1901 Atlantic hurricane season: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is a legitimate description when the title is already adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> |
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{{short description|Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean}} |
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{{good article}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2014}} |
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2014}} |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox tropical cyclone season |
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| Basin=Atl |
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| Year=1901 |
| Year=1901 |
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|East Pacific season=1900–09 Pacific hurricane seasons |
|East Pacific season=1900–09 Pacific hurricane seasons |
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|West Pacific season=1901 Pacific typhoon season |
|West Pacific season=1901 Pacific typhoon season |
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|North Indian season=1900s North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons |
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The '''1901 Atlantic hurricane season''' was the most active [[Atlantic hurricane season|season]] without a major hurricane |
The '''1901 Atlantic hurricane season''' was the most active [[Atlantic hurricane season|season]] without a major hurricane – [[tropical cyclone]]s that reach at least Category 3 on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]] – until [[2013 Atlantic hurricane season|2013]]. The first system was initially observed in the northeastern Caribbean on June 11. The fourteenth and final system transitioned into an [[extratropical cyclone]] near [[Bermuda]] on November 5. These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. Eight of the fourteen tropical cyclones existed simultaneously. |
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Of the season's fourteen tropical cyclones, thirteen became a tropical storm, and six of those strengthened into a hurricane. With no major hurricanes occurring in the [[1902 Atlantic hurricane season|following year]], 1901 and 1902 were the first time that two consecutive seasons lacked a major hurricane since [[1864 Atlantic hurricane season|1864]] and [[1865 Atlantic hurricane season|1865]].<ref name="ACE"/> The fourth and eighth systems were the deadliest and most damaging storms of season. The fourth storm, known as the [[1901 Louisiana hurricane|Louisiana hurricane]], which left about $1 million (1901 [[United States dollar|USD]]){{#tag:ref|All damage figures are in 1901 [[United States dollar|USD]], unless otherwise noted|group="nb"}} in damage and 10-15 fatalities in [[Louisiana]]. In September, the eighth cyclone impacted some islands of the [[Greater Antilles|Greater]] and [[Lesser Antilles]], including [[Puerto Rico]], [[Hispaniola]], and [[Cuba]]. There were five fatalities during boating accidents in [[Virginia]]. At the |
Of the season's fourteen tropical cyclones, thirteen became a tropical storm, and six of those strengthened into a hurricane. With no major hurricanes occurring in the [[1902 Atlantic hurricane season|following year]], 1901 and 1902 were the first time that two consecutive seasons lacked a major hurricane since [[1864 Atlantic hurricane season|1864]] and [[1865 Atlantic hurricane season|1865]].<ref name="ACE"/> The fourth and eighth systems were the deadliest and most damaging storms of season. The fourth storm, known as the [[1901 Louisiana hurricane|Louisiana hurricane]], which left about $1 million (1901 [[United States dollar|USD]]){{#tag:ref|All damage figures are in 1901 [[United States dollar|USD]], unless otherwise noted|group="nb"}} in damage and 10-15 fatalities in [[Louisiana]]. In September, the eighth cyclone impacted some islands of the [[Greater Antilles|Greater]] and [[Lesser Antilles]], including [[Puerto Rico]], [[Hispaniola]], and [[Cuba]]. There were five fatalities during boating accidents in [[Virginia]]. At the French [[Overseas collectivity|overseas territory]] of [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]], three people drowned after a schooner capsized. |
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The [[Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project]] also indicated but could not confirm the presence of an additional tropical storm in October 1901, instead listing the cyclone as a tropical depression. However, the reanalysis added a previously undetected hurricane in late August to the [[HURDAT|Atlantic hurricane database]] (HURDAT).<ref name="meta"/> The seventh tropical cyclone that year was the strongest by [[maximum sustained wind]]s, peaking at 105 |
The [[Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project]] also indicated but could not confirm the presence of an additional tropical storm in October 1901, instead listing the cyclone as a tropical depression. However, the reanalysis added a previously undetected hurricane in late August to the [[HURDAT|Atlantic hurricane database]] (HURDAT).<ref name="meta"/> The seventh tropical cyclone that year was the strongest by [[maximum sustained wind]]s, peaking at {{convert|105|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}, equivalent to a Category 2 hurricane. However, the fourth hurricane had a lower [[barometric pressure]] and was thus the most intense storm of the season. |
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__TOC__ |
__TOC__ |
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{{Clear}} |
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==Season summary== |
== Season summary == |
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<center><timeline> |
<div style="text-align: center;"><timeline> |
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PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:20 left:20 |
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Legend |
Legend = columns:3 left:30 top:58 columnwidth:270 |
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AlignBars = early |
AlignBars = early |
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DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy |
DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy |
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Period |
Period = from:01/06/1901 till:01/12/1901 |
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TimeAxis |
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal |
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ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/06/1901 |
ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/06/1901 |
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from:01/07/1901 till:10/07/1901 color:TS text:"Two" (TS) |
from:01/07/1901 till:10/07/1901 color:TS text:"Two" (TS) |
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from:04/07/1901 till:13/07/1901 color:C1 text:"Three" (C1) |
from:04/07/1901 till:13/07/1901 color:C1 text:"Three" (C1) |
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from:02/08/1901 till:16/08/1901 color:C1 text:"[[1901 Louisiana hurricane|Four |
from:02/08/1901 till:16/08/1901 color:C1 text:"[[1901 Louisiana hurricane|Four (C1)]]" |
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from:18/08/1901 till:22/08/1901 color:TS text:"Five" (TS) |
from:18/08/1901 till:22/08/1901 color:TS text:"Five" (TS) |
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from:25/08/1901 till:30/08/1901 color:C1 text:"Six" (TS) |
from:25/08/1901 till:30/08/1901 color:C1 text:"Six" (TS) |
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</timeline> |
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[[Tropical cyclogenesis]] began with the development of the first tropical storm on June 11 in the northwestern |
[[Tropical cyclogenesis]] began with the development of the first tropical storm on June 11 in the northwestern Caribbean. July featured two tropical storms, one of which strengthened into a hurricane. By July 5, the season had three tropical storms. In comparison, the average date of development of the first tropical storm between 1944 and 1996 was July 11.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-hc-canedates,0,7873131.htmlstory|title=Average hurricane dates|date=May 16, 2001|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]|access-date=May 21, 2016}}</ref> August was the most active month of the season. There were four tropical storms, three of which intensified into hurricanes. The fourth system was the most intense tropical cyclone of the season,{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} peaking as a Category 1 hurricane with [[maximum sustained wind]]s of {{convert|90|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}} with a minimum [[barometric pressure]] of {{convert|973|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}. Although the seventh cyclone was a Category 2 hurricane with winds of {{convert|105|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}, a lower minimum barometric pressure was not recorded.<ref name="meta"/> In September, three additional system formed, one of which became a hurricane. October featured the same amount of activity,{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} but also had a short-lived tropical depression.<ref name="meta"/> The season's final system developed on October 30 and transitioned into an [[extratropical cyclone]] on November 5.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} |
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With a total of 13 tropical storms, this was the most active season without a major hurricane until [[2013 Atlantic hurricane season|2013]], which had 14 named storms and no systems reaching at least Category 3.<ref name="ACE"/> The seventh storm was considered a major hurricane until reanalysis by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz in 1997, who revised the intensity to a Category 2 hurricane because observations did not support Category 3. In 2008, an additional hurricane was added to [[HURDAT]], which existed in late August over the far eastern Atlantic Ocean. A tropical depression in early October may have become a tropical storm, but data was inconclusive.<ref name="meta"/> Nearly all of the season's 14 tropical cyclones impacted land. Collectively, the storms caused over $1 million in damage and at least 35-40 fatalities.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/mwr_pdf/1901.pdf|title=Forecasts and Warnings|author=Edward B. Garriott|date=1901|work=[[National Weather Service|Weather Bureau]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]; [[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]]| |
