaching 122 decibels.]]

Starting 1909 at a new facility in northern Birmingham at 244 Barr St., Hudson expanded to more markets in Europe and overseas, with an office in Paris, a large 1910 French catalogue, and new connections with United States sporting goods companies and distributors. Hudson was left with just one British competitor, [[A De Courcy & Co]], from 1909 to 1927.
Starting 1909 at a new facility in northern Birmingham at 244 Barr St., Hudson expanded to more markets in Europe and overseas, with an office in Paris, a large 1910 French catalogue, and new connections with United States sporting goods companies and distributors. Hudson was left with just one British competitor, [[A De Courcy & Co]], from 1909 to 1927.


In 1912, the company made whistles that were used by the crew on board the ill-fated [[RMS Titanic|Titanic]]<ref>http://www.acmewhistles.co.uk/xcart/pages.php?pageid=14</ref>
In 1912, the company made whistles that were used by the crew on board the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acmewhistles.co.uk/xcart/pages.php?pageid=14 |title=ACME Whistles |website=www.acmewhistles.co.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101133206/http://www.acmewhistles.co.uk/xcart/pages.php?pageid=14 |archive-date=2009-01-01}}</ref>


In 1927 Hudson purchased A De Courcy's patent rights, tools and stock. Hudson became the world's largest maker, gaining the Thunderer Registered Trademark. The Acme Thunderer whistle and its variations became the world's best-selling whistle.
In 1927 Hudson purchased A De Courcy's patent rights, tools and stock. Hudson became the world's largest maker, gaining the Thunderer Registered Trademark. The Acme Thunderer whistle and its variations became the world's best-selling whistle.
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In 1949 the firm was re-constituted as J. Hudson & Co. (Whistles) Ltd. Leon C. Hudson became its first managing director.
In 1949 the firm was re-constituted as J. Hudson & Co. (Whistles) Ltd. Leon C. Hudson became its first managing director.


The 1950s and 60s marked growing demand for Hudson sports whistles, [[Olympics]] and other sport events on five continents.
The 1950s and 60s marked growing demand for Hudson sports whistles ([[Olympics]] and other sport events on five continents).


In 1957 A. R. Topman became an assistant general manager, and about 40 years later his son, Simon Topman, became the owner and the managing director of the company, starting the fourth period of company developments.
In 1957 A. R. Topman became an assistant general manager, and about 40 years later his son, Simon Topman, became the owner and the managing director of the company, starting the fourth period of company developments.


In 1998, Simon Topman and Martyn Gilchrist co-authored a book titled ''Collecting Police Whistles And Similar Types''.
=== 2000–present ===


=== Present ===
⚫
The factory name was changed to Acme Whistles and makes about 5 million whistles each year. It continues to register new patents for whistles. The period was marked with growing competition from far east and Chinese manufacturers.


⚫
The factory name was changed to Acme Whistles and makes about 5 million whistles each year. It continues to register new patents for whistles. The period was marked with growing competition from Far East manufacturers.
⚫
They have made over a billion whistles altogether.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} In addition to the "Thunderer", they make varieties of bird calls, dog calls, safety whistles, orchestral whistles, sports whistles and party whoopers.


⚫
They have made over a billion whistles altogether.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} In addition to the "Thunderer", they make varieties of bird calls, dog calls, safety whistles, sports whistles, orchestral whistles and party whoopers.
In 2018 they produced a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mOu54kXg2Dc TV advert] marking the Centenary of the end of [[World War I|WWI]]. They also produced a limited edition [https://www.acmewhistles.co.uk/blog/in-times-of-war-and-peace/ Peace Whistle] to mark the event.


== Patents, registered designs and trademarks ==
== Patents, registered designs and trademarks ==
Line 88: Line 85:
| 1885
| 1885
| 435
| 435
| whistle-diaphragm disk
| Whistle-diaphragm disc
|-
|-
| 1898
| 1898
| 19700
| 19700
| whistle-diaphragm disk
| Whistle-diaphragm disc
|-
|-
| 1907
| 1907
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| 1923
| 1923
| 213487
| 213487
| Groove in cap for Escargot-type
| Groove in cap for escargot-type
|-
|-
| 1923
| 1923
Line 179: Line 176:
== Models and whistle types ==
== Models and whistle types ==


While many makers concentrated on limited variety, J Hudson & Co made a wide variety of common whistle types, including [[Duck call|bird call]]s, dog calls, fox calls and musical whistles as well as sound effects, [[slide whistle]]s and novelty combination whistles. Some models, such as the ''Thunderer'' Escargot-type and the ''Metropolitan'' general service whistle have been popular throughout most of the company's history.
While many makers concentrated on limited variety, J Hudson & Co made a wide variety of common whistle types, including [[Duck call|bird call]]s, dog calls, fox calls and musical whistles as well as sound effects, [[slide whistle]]s and novelty combination whistles. Some models, such as the ''Thunderer'' escargot-type and the ''Metropolitan'' general service whistle have been popular throughout most of the company's history.