With a total of 13 tropical storms, this was the most active season without a major hurricane until [[2013 Atlantic hurricane season|2013]], which had 14 named storms and no systems reaching at least Category 3.<ref name="ACE"/> The seventh storm was considered a major hurricane until reanalysis by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz in 1997, who revised the intensity to a Category 2 hurricane because observations did not support Category 3. In 2008, an additional hurricane was added to [[HURDAT]], which existed in late August over the far eastern Atlantic Ocean. A tropical depression in early October may have become a tropical storm, but data was inconclusive.<ref name="meta"/> Nearly all of the season's 14 tropical cyclones impacted land. Collectively, the storms caused over $1 million in damage and at least 35-40 fatalities.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/mwr_pdf/1901.pdf|title=Forecasts and Warnings|author=Edward B. Garriott|date=1901|work=[[National Weather Service|Weather Bureau]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]; [[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]]|access-date=April 25, 2016|location=Miami, Florida}} |
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* {{cite report|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/Partagas/1901-1904/1901_1.pdf|title=Year 1901|author=Jose F. Partagas|date=1997|work=[[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]| |
* {{cite report|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/Partagas/1901-1904/1901_1.pdf|title=Year 1901|author=Jose F. Partagas|date=1997|work=[[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|access-date=April 24, 2016|location=Miami, Florida}} |
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* {{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5273255/the_new_york_times/|title=Disastrous Storm in Haiti |
* {{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5273255/the_new_york_times/|title=Disastrous Storm in Haiti|date=July 8, 1901|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|page=5|access-date=May 15, 2016|via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}} |
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* {{cite report|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/lahur.pdf|title=Louisiana Hurricane History|author=David M. Roth|date=April 8, 2010|work=[[Weather Prediction Center]]|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| |
* {{cite report|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/lahur.pdf|title=Louisiana Hurricane History|author=David M. Roth|date=April 8, 2010|work=[[Weather Prediction Center]]|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=April 26, 2016|location=College Park, Maryland}} |
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* {{cite web|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/rare-hurricane-pounds-cape-verde-islands|title=Rare Hurricane Pounds Cape Verde Islands|date=August 31, 2015|publisher=[[Weather Underground (weather service)|Weather Underground]]| |
* {{cite web|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/rare-hurricane-pounds-cape-verde-islands.html|title=Rare Hurricane Pounds Cape Verde Islands|date=August 31, 2015|publisher=[[Weather Underground (weather service)|Weather Underground]]|access-date=August 27, 2021}} |
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* {{cite report|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/vaerly20hur.htm|title=Early Twentieth Century|author=David M. Roth and Hugh Cobb|date=July 16, 2001|work=[[Weather Prediction Center]]|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| |
* {{cite report|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/vaerly20hur.htm|title=Early Twentieth Century|author=David M. Roth and Hugh Cobb|date=July 16, 2001|work=[[Weather Prediction Center]]|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=May 21, 2016|location=Camp Springs, Maryland}} |
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* {{cite report|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/Hurricane/default.asp?lang=en&n=7B2A4D84-1|title=1901-6|date=November 20, 2009|publisher=[[Environment Canada]]| |
* {{cite report|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/Hurricane/default.asp?lang=en&n=7B2A4D84-1|title=1901-6|date=November 20, 2009|publisher=[[Environment Canada]]|access-date=May 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703051315/http://www.ec.gc.ca/hurricane/default.asp?lang=En&n=7B2A4D84-1|archive-date=July 3, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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The season's activity was reflected with an [[accumulated cyclone energy]] (ACE) rating of 99. |
The season's activity was reflected with an [[accumulated cyclone energy]] (ACE) rating of 99. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.<ref name="ACE">{{cite report|work=[[Hurricane Research Division]]; [[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|date=September 2021|title=Atlantic basin Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT|access-date=October 1, 2021|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/comparison_table.html|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> |
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==Systems== |
== Systems == |
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===Tropical Storm One=== |
=== Tropical Storm One === |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small |
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| Basin=Atl |
| Basin=Atl |
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| Image= |
| Image=Tropical Storm One Analysis 1901-06-13.png |
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| Track=1901 Atlantic tropical storm 1 track.png |
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| Formed=June 11 |
| Formed=June 11 |
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| Dissipated=June 15 |
| Dissipated=June 15 |
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| Pressure=<1010 |
| Pressure=<1010 |
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}} |
}} |
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The first tropical depression of the season developed over the |
The first tropical depression of the season developed over the Caribbean just west of the [[Cayman Islands]] on June 11. Moving northeastward, it strengthened into a tropical storm shortly before landfall in western [[Cuba]] early the next day.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Locations such as [[Havana]] recorded rainfall, but no unusually strong winds.<ref name="Partagas">{{cite report|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/Partagas/1901-1904/1901_1.pdf|title=Year 1901|author=Jose F. Partagas|date=1997|work=[[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|access-date=April 24, 2016|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> Thereafter, the storm moved generally northward across the eastern [[Gulf of Mexico]] and likely maintained the same intensity as a {{convert|40|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}} tropical storm.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} On the east coast of [[Florida]], a wind speed of {{convert|36|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} was observed in [[Jupiter, Florida|Jupiter]]. At 21:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on June 13, the cyclone made landfall near [[Carrabelle, Florida]].{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} [[Charleston, South Carolina]], far from the center, observed winds of {{convert|43|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Partagas"/> Although the system weakened to a depression by early on June 14, it persisted until dissipating over [[Illinois]] late on June 15.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} |
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{{clear}} |
{{clear}} |
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===Tropical Storm Two=== |
=== Tropical Storm Two === |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small |
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| Basin=Atl |
| Basin=Atl |
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| Image= |
| Image=Tropical Storm Two Analysis 1901-07-10.png |
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| Track=1901 Atlantic tropical storm 2 track.png |
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| Formed=July 1 |
| Formed=July 1 |
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| Dissipated=July 10 |
| Dissipated=July 10 |
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| Pressure=1007 |
| Pressure=1007 |
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}} |
}} |
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The second storm of the season was first observed on July 1 about 225 miles (360 km) north of the modern day [[French Guiana]] |
The second storm of the season was first observed on July 1 about 225 miles (360 km) north of the modern day [[French Guiana]]–[[Suriname]] border. The cyclone intensified slowly and moved northwestward, reaching the [[Windward Islands]] early on July 3. Around that time, the cyclone passed between [[Grenada]] and [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]],{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} with little impact.<ref name="Partagas"/> By July 5, the system peaked as a strong tropical storm with maximum sustained winds of {{convert|70|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}, while beginning to curve west-northwestward over the eastern Caribbean Sea.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} In [[Dominican Republic]], flooding occurred in the region between [[Cotuí]], [[Santo Domingo]], and Vega Real, with rivers overflowing their banks. Additionally, high winds knocked out telegraphic communication with the city of Santo Domingo.<ref name="nyt718">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5273255/the_new_york_times/|title=Disastrous Storm in Haiti |date=July 8, 1901|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|page=5|access-date=May 15, 2016|via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}</ref> Strong winds and "severe rain" were reported in [[Haiti]],<ref name="Partagas"/> where several vessels along the coast were wrecked. Fourteen deaths occurred, with nine in [[Les Cayes]] and five in [[Jacmel]].<ref name="nyt718"/> Later on July 5, the storm passed to the southwest of the [[Tiburon Peninsula (Haiti)|Tiburon Peninsula]].{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} |
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Thereafter, the storm paralleled the south coast of Cuba, until making landfall in [[Pinar del Río Province]] late on July 7.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Abnormally high tides and strong winds caused flooding in a majority of homes along the south coast of the province.<ref name="Partagas"/> Early on July 8, the system emerged into the Gulf of Mexico.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} The [[National Weather Service|Weather Bureau]] office in [[Galveston, Texas]], began warning residents of the approaching cyclone on July 9.<ref name="Partagas"/> The system weakened while approaching the coast, and around 10:00 UTC on the following day, it made landfall near [[Matagorda, Texas|Matagorda]] with winds of 50 |
Thereafter, the storm paralleled the south coast of Cuba, until making landfall in [[Pinar del Río Province]] late on July 7.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Abnormally high tides and strong winds caused flooding in a majority of homes along the south coast of the province.<ref name="Partagas"/> Early on July 8, the system emerged into the Gulf of Mexico.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} The [[National Weather Service|Weather Bureau]] office in [[Galveston, Texas]], began warning residents of the approaching cyclone on July 9.<ref name="Partagas"/> The system weakened while approaching the coast, and around 10:00 UTC on the following day, it made landfall near [[Matagorda, Texas|Matagorda]] with winds of {{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Some locations reported tropical storm force winds. Tides caused water to reach waterfront streets in Galveston.<ref name="Partagas"/> The storm quickly weakened and dissipated late on July 10.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} |
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{{clear}} |
{{clear}} |
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===Hurricane Three=== |
=== Hurricane Three === |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small |
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| Basin=Atl |
| Basin=Atl |
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| Image= |
| Image=Hurricane Three Analysis 1901-07-11.png |
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⚫ | |||
| Formed=July 4 |
| Formed=July 4 |
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| Dissipated=July 13 |
| Dissipated=July 13 |
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| Pressure=983 |
| Pressure=983 |
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}} |
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'''Hurricane San Cirilo of 1901''' <br> |
'''Hurricane San Cirilo of 1901''' <br /> |
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A tropical depression developed about {{convert|250|mi|km|abbr=on}} north of [[Paramaribo]], [[Suriname]], early on July 4. The cyclone moved northwestward and intensified into a tropical storm about 24 hours later. Late on July 5, the storm either brushed or struck [[Martinique]]. The system soon entered the Caribbean Sea and continued to strengthen. It brushed near the southwestern tip of [[Puerto Rico]] early on July 7. Several hours the storm made landfall north of [[Punta Cana]], Dominican Republic, 70 |
A tropical depression developed about {{convert|250|mi|km|abbr=on}} north of [[Paramaribo]], [[Suriname]], early on July 4. The cyclone moved northwestward and intensified into a tropical storm about 24 hours later. Late on July 5, the storm either brushed or struck [[Martinique]]. The system soon entered the Caribbean Sea and continued to strengthen. It brushed near the southwestern tip of [[Puerto Rico]] early on July 7. Several hours the storm made landfall north of [[Punta Cana]], Dominican Republic, with winds of {{convert|70|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}} and then briefly emerged into the Atlantic before striking the [[Samaná Peninsula]]. By 18:00 UTC on July 7, the system reemerged into the Atlantic. Early the following day, the cyclone brushed [[East Caicos]] as a strong tropical storm. It curved northeastward late on July 9 and resumed intensification,{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} likely due to the warm [[sea surface temperatures]] over the [[Gulf Stream]].<ref name="Partagas"/> |
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Early on July 10, the storm became a hurricane, shortly before peaking with maximum sustained winds of 80 |
Early on July 10, the storm became a hurricane, shortly before peaking with maximum sustained winds of {{convert|80|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}} and a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|983|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}, both of which were observed by ships.<ref name="Partagas"/> The hurricane recurved to the west early on July 11 and made landfall between [[Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina|Kill Devil Hills]] and [[Nags Head, North Carolina|Nags Head]] in North Carolina at the same intensity. Quickly weakening to a tropical storm after a few hours, the cyclone southwestward and reemerged into the Atlantic early on July 12. Turning to the west-northwest, it made landfall near modern-day [[Kure Beach, North Carolina|Kure Beach]] at 22:00 UTC with winds of {{convert|40|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}. Late on July 13, the storm weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated over [[South Carolina]] shortly thereafter.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} |
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"Considerable damage" was reported in [[Saint Kitts]].<ref name="Partagas"/> The storm is known as ''San Cirilo'' in Puerto Rico, where heavy rainfall occurred, particularly in the southwestern portion of the island, with {{convert|17.22|in|mm|abbr=on}} observed at Hacienda La Perla. Flooding was reported along the [[Río Grande de Loíza]] and Caugus rivers.<ref name="Férez">{{cite report|author=Orlando |
"Considerable damage" was reported in [[Saint Kitts]].<ref name="Partagas"/> The storm is known as ''San Cirilo'' in Puerto Rico, where heavy rainfall occurred, particularly in the southwestern portion of the island, with {{convert|17.22|in|mm|abbr=on}} observed at Hacienda La Perla. Flooding was reported along the [[Río Grande de Loíza]] and Caugus rivers.<ref name="Férez">{{cite report|author=Orlando Pérez|year=1970|title=Notes on the Tropical Cyclones of Puerto Rico|publisher=National Weather Service San Juan, Puerto Rico|access-date=May 21, 2016|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/data_sub/perez_21_34.pdf}}</ref> The Weather Bureau office in San Juan observed a wind speed of {{convert|52|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Partagas"/> In Virginia, winds averaged {{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at [[Cape Henry]] late on July 10 through early on July 11, downing power lines in the area. A woman in [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] was killed after being hit by a tree that was struck by lightning. A number of trees were level and lost their fruit due to heavy rainfall and strong winds in [[Berryville, Virginia|Berryville]]. A barn was destroyed after being struck by lightning and set ablaze. At [[Chesapeake Bay]], artillery practice was interrupted after strong winds destroyed the floating targets.<ref name="va">{{cite report|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/vaerly20hur.htm|title=Early Twentieth Century|author=David M. Roth and Hugh Cobb|date=July 16, 2001|work=[[Weather Prediction Center]]|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=May 21, 2016|location=Camp Springs, Maryland}}</ref> In North Carolina, winds reached {{convert|39|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at [[Hatteras, North Carolina|Hatteras]].<ref>{{cite report|url=http://repository.wrclib.noaa.gov/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=nws_tech_memos|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311045226/http://repository.wrclib.noaa.gov/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=nws_tech_memos|archive-date=March 11, 2007|title=Tropical cyclones affecting North Carolina since 1586: An historical perspective|author=James E. Hudgins|date=April 2000|work=[[National Weather Service]]|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|page=11|access-date=May 2, 2013|location=Blacksburg, Virginia|format=PDF}}</ref> |
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{{clear}} |
{{clear}} |
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===Hurricane Four=== |
=== Hurricane Four === |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small |
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| Basin=Atl |
| Basin=Atl |
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| Image= |
| Image=Hurricane Four Analysis 1901-08-15.png |
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| Track=1901 Atlantic hurricane 4 track.png |
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| Formed=August 2 |
| Formed=August 2 |
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| Dissipated=August 16 |
| Dissipated=August 16 |
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'''The Louisiana Hurricane of 1901''' |
'''The Louisiana Hurricane of 1901''' |
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{{main article|1901 Louisiana hurricane}} |
{{main article|1901 Louisiana hurricane}} |
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A tropical depression developed about {{convert|615|mi|km|abbr=on}} southwest of [[Flores Island (Azores)|Flores Island]] in the [[Azores]] on August 2. Moving southwestward and later westward, the depression remained weak for several days, until strengthening into a tropical storm while approaching the [[Bahamas]] early on August 9. It then crossed through the islands and intensified only slightly. Late on August 10, the storm made landfall near [[Deerfield Beach, Florida]]. After reaching the Gulf of Mexico the next day, the storm continued to intensify and reached hurricane status on August 12. Early on August 13, the hurricane peaked with winds of 90 |