Hudson was the only maker in the United Kingdom to use wood horn, [[Bakelite]], plastic and silver, while competitors other than [[James Dixon & Sons]] were working solely with metal or other materials.
Hudson was the only maker in the United Kingdom to use wood horn, [[Bakelite]], plastic and silver, while competitors other than [[James Dixon & Sons]] were working solely with metal or other materials.
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* Police small arms inspection marks, or army [[broad arrow]] stamps.
* Police small arms inspection marks, or army [[broad arrow]] stamps.
* Early [[Metropolitan police]] whistles had a hand-engraved number at the back that were punched on later ones. These exist in various forms and have been classified as MP-1 to MP-22.<ref>{{cite book | title=Collecting Police Whistles and Similar Types | publisher=Topcrest | author=Gilchrist, Martyn | year=1998 | isbn=978-0953323708}}</ref>
* Early [[Metropolitan police]] whistles had a hand-engraved number at the back that were punched on later ones. These exist in various forms and have been classified as MP-1 to MP-22.<ref>{{cite book | title=Collecting Police Whistles and Similar Types | publisher=Topcrest | author=Gilchrist, Martyn | year=1998 | isbn=978-0953323708}}</ref>
* The Mark Street address{{clarify|date=November 2012}} is not known to have been used on any whistles, and beside the addresses mentioned at the top table, the address Barr Street Hockley was used on many whistles made after [[World War I]].
* The Mark Street address{{clarify|date=November 2012}} is not known to have been used on any whistles, and beside the addresses mentioned at the top table, the address Barr Street [[Hockley, West Midlands|Hockley]] was used on many whistles made after [[World War I]].
* The stamp of 131 Barr Street is extremely rare on Escargot-type.
* The stamp of 131 Barr Street is extremely rare on escargot-type.
* Early general service whistles have a Patent & J Hudson & Co stamp on the diaphragm.
* Early general service whistles have a Patent & J Hudson & Co stamp on the diaphragm.
* "Acme" remains a common stamp on Hudson whistles as does the reversed name "Emca".
* "Acme" remains a common stamp on Hudson whistles as does the reversed name "Emca".
* At times initials consisting of a single letter or two are used as abbreviations; 'MH' for Mental Hospital 'FB' for fire Brigade' P' for prison or police 'T' for tramway and others.
* At times initials consisting of a single letter or two are used as abbreviations; 'MH' for mental hospital, 'FB' for fire brigade, 'P' for prison or police, 'T' for tramway and others.
* Stamps of a particular model or popular names at one time or another, include "International", "The King's Own" or "Taxi Call".
* Stamps of a particular model or popular names at one time or another, include "International", "The King's Own" or "Taxi Call".
*Acme supplied the original [[Mate (naval officer)|ship's mates]]' whistles<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acmewhistles.co.uk/since-1870/j-hudson-co-timeline|title=J Hudson & Co Timeline|website=www.acmewhistles.co.uk|access-date=2018-11-07}}</ref> used aboard the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] in 1912. In 2012 a replica of this whistle was created to mark the 100 year anniversary of the sinking of the ''Titanic''.


==References==
==References==
Line 213: Line 211:


== External links ==
== External links ==
*[http://acmewhistles.co.uk/xcart/home.php J Hudson & Co Company web site]
*[https://www.acmewhistles.co.uk/ J Hudson & Co Company web site]
*[http://whistlemuseum.com/2008/11/11/first-jhusdon-whistle--manchester-city-police-made-1882-mark-st-adress-pre-84-buck-st.aspx J. Hudson & Co. Whistle Manufacturer History. By A.Strauss]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140104060251/http://whistlemuseum.com/2008/11/11/first-jhusdon-whistle--manchester-city-police-made-1882-mark-st-adress-pre-84-buck-st.aspx J. Hudson & Co. Whistle Manufacturer History. By A.Strauss]


{{Whistles}}
{{Whistles}}

Latest revision as of 19:37, 20 May 2024

J. Hudson and Co. Ltd
Company typePrivate
IndustryManufacturing
FoundedBirmingham, England (1883)
HeadquartersBirmingham, England
Key people
Joseph Hudson, Founder
Simon Topman, managing director
ProductsWhistles
RevenueIncrease 5 million GBP (2005)
Number of employees
~50
Websitewww.acmewhistles.co.uk
The Acme Thunderer. The name "Acme" was taken from the Greek word acme, meaning a high point, indicating that the whistle was a tool for producing a very high decibel level. Their Tornado 2000 whistle is capable of easily reaching 122 decibels.