A tropical depression developed about {{convert|615|mi|km|abbr=on}} southwest of [[Flores Island (Azores)|Flores Island]] in the [[Azores]] on August 2. Moving southwestward and later westward, the depression remained weak for several days, until strengthening into a tropical storm while approaching the [[Bahamas]] early on August 9. It then crossed through the islands and intensified only slightly. Late on August 10, the storm made landfall near [[Deerfield Beach, Florida]]. After reaching the Gulf of Mexico the next day, the storm continued to intensify and reached hurricane status on August 12. Early on August 13, the hurricane peaked with winds of {{convert|90|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}. After weakening slightly, the cyclone struck [[Louisiana]] late on August 14 and then [[Mississippi]] less than 24 hours later. The system weakened to a tropical storm early on August 16 and became [[Extratropical cyclone|extratropical]] several hours later. Thereafter, the remnants persisted until dissipating over [[Indiana]] late on August 18.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} |
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Along portions of the east coast of Florida, "considerable damage" was reported due to strong winds.<ref name="Partagas"/> In [[Alabama]], trees were uprooted, houses were de-roofed, and chimneys collapsed in [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]]. Some areas of the city were also inundated with up to {{convert|18|in|mm}} of water due to storm tide. Several yachts, schooners, and ships were wrecked or sunk, resulting in at least $70,000 in damage.<ref name="lahe">{{cite news|url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19010817.2.18&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN------#|title=Hurricane's Great Havoc Near Mobile|date=August 17, 1901|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Herald-Examiner]]|publisher=[[California Digital Newspaper Collection]]| |
Along portions of the east coast of Florida, "considerable damage" was reported due to strong winds.<ref name="Partagas"/> In [[Alabama]], trees were uprooted, houses were de-roofed, and chimneys collapsed in [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]]. Some areas of the city were also inundated with up to {{convert|18|in|mm}} of water due to storm tide. Several yachts, schooners, and ships were wrecked or sunk, resulting in at least $70,000 in damage.<ref name="lahe">{{cite news|url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19010817.2.18&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN------#|title=Hurricane's Great Havoc Near Mobile|date=August 17, 1901|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Herald-Examiner]]|publisher=[[California Digital Newspaper Collection]]|access-date=April 25, 2016|location=Los Angeles, California}}</ref> However, due to warnings by the Weather Bureau, the Mobile Chamber of Commerce estimated that several millions of dollars in damage was evaded. All towns along the coast of Mississippi "suffered seriously".<ref name="mwr">{{cite report|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/mwr_pdf/1901.pdf|title=Forecasts and Warnings|author=Edward B. Garriott|date=1901|work=[[National Weather Service|Weather Bureau]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]; [[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]]|access-date=April 25, 2016|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> In Louisiana, severe damage was reported at some towns due to strong winds and high tides. The community of [[Port Eads, Louisiana|Port Eads]] reported that only the lighthouse was not destroyed,<ref name="wpc">{{cite report|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/lahur.pdf|title=Louisiana Hurricane History|author=David M. Roth|date=April 8, 2010|work=[[Weather Prediction Center]]|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=April 26, 2016|location=College Park, Maryland}}</ref> while other sources state that an office building also remained standing.<ref name="mwr"/> In [[New Orleans]], overflowing levees inundated numerous streets. Outside the city, crops suffered severely, particularly rice.<ref name="lahe"/> Overall, the storm caused 10–15 deaths and $1 million in damage.<ref name="Partagas"/><ref name="mwr"/> |
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{{clear}} |
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===Tropical Storm Five=== |
=== Tropical Storm Five === |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small |
||
| Basin=Atl |
| Basin=Atl |
||
| Image= |
| Image=Tropical Storm Five Analysis 1901-08-20.png |
||
| Track=1901 Atlantic tropical storm 5 track.png |
|||
| Formed=August 18 |
| Formed=August 18 |
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| Dissipated=August 22 |
| Dissipated=August 22 |
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Line 174: | Line 180: | ||
| Pressure=<1012 |
| Pressure=<1012 |
||
}} |
}} |
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A tropical depression developed about 415 |
A tropical depression developed about {{convert|415|mi|km|abbr=on|round=5}} south-southwest of [[Paramaribo]], [[Suriname]], on August 18. The system moved just north of due west throughout its duration and deepened into a tropical storm about 24 hours later. On August 20, the cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of {{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}. Late on August 20, the storm passed through the Windward Islands just north of [[Grenada]].{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} According to [[List of governors of the Windward Islands|Governor-in-Chief of the Windward Islands]] [[Robert Baxter Llewelyn]], no damage occurred on Grenada. At [[Barbados]], three [[Lighter (barge)|lighters]] and a schooner, the ''Myosettis'', were wrecked. The jetties and vessels at them were destroyed on [[Saint Vincent (Antilles)|Saint Vincent]].<ref name="Partagas"/> After reaching the Caribbean, the cyclone began weakening, probably due to colder sea surface temperatures and the storm's proximity to South America.<ref name="Partagas2">{{cite report|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/Partagas/1901-1904/1901_2.pdf|title=Year 1901|author=Jose F. Partagas|date=1997|work=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=April 26, 2016|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> On August 21, the cyclone weakened to a tropical depression. Continuing westward, it dissipated at 18:00 UTC on the following day while situated about {{convert|65|mi|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Aruba]].{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} |
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{{clear}} |
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===Hurricane Six=== |
=== Hurricane Six === |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small |
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| Basin=Atl |
| Basin=Atl |
||
| Image=1901 Atlantic Hurricane 6 track.png |
| Image=1901 Atlantic Hurricane 6 track.png |
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Line 186: | Line 192: | ||
| Pressure=<991 |
| Pressure=<991 |
||
}} |
}} |
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A tropical storm was first observed just east of [[Boa Vista, Cape Verde|Boa Vista]] in the [[Cape Verde|Cape Verde Islands]] on August 25. The storm moved west-northwest and struck the island with winds of 40 |
A tropical storm was first observed just east of [[Boa Vista, Cape Verde|Boa Vista]] in the [[Cape Verde|Cape Verde Islands]] on August 25. The storm moved west-northwest and struck the island with winds of {{convert|40|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}} a few hours later. After reaching the open Atlantic, the system intensified and reached hurricane status early on August 27. Later that day, it peaked with maximum sustained winds of {{convert|80|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}},{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} an observation from the Norwegian [[barque]] ''Professor Johnson''.<ref name="meta">{{cite report|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html|title=Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT|author=Christopher W. Landsea|work=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=April 26, 2016|location=Miami, Florida|display-authors=etal}}</ref> The hurricane began weakening early on August 28 and fell to tropical storm intensity shortly thereafter.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} By late on August 30, the storm was analysed to have dissipated about 1,145 mi (1,845 km) northwest of [[Santo Antão, Cape Verde|Santo Antão]] in the Cape Verde Islands.<ref name="meta"/> |
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{{clear}} |
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===Hurricane Seven=== |
=== Hurricane Seven === |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small |
||
| Basin=Atl |
| Basin=Atl |
||
| Image= |
| Image=Hurricane Seven Analysis 1901-09-07.png |
||
| Track=1901 Atlantic hurricane 7 track.png |
|||
| Formed=August 29 |
| Formed=August 29 |
||
| Dissipated=September 10 |
| Dissipated=September 10 |
||
| 1-min winds=90 |
| 1-min winds=90 |
||
| Pressure=991}} |
| Pressure=991}} |
||
Historical weather maps indicate that a tropical depression developed about {{convert|115|mi|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Praia]], Cape Verde, early on August 29.<ref name="Partagas2"/> Six hours later, the depression intensified into a tropical storm.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} While passing south of Cape Verde on August 29, the storm brought rough seas to the islands, sinking two vessels. Strong winds and torrential rainfall damaged coffee and sugar cane crops and houses. Livestock and people were killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/rare-hurricane-pounds-cape-verde-islands|title=Rare Hurricane Pounds Cape Verde Islands|date=August 31, 2015|publisher=[[Weather Underground (weather service)|Weather Underground]]| |
Historical weather maps indicate that a tropical depression developed about {{convert|115|mi|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Praia]], Cape Verde, early on August 29.<ref name="Partagas2"/> Six hours later, the depression intensified into a tropical storm.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} While passing south of Cape Verde on August 29, the storm brought rough seas to the islands, sinking two vessels. Strong winds and torrential rainfall damaged coffee and sugar cane crops and houses. Livestock and people were killed.<ref name="masters">{{cite web|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/rare-hurricane-pounds-cape-verde-islands.html|title=Rare Hurricane Pounds Cape Verde Islands|author=Jeff Masters|date=August 31, 2015|publisher=[[Weather Underground (weather service)|Weather Underground]]|access-date=August 22, 2021}}</ref> Thereafter, the storm slowly strengthened while continuing westward into the open Atlantic for a few days, until a slight curve to the west-northwest by August 31. The system intensified into a Category 1 hurricane around 12:00 UTC on September 1.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} |