J Hudson & Co was founded in the 1870s in Birmingham by Joseph Hudson (1848–1930) and his brother James Hudson (1850–1889). The company became a manufacturer of whistles and continues as Acme Whistles. Acme is the world's largest and most famous producer of whistles. They are headquartered in the Jewellery Quarter district of Birmingham, England.

History

[edit]

The company was family-run for over 100 years and three generations; Joseph Hudson's son, James Clifford Hudson and his grandson, Leon Clifford Hudson ran the company after Joseph retired. As of 2014, Acme Whistles are now owned and managed by Simon Topman.[1]

1883–1908

[edit]
Birmingham City Police whistles in the West Midlands Police Museum

Joseph Hudson started working at the age of 12. He moved to Bent & Parker, a maker of army supplies and whistles in Birmingham. In 1870, aged 22, he started his own business with younger brother James.

In 1883 Hudson began tinkering in his toolshed to make gadgets to sell, including whistles. After observing local police struggling to communicate with rattles,[2] he realised that his whistle could be used as a tool. As the story goes, Hudson, a violin player, accidentally dropped his violin and it shattered on the floor. Observing how the discordant sound of the breaking strings travelled, Hudson had the idea to put a pea in the whistle.[3] This gave it an ear splitting rattle that could grab attention even a mile away.[3] After a demonstration at Scotland Yard, Hudson had his first sale.

This 1884 contract with the police gradually made Hudson the largest whistle manufacturer for British Empire police forces, military, sports, railways and many others. By the 1890s, Hudson faced the rise of many competitor makers and companies.

Highlights of early company history include:

  • 1895: Introduction of the Acme Siren
  • 1898: Hudson purchases Black & Co.
  • 1898: J Barrall exits the whistle-making Business.
  • 1901: Hudson makes Stevens & Sons whistles.
  • 1904: Hudson purchases R A Walton.
  • 1907: Hudson purchases S Auld Whistles, continuing to manufacture their models especially the Round " pignose " type known as 'Glasgow type police call'.
  • 1904: Hudson fills orders (along with De Courcy) for W Dowler & Sons who stops manufacturing whistles.
  • During this period, Coney & Co. stops making whistles and Hudson makes their models.
  • In early 1900 Hudson makes whistles on a small scale for Bent & Parker.
  • At an unknown date c. late 1890s, early 1900 T Yates stops manufacturing whistles.
  • 1903 H A Ward stops making whistles. (Year of death)

By 1908, Hudson and De Courcy were the two major whistle makers in England.

1909–1930

[edit]

Starting 1909 at a new facility in northern Birmingham at 244 Barr St., Hudson expanded to more markets in Europe and overseas, with an office in Paris, a large 1910 French catalogue, and new connections with United States sporting goods companies and distributors. Hudson was left with just one British competitor, A De Courcy & Co, from 1909 to 1927.

In 1912, the company made whistles that were used by the crew on board the RMS Titanic.[4]

In 1927 Hudson purchased A De Courcy's patent rights, tools and stock. Hudson became the world's largest maker, gaining the Thunderer Registered Trademark. The Acme Thunderer whistle and its variations became the world's best-selling whistle.

During this period, 1925 to 1930, three generations of the Hudson family ran the business together. This was the end of the golden age of whistle making.

1930–2000

[edit]

At the beginning of this period the company faced competition from whistles made of tin, plastic and cast base metal materials made in Germany, Japan, USA and other countries.

On 26 October 1940, the factory received a direct hit from a German air raid. No one was injured, but the factory suffered major damage. Air Raid Precautions whistles were made during the next few years and dated whistles for army, navy and Royal Air Force equipment and for Civil Defence.

In 1949 the firm was re-constituted as J. Hudson & Co. (Whistles) Ltd. Leon C. Hudson became its first managing director.

The 1950s and 60s marked growing demand for Hudson sports whistles (Olympics and other sport events on five continents).