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Continuing to deepen, the cyclone became a Category 2 hurricane on September 3. By the following day, it turned northward and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 105 |
Continuing to deepen, the cyclone became a Category 2 hurricane on September 3. By the following day, it turned northward and peaked with maximum sustained winds of {{convert|105|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}. The hurricane would maintain this intensity for a few days, until curving northeastward on September 6, at which time it began to slowly weaken. By September 8, the storm turned to the east and fell to Category 1 status.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Around this time, a barometric pressure of {{convert|991|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}} was observed, the lowest recorded in relation to the cyclone.<ref name="meta"/> The hurricane soon recurved back to the northeast and accelerated. Late on September 10, the system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while located about {{convert|430|mi|km|abbr=on}} north-northeast of [[Corvo Island]] in the [[Azores]]. The remnants moved quickly northeastward and dissipated southwest of Ireland on September 11.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} |
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{{clear}} |
{{clear}} |
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===Hurricane Eight=== |
=== Hurricane Eight === |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small |
||
| Basin=Atl |
| Basin=Atl |
||
|Image=Pcpn19010916thru19isohyet.png |
| Image=Pcpn19010916thru19isohyet.png |
||
|Track=1901 Atlantic hurricane 8 track.png |
| Track=1901 Atlantic hurricane 8 track.png |
||
| Formed=September 9 |
| Formed=September 9 |
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| Dissipated=September 18 |
| Dissipated=September 18 |
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Line 212: | Line 219: | ||
| Pressure=<1001 |
| Pressure=<1001 |
||
}} |
}} |
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'''Hurricane San Vicente of 1901''' <br> |
'''Hurricane San Vicente of 1901''' <br /> |
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A tropical storm was first observed about {{convert|700|mi|km|abbr=on}} east of [[Guadeloupe]] early on September 9. The system tracked generally westward and deepened slowly. On September 11, the grazed several islands of the northern Lesser Antilles, including [[Barbuda]], [[Saint Barthélemy]], and [[Saba]]. Early the following day, the cyclone struck Puerto Rico with winds of 60 |
A tropical storm was first observed about {{convert|700|mi|km|abbr=on}} east of [[Guadeloupe]] early on September 9. The system tracked generally westward and deepened slowly. On September 11, the grazed several islands of the northern Lesser Antilles, including [[Barbuda]], [[Saint Barthélemy]], and [[Saba (island)|Saba]]. Early the following day, the cyclone struck Puerto Rico with winds of {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}, several hours before making made landfall in Dominican Republic near Punta Cana at the same intensity. The storm weakened while crossing [[Hispaniola]], before emerging into the Caribbean Sea early on September 13. While passing to the south of Cuba, the system intensified, becoming a hurricane on September 14 near [[Cayman Brac]]. Early the following day, the storm peaked with sustained winds of {{convert|80|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}} and a minimum pressure of {{convert|1001|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}},{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} the latter was measured by a ship while the former was estimated during [[Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project|reanalysis]].<ref name="Partagas2"/> The hurricane soon curved west-northwestward and later passed near [[Cape San Antonio, Cuba]], on September 15. Upon entering the Gulf of Mexico, the cyclone weakened to a tropical storm. By September 17, it turned north-northeastward and made landfall in [[Fort Walton Beach, Florida]], at 20:00 UTC with winds of {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}. The system then moved rapidly northeastward and became extratropical about {{convert|75|mi|km|abbr=on|round=5}} east of [[Hatteras Island]] in North Carolina late on September 18. The remnants dissipated offshore [[New England]] about 24 hours later.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} |
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In Puerto Rico, the storm was known as ''San Vicente''. Rainfall peaked at {{convert|10.43|in|mm|abbr=on}} in San Salvador, while winds in San Juan reached {{convert|52|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Férez"/> Minor damage occurred to citrus and coffee crops,<ref name="Partagas"/><ref name="Férez"/> while bananas suffered severe losses. A telegraph report from Haiti indicated heavy rainstorms and strong winds in the vicinity of [[Cap-Haïtien]]. In Cuba, several ships were beached along the bay at [[Santiago de Cuba]]. A few streets in [[Batabanó, Cuba|Batabanó]] were inundated with at least {{convert|3|ft|m|abbr=on}} of water.<ref name="Partagas2"/> The system caused a significant amount of rain across Georgia and the Carolinas, with the maximum amount reported {{convert|11.4|in|mm|abbr=on}} at [[Americus, Georgia]].<ref>{{cite book|page=SA 2–5|title=Storm Total Rainfall In The United States|author=United States Army Corps of Engineers|publisher=War Department|date=1945}}</ref> Offshore Virginia, rough seas resulted in the wrecking or sinking of several vessels. The schooner ''Idle Times'' collided with a [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] barge, killing the schooner's captain. Four sailors drowned offshore [[Ocean View (Norfolk)|Ocean View]]. At [[Newport News, Virginia|Newport News]], {{convert|3.32|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rain fell in a period of 24 hours, which became the highest daily precipitation total for the month of September. Significant damage occurred in the [[Maryland]] city of Braddock, with few homes, barns, or farm buildings not sustaining any impact. In Poplar Terrace, a water tank was swept away from a house. The hospital in Montevue was partially deroofed. Twelve barns were overturned in Liberty and corn crops were ruined.<ref name="va"/> At [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon|Saint Pierre]], the schooner ''J. W. Roberts'' was beached, drowning three people.<ref name="ec">{{cite report|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/Hurricane/default.asp?lang=en&n=7B2A4D84-1|title=1901-6|date=November 20, 2009|publisher=[[Environment Canada]]| |
In Puerto Rico, the storm was known as ''San Vicente''. Rainfall peaked at {{convert|10.43|in|mm|abbr=on}} in San Salvador, while winds in San Juan reached {{convert|52|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Férez"/> Minor damage occurred to citrus and coffee crops,<ref name="Partagas"/><ref name="Férez"/> while bananas suffered severe losses. A telegraph report from Haiti indicated heavy rainstorms and strong winds in the vicinity of [[Cap-Haïtien]]. In Cuba, several ships were beached along the bay at [[Santiago de Cuba]]. A few streets in [[Batabanó, Cuba|Batabanó]] were inundated with at least {{convert|3|ft|m|abbr=on}} of water.<ref name="Partagas2"/> The system caused a significant amount of rain across Georgia and the Carolinas, with the maximum amount reported {{convert|11.4|in|mm|abbr=on}} at [[Americus, Georgia]].<ref>{{cite book|page=SA 2–5|title=Storm Total Rainfall In The United States|author=United States Army Corps of Engineers|publisher=War Department|date=1945}}</ref> Offshore Virginia, rough seas resulted in the wrecking or sinking of several vessels. The schooner ''Idle Times'' collided with a [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] barge, killing the schooner's captain. Four sailors drowned offshore [[Ocean View (Norfolk)|Ocean View]]. At [[Newport News, Virginia|Newport News]], {{convert|3.32|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rain fell in a period of 24 hours, which became the highest daily precipitation total for the month of September. Significant damage occurred in the [[Maryland]] city of Braddock, with few homes, barns, or farm buildings not sustaining any impact. In Poplar Terrace, a water tank was swept away from a house. The hospital in Montevue was partially deroofed. Twelve barns were overturned in Liberty and corn crops were ruined.<ref name="va"/> At [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon|Saint Pierre]], the schooner ''J. W. Roberts'' was beached, drowning three people.<ref name="ec">{{cite report|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/Hurricane/default.asp?lang=en&n=7B2A4D84-1|title=1901-6|date=November 20, 2009|publisher=[[Environment Canada]]|access-date=May 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703051315/http://www.ec.gc.ca/hurricane/default.asp?lang=En&n=7B2A4D84-1|archive-date=July 3, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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{{clear}} |
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===Tropical Storm Nine=== |
=== Tropical Storm Nine === |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small |
||
| Basin=Atl |
| Basin=Atl |
||
| Image= |
| Image=Tropical Storm Nine Analysis 1901-09-14.png |
||
| Track=1901 Atlantic tropical storm 9 track.png |
|||
| Formed=September 12 |
| Formed=September 12 |
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| Dissipated=September 17 |
| Dissipated=September 17 |
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Line 227: | Line 235: | ||
| Pressure= |
| Pressure= |
||
}} |
}} |
||
Ships reports and historical weather maps indicated that the storm was first observed early on September 12,<ref name="Partagas2"/> while located about {{convert|345|mi|km|abbr=on}} southwest of [[Brava, Cape Verde|Brava]] in the Cape Verde Islands. The system strengthened slowly while moving north-northwestward and later north-northeastward across the eastern Atlantic. Early on September 14, the cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of 60 |
Ships reports and historical weather maps indicated that the storm was first observed early on September 12,<ref name="Partagas2"/> while located about {{convert|345|mi|km|abbr=on}} southwest of [[Brava, Cape Verde|Brava]] in the Cape Verde Islands. The system strengthened slowly while moving north-northwestward and later north-northeastward across the eastern Atlantic. Early on September 14, the cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}. Thereafter, it curved northwestward and began to deteriorate very slowly, weakening to a tropical depression late on September 17. Soon after, the system dissipated about {{convert|505|mi|km|abbr=on|round=5}} northwest of Santo Antão.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} |
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{{clear}} |
{{clear}} |
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===Tropical Storm Ten=== |
=== Tropical Storm Ten === |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small |
||
| Basin=Atl |
| Basin=Atl |
||
| Image=1901 Atlantic tropical storm 10 track.png |
| Image=1901 Atlantic tropical storm 10 track.png |
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Line 239: | Line 247: | ||
| Pressure= |
| Pressure= |
||
}} |
}} |
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Early on September 21, the tenth tropical storm of the season was first observed about 125 |
Early on September 21, the tenth tropical storm of the season was first observed about {{convert|125|mi|km|abbr=on|round=5}} northwest of the [[Guajira Peninsula]],{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} according to data from ships and historical weather maps.<ref name="Partagas2"/> Initially the storm moved west-northwestward, before curving to the north-northwest over the northwestern Caribbean Sea early on September 25. Later that day, the cyclone began to intensify, after possibly maintaining the same intensity since September 21. The storm peaked with maximum sustained winds of {{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}, several hours before making landfall in western Pinar del Río Province in Cuba around 18:00 UTC.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Some areas of Cuba experienced heavy rainfall, particularly [[Batabanó, Cuba|Batabanó]], where several streets were inundated.<ref name="Partagas2"/> |
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Late on September 25, the storm emerged into the Gulf of Mexico. The system soon curved north-northeastward and began to accelerate and slowly weaken. At 03:00 UTC on September 28, it made landfall in modern-day [[Lanark Village, Florida]], just east of [[Carrabelle, Florida|Carrabelle]], with winds of 45 |
Late on September 25, the storm emerged into the Gulf of Mexico. The system soon curved north-northeastward and began to accelerate and slowly weaken. At 03:00 UTC on September 28, it made landfall in modern-day [[Lanark Village, Florida]], just east of [[Carrabelle, Florida|Carrabelle]], with winds of {{convert|45|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}. The cyclone rapidly lost tropical characteristics and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over Georgia around 12:00 UTC. However, the remnants lasted until October 2, after crossing the [[Eastern United States]] and [[Atlantic Canada]], and then dissipating southeast of [[Greenland]].{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} The storm brought fairly strong winds to Florida and the southern portions of the [[East Coast of the United States]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5278564/boston_post/|title=Storm On The Way|date=September 28, 1901|newspaper=[[The Boston Post]]|page=4|access-date=May 16, 2016|via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}</ref> |
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{{clear}} |
{{clear}} |
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===Tropical depression=== |
=== Tropical depression === |
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Based on historical weather maps, a tropical depression formed offshore [[Guinea]] on October 4. The depression moved west-northwestward and may have intensified into a tropical storm, but data was sparse and inconclusive. It |
Based on historical weather maps, a tropical depression formed offshore [[Guinea]] on October 4. The depression moved west-northwestward and may have intensified into a tropical storm, but data was sparse and inconclusive. It likely dissipated by the following day, as weather maps do not indicate a closed low-pressure area thereafter.<ref name="meta"/> |
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{{clear}} |
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===Tropical Storm Eleven=== |
=== Tropical Storm Eleven === |
||
{{Infobox |
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small |
||
| Basin=Atl |
| Basin=Atl |
||
| Image= |
| Image=Tropical Storm Eleven Analysis 1901-10-08.png |
||
| Track=1901 Atlantic tropical storm 11 track.png |
|||
| Formed=October 5 |
| Formed=October 5 |
||
| Dissipated=October 10 |
| Dissipated=October 10 |
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Line 257: | Line 266: | ||
| Pressure= |
| Pressure= |
||
}} |
}} |
||
This storm was first observed by ships about {{convert|500|mi|km|abbr=on}} north-northeast of Paramaribo early on October 5.<ref name="Partagas2"/>{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Initially drifting northwestward, the storm gradually accelerated while deepening slowly. The cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of 70 |
This storm was first observed by ships about {{convert|500|mi|km|abbr=on}} north-northeast of Paramaribo early on October 5.<ref name="Partagas2"/>{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Initially drifting northwestward, the storm gradually accelerated while deepening slowly. The cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of {{convert|70|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}} on October 7,{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} based on ship observations.<ref name="Partagas2"/> By the following day, the storm began to weaken and slowly lose tropical characteristics. The system curved northward on October 10 and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone later that day, while situated about {{convert|255|mi|km|abbr=on}} west-southwest of [[Bermuda]]. The remnants persisted for a few days while moving northeast, until dissipating well northwest of the Azores on October 14.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} |
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{{clear}} |
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===Tropical Storm Twelve=== |
=== Tropical Storm Twelve === |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small |
||
| Basin=Atl |
| Basin=Atl |
||
| Image= |
| Image=Tropical Storm Twelve Analysis 1901-10-16.png |
||
| Track=1901 Atlantic tropical storm 12 track.png |
|||
| Formed=October 15 |
| Formed=October 15 |
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| Dissipated=October 18 |
| Dissipated=October 18 |
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Line 269: | Line 279: | ||
| Pressure= |
| Pressure= |
||
}} |
}} |
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A tropical depression formed about {{convert|50|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of [[Trinidad, Cuba]], on October 15. The depression moved northeastward without strengthening and struck [[Sancti Spíritus Province]] shortly thereafter.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} A few cities observed rainfall.<ref name="Partagas2"/> Upon reaching the southwestern Atlantic Ocean late on October 15, the depression intensified into a tropical storm. Further deepening occurred as the storm moved northeastward into the Bahamas, where it made landfall on or brushed [[Long Island, Bahamas|Long Island]], [[Rum Cay]], and San Salvador Island on October 16. That day around 12:00 UTC, the cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of 60 |
A tropical depression formed about {{convert|50|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of [[Trinidad, Cuba]], on October 15. The depression moved northeastward without strengthening and struck [[Sancti Spíritus Province]] shortly thereafter.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} A few cities observed rainfall.<ref name="Partagas2"/> Upon reaching the southwestern Atlantic Ocean late on October 15, the depression intensified into a tropical storm. Further deepening occurred as the storm moved northeastward into the Bahamas, where it made landfall on or brushed [[Long Island, Bahamas|Long Island]], [[Rum Cay]], and San Salvador Island on October 16. That day around 12:00 UTC, the cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}. Thereafter, the system began weakening and losing tropical characteristics, transitioning into an extratropical cyclone early on October 18 while located about {{convert|330|mi|km|abbr=on}} south-southwest of Bermuda. Several hours later, the remnants dissipated.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} |
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{{clear}} |
{{clear}} |
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===Hurricane Thirteen=== |
=== Hurricane Thirteen === |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small |
||
| Basin=Atl |
| Basin=Atl |
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| Image= |
| Image=Hurricane Thirteen Analysis 1901-11-03.png |
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| Track=1901 Atlantic Hurricane 13 track.png |
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| Formed=October 30 |
| Formed=October 30 |
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| Dissipated=November 5 |
| Dissipated=November 5 |
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| Pressure=989 |
| Pressure=989 |
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}} |
}} |
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The final storm of the season developed as a tropical depression about 55 |