In 1957 A. R. Topman became an assistant general manager, and about 40 years later his son, Simon Topman, became the owner and the managing director of the company, starting the fourth period of company developments.

In 1998, Simon Topman and Martyn Gilchrist co-authored a book titled Collecting Police Whistles And Similar Types.

Present

[edit]

The factory name was changed to Acme Whistles and makes about 5 million whistles each year. It continues to register new patents for whistles. The period was marked with growing competition from Far East manufacturers.

They have made over a billion whistles altogether.[citation needed] In addition to the "Thunderer", they make varieties of bird calls, dog calls, safety whistles, sports whistles, orchestral whistles and party whoopers.

Patents, registered designs and trademarks

[edit]
Year Patent Description
1885 435 Whistle-diaphragm disc
1898 19700 Whistle-diaphragm disc
1907 1112 Whistle combined with pocket knife
1907 25619 Whistle attached to a wrist strap
1908 5727 Two piece top
1911 28999 Unibody GSW
1923 213487 Groove in cap for escargot-type
1923 214519 Pressed top

Registered Designs

Year Number Details
1895 256361 Double end whistle Metropolitan plus Round pea whistle-type
1893 217010 Oval whistle
1897 311230 Oval whistle with oval Porteous top
1909 540164 Pillar top
1924 705987 Compass replacing top cap

Registered Trademarks

The Metropolitan 1884
The Acme 1886
The Kinglet 1907
Acme city 1907
Emca 1922
Acme 1927
  • The above tables shows essential patents and registered designs out of many and up to 1927.
  • Many patents were registered after 1927 and new improvements and inventions are constantly being registered.

Catalogues

[edit]
  • 1935 Acme whistle catalogue ( English )
  • 1910 Acme whistle catalogue ( French )

Models and whistle types

[edit]

While many makers concentrated on limited variety, J Hudson & Co made a wide variety of common whistle types, including bird calls, dog calls, fox calls and musical whistles as well as sound effects, slide whistles and novelty combination whistles. Some models, such as the Thunderer escargot-type and the Metropolitan general service whistle have been popular throughout most of the company's history.

Hudson was the only maker in the United Kingdom to use wood horn, Bakelite, plastic and silver, while competitors other than James Dixon & Sons were working solely with metal or other materials.

Some of the most popular whistle designs in the modern day include:

Whistle Type Notes
ACME Thunderer Classic pea whistle
ACME Cyclone High pitched whistle with no pea
ACME T2000 The world's most powerful whistle used by FIFA and FINA
ACME Tornado Powerful but slimline whistle

Body stamps

[edit]

Hudson stamped addresses and other marks on many of its whistles. Marked service whistles have been used by many police forces, railway companies, fire brigades and other organisations. The stamps supply an easy tool for dating the item. Address stamps are more commonly found on the GSWs than other types. Notable body stamps include:

  • Police small arms inspection marks, or army broad arrow stamps.
  • Early Metropolitan police whistles had a hand-engraved number at the back that were punched on later ones. These exist in various forms and have been classified as MP-1 to MP-22.[5]
  • The Mark Street address[clarification needed] is not known to have been used on any whistles, and beside the addresses mentioned at the top table, the address Barr Street Hockley was used on many whistles made after World War I.
  • The stamp of 131 Barr Street is extremely rare on escargot-type.
  • Early general service whistles have a Patent & J Hudson & Co stamp on the diaphragm.
  • "Acme" remains a common stamp on Hudson whistles as does the reversed name "Emca".
  • At times initials consisting of a single letter or two are used as abbreviations; 'MH' for mental hospital, 'FB' for fire brigade, 'P' for prison or police, 'T' for tramway and others.
  • Stamps of a particular model or popular names at one time or another, include "International", "The King's Own" or "Taxi Call".
  • Acme supplied the original ship's mates' whistles[6] used aboard the RMS Titanic in 1912. In 2012 a replica of this whistle was created to mark the 100 year anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Walker, Bob (24 May 2009). "UK | Company whistles through history". BBC News. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  2. ^ Taylor, J. "The Victorian Police Rattle Mystery" The Constabulary (2003) Archived 18 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ a b "History of the Whistle". Gdfra.org.au. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  4. ^ "ACME Whistles". www.acmewhistles.co.uk. Archived from the original on 1 January 2009.
  5. ^ Gilchrist, Martyn (1998). Collecting Police Whistles and Similar Types. Topcrest. ISBN 978-0953323708.
  6. ^ "J Hudson & Co Timeline". www.acmewhistles.co.uk. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
[edit]
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