The final storm of the season developed as a tropical depression about {{convert|55|mi|km|abbr=on|round=5}} north-northwest of [[Aguadilla, Puerto Rico]], on October 30. Moving north-northeastward, the depression became a tropical storm by early on October 31. Later that day, the storm curved to the northeast. During the next few days, further intensification occurred, with the cyclone reaching hurricane status late on October 28.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Shortly thereafter, the storm attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of {{convert|80|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}} and a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|989|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}; the latter was observed by a ship, while the former was estimated using the subtropical wind-pressure relationship.<ref name="meta"/> |
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While passing southeast of Bermuda, the storm ruined crops and caused considerable damage to some buildings.<ref name="Partagas2"/> The system began to deteriorate gradually after peak intensity, weakening to a tropical storm early on November 4. Early the following day, the cyclone curved east-southeastward. By 00:00 UTC on November 6, it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while located about {{convert|575|mi|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Sable Island]]. The remnants continued east-southeastward until dissipating late on November 6.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} |
While passing southeast of Bermuda, the storm ruined crops and caused considerable damage to some buildings.<ref name="Partagas2"/> The system began to deteriorate gradually after peak intensity, weakening to a tropical storm early on November 4. Early the following day, the cyclone curved east-southeastward. By 00:00 UTC on November 6, it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while located about {{convert|575|mi|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Sable Island]]. The remnants continued east-southeastward until dissipating late on November 6.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} |
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{{clear}} |
{{clear}} |
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== |
==Season effects== |
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This is a table of all of the storms that have formed in the 1901 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s)–denoted by bold location names – damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1901 USD. |
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{{Saffir-Simpson small|align=center}} |
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{{TC stats table start3|year=1901|basin=North Atlantic tropical cyclone|align=center}} |
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{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=One|dates=June 11–15|max-winds=40 (65)|min-press=1010|areas=[[Cuba]], [[Southern United States]] ([[Florida]]), [[Illinois]]|damage=Minor|deaths=None}} |
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{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=Two|dates=July 1–10|max-winds=70 (110)|min-press=1007|areas=[[Windward Islands]], [[Greater Antilles]] (Cuba), [[Texas]]|damage=Unknown|deaths=14}}<ref name="nyt718"/> |
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{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=cat1|name=Three|dates=July 4–13|max-winds=80 (130)|min-press=983|areas=[[Leeward Islands]] ([[Martinique]]), [[Lesser Antilles]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Virginia]], [[North Carolina]]|damage=Unknown|deaths=1}}<ref name="va"/> |
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{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=cat1|name=Four|dates=August 2–16|max-winds=90 (150)|min-press=973|areas=[[Bahamas]], Southern United States (Florida, [[Louisiana]], [[Mississippi]]), [[Indiana]]|damage=$1 million|deaths=10–15}}<ref name="Partagas"/><ref name="mwr"/><ref name="wpc"/> |
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{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=Five|dates=August 18–22|max-winds=50 (85)|min-press=1012|areas=Windward Islands, [[ABC islands (Leeward Antilles)|ABC islands]]|damage=Minor|deaths=None}} |
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{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=cat1|name=Six|dates=August 25–30|max-winds=80 (130)|min-press=991|areas=[[Cape Verde]]|damage=Minor|deaths=None}} |
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{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=cat2|name=Seven|dates=August 29–September 10|max-winds=105 (165)|min-press=991|areas=Cape Verde|damage=Unknown|deaths=2}}<ref name="masters"/> |
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{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=cat1|name=Eight|dates=September 9–18|max-winds=80 (130)|min-press=991|areas=Lesser Antilles ([[Puerto Rico]]), Great Antilles (Dominican Republic), [[Southeastern United States]] (Florida), [[Mid-Atlantic (United States)|Mid-Atlantic]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]], [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]|damage=Unknown|deaths=8}}<ref name="va"/><ref name="ec"/> |
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{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=Nine|dates=September 12–17|max-winds=60 (95)|min-press=Unknown|areas=None|damage=None|deaths=None}} |
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{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=Ten|dates=September 21–28|max-winds=50 (85)|min-press=Unknown|areas=Cuba, [[Eastern United States]] (Florida), [[Atlantic Canada]]|damage=Minor|deaths=None}} |
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{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=depression|name=Depression|dates=October 4–5|max-winds=Unknown|min-press=1010|areas=None|damage=None|deaths=None}} |
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{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=Eleven|dates=October 5–10|max-winds=70 (110)|min-press=Unknown|areas=None|damage=None|deaths=None}} |
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{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=Twelve|dates=October 15–18|max-winds=60 (95)|min-press=Unknown|areas=Cuba, Bahamas|damage=None|deaths=None}} |
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{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=cat1|name=Thirteen|dates=October 30–November 5|max-winds=80 (130)|min-press=989|areas=None|damage=None|deaths=None}} |
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{{TC stats table end3|num-cyclones=14|dates=June 11 – November 5 |max-winds=90 (150)|min-press=936|tot-areas=|tot-damage=1|tot-deaths=35–40}} |
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== See also == |
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{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}} |
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}} |
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* [[Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project]] |
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*[[List of tropical cyclones]] |
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* [[Tropical cyclone observation]] |
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⚫ | |||
* [[1900–1940 South Pacific cyclone seasons]] |
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* [[1900–1950 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons]] |
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* [[1900s Australian region cyclone seasons]] |
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==Notes== |
== Notes == |
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{{Reflist|group=nb}} |
{{Reflist|group=nb}} |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
== External links == |
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{{Commons category |
{{Commons category}} |
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*[http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1901.pdf Monthly Weather Review] |
* [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1901.pdf Monthly Weather Review] |
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{{TC Decades|Year=1900|basin=Atlantic|type=hurricane}} |
{{TC Decades|Year=1900|basin=Atlantic|type=hurricane}} |
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{{Tropical cyclone season|1901}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:1901 Atlantic Hurricane Season}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:1901 Atlantic Hurricane Season}} |
Latest revision as of 02:39, 21 May 2024
1901 Atlantic hurricane season | |
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Seasonal boundaries | |
First system formed | June 11, 1901 |
Last system dissipated | November 5, 1901 |
Strongest storm | |
Name | Four |
• Maximum winds | 90 mph (150 km/h) (1-minute sustained) |
• Lowest pressure | 973 mbar (hPa; 28.73 inHg) |
Seasonal statistics | |
Total depressions | 14 |
Total storms | 13 |
Hurricanes | 6 |
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) | 0 |
Total fatalities | 35-40 |
Total damage | $1 million (1901 USD) |
Related articles | |
The 1901 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active season without a major hurricane – tropical cyclones that reach at least Category 3 on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale – until 2013. The first system was initially observed in the northeastern Caribbean on June 11. The fourteenth and final system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone near Bermuda on November 5. These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. Eight of the fourteen tropical cyclones existed simultaneously.
Of the season's fourteen tropical cyclones, thirteen became a tropical storm, and six of those strengthened into a hurricane. With no major hurricanes occurring in the following year, 1901 and 1902 were the first time that two consecutive seasons lacked a major hurricane since 1864 and 1865.[1] The fourth and eighth systems were the deadliest and most damaging storms of season. The fourth storm, known as the Louisiana hurricane, which left about $1 million (1901 USD)[nb 1] in damage and 10-15 fatalities in Louisiana. In September, the eighth cyclone impacted some islands of the Greater and Lesser Antilles, including Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, and Cuba. There were five fatalities during boating accidents in Virginia. At the French overseas territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, three people drowned after a schooner capsized.
The Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project also indicated but could not confirm the presence of an additional tropical storm in October 1901, instead listing the cyclone as a tropical depression. However, the reanalysis added a previously undetected hurricane in late August to the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT).[2] The seventh tropical cyclone that year was the strongest by maximum sustained winds, peaking at 105 mph (170 km/h), equivalent to a Category 2 hurricane. However, the fourth hurricane had a lower barometric pressure and was thus the most intense storm of the season.
Season summary
[edit]Tropical cyclogenesis began with the development of the first tropical storm on June 11 in the northwestern Caribbean. July featured two tropical storms, one of which strengthened into a hurricane. By July 5, the season had three tropical storms. In comparison, the average date of development of the first tropical storm between 1944 and 1996 was July 11.[3] August was the most active month of the season. There were four tropical storms, three of which intensified into hurricanes. The fourth system was the most intense tropical cyclone of the season,[4] peaking as a Category 1 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph (145 km/h) with a minimum barometric pressure of 973 mbar (28.7 inHg). Although the seventh cyclone was a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 105 mph (170 km/h), a lower minimum barometric pressure was not recorded.[2] In September, three additional system formed, one of which became a hurricane. October featured the same amount of activity,[4] but also had a short-lived tropical depression.[2] The season's final system developed on October 30 and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on November 5.[4]
With a total of 13 tropical storms, this was the most active season without a major hurricane until 2013, which had 14 named storms and no systems reaching at least Category 3.[1] The seventh storm was considered a major hurricane until reanalysis by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz in 1997, who revised the intensity to a Category 2 hurricane because observations did not support Category 3. In 2008, an additional hurricane was added to HURDAT, which existed in late August over the far eastern Atlantic Ocean. A tropical depression in early October may have become a tropical storm, but data was inconclusive.[2] Nearly all of the season's 14 tropical cyclones impacted land. Collectively, the storms caused over $1 million in damage and at least 35-40 fatalities.[5]
The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 99. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.[1]
Systems
[edit]Tropical Storm One
[edit]Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | June 11 – June 15 |
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Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min); <1010 mbar (hPa) |
The first tropical depression of the season developed over the Caribbean just west of the Cayman Islands on June 11. Moving northeastward, it strengthened into a tropical storm shortly before landfall in western Cuba early the next day.[4] Locations such as Havana recorded rainfall, but no unusually strong winds.[6] Thereafter, the storm moved generally northward across the eastern Gulf of Mexico and likely maintained the same intensity as a 40 mph (65 km/h) tropical storm.[4] On the east coast of Florida, a wind speed of 36 mph (58 km/h) was observed in Jupiter. At 21:00 UTC on June 13, the cyclone made landfall near Carrabelle, Florida.[4] Charleston, South Carolina, far from the center, observed winds of 43 mph (69 km/h).[6] Although the system weakened to a depression by early on June 14, it persisted until dissipating over Illinois late on June 15.[4]
Tropical Storm Two
[edit]Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 1 – July 10 |
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Peak intensity | 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min); <1007 mbar (hPa) |
The second storm of the season was first observed on July 1 about 225 miles (360 km) north of the modern day French Guiana–Suriname border. The cyclone intensified slowly and moved northwestward, reaching the Windward Islands early on July 3. Around that time, the cyclone passed between Grenada and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,[4] with little impact.[6] By July 5, the system peaked as a strong tropical storm with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph (115 km/h), while beginning to curve west-northwestward over the eastern Caribbean Sea.[4] In Dominican Republic, flooding occurred in the region between Cotuí, Santo Domingo, and Vega Real, with rivers overflowing their banks. Additionally, high winds knocked out telegraphic communication with the city of Santo Domingo.[7] Strong winds and "severe rain" were reported in Haiti,[6] where several vessels along the coast were wrecked. Fourteen deaths occurred, with nine in Les Cayes and five in Jacmel.[7] Later on July 5, the storm passed to the southwest of the Tiburon Peninsula.[4]
Thereafter, the storm paralleled the south coast of Cuba, until making landfall in Pinar del Río Province late on July 7.[4] Abnormally high tides and strong winds caused flooding in a majority of homes along the south coast of the province.[6] Early on July 8, the system emerged into the Gulf of Mexico.[4] The Weather Bureau office in Galveston, Texas, began warning residents of the approaching cyclone on July 9.[6] The system weakened while approaching the coast, and around 10:00 UTC on the following day, it made landfall near Matagorda with winds of 50 mph (80 km/h).[4] Some locations reported tropical storm force winds. Tides caused water to reach waterfront streets in Galveston.[6] The storm quickly weakened and dissipated late on July 10.[4]
Hurricane Three
[edit]Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 4 – July 13 |
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Peak intensity | 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min); 983 mbar (hPa) |
Hurricane San Cirilo of 1901
A tropical depression developed about 250 mi (400 km) north of Paramaribo, Suriname, early on July 4. The cyclone moved northwestward and intensified into a tropical storm about 24 hours later. Late on July 5, the storm either brushed or struck Martinique. The system soon entered the Caribbean Sea and continued to strengthen. It brushed near the southwestern tip of Puerto Rico early on July 7. Several hours the storm made landfall north of Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, with winds of 70 mph (115 km/h) and then briefly emerged into the Atlantic before striking the Samaná Peninsula. By 18:00 UTC on July 7, the system reemerged into the Atlantic. Early the following day, the cyclone brushed East Caicos as a strong tropical storm. It curved northeastward late on July 9 and resumed intensification,[4] likely due to the warm sea surface temperatures over the Gulf Stream.[6]
Early on July 10, the storm became a hurricane, shortly before peaking with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 983 mbar (29.0 inHg), both of which were observed by ships.[6] The hurricane recurved to the west early on July 11 and made landfall between Kill Devil Hills and Nags Head in North Carolina at the same intensity. Quickly weakening to a tropical storm after a few hours, the cyclone southwestward and reemerged into the Atlantic early on July 12. Turning to the west-northwest, it made landfall near modern-day Kure Beach at 22:00 UTC with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h). Late on July 13, the storm weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated over South Carolina shortly thereafter.[4]
"Considerable damage" was reported in Saint Kitts.[6] The storm is known as San Cirilo in Puerto Rico, where heavy rainfall occurred, particularly in the southwestern portion of the island, with 17.22 in (437 mm) observed at Hacienda La Perla. Flooding was reported along the Río Grande de Loíza and Caugus rivers.[8] The Weather Bureau office in San Juan observed a wind speed of 52 mph (84 km/h).[6] In Virginia, winds averaged 50 mph (80 km/h) at Cape Henry late on July 10 through early on July 11, downing power lines in the area. A woman in Richmond was killed after being hit by a tree that was struck by lightning. A number of trees were level and lost their fruit due to heavy rainfall and strong winds in Berryville. A barn was destroyed after being struck by lightning and set ablaze. At Chesapeake Bay, artillery practice was interrupted after strong winds destroyed the floating targets.[9] In North Carolina, winds reached 39 mph (63 km/h) at Hatteras.[10]
Hurricane Four
[edit]Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 2 – August 16 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 90 mph (150 km/h) (1-min); 973 mbar (hPa) |
The Louisiana Hurricane of 1901
A tropical depression developed about 615 mi (990 km) southwest of Flores Island in the Azores on August 2. Moving southwestward and later westward, the depression remained weak for several days, until strengthening into a tropical storm while approaching the Bahamas early on August 9. It then crossed through the islands and intensified only slightly. Late on August 10, the storm made landfall near Deerfield Beach, Florida. After reaching the Gulf of Mexico the next day, the storm continued to intensify and reached hurricane status on August 12. Early on August 13, the hurricane peaked with winds of 90 mph (145 km/h). After weakening slightly, the cyclone struck Louisiana late on August 14 and then Mississippi less than 24 hours later. The system weakened to a tropical storm early on August 16 and became extratropical several hours later. Thereafter, the remnants persisted until dissipating over Indiana late on August 18.[4]
Along portions of the east coast of Florida, "considerable damage" was reported due to strong winds.[6] In Alabama, trees were uprooted, houses were de-roofed, and chimneys collapsed in Mobile. Some areas of the city were also inundated with up to 18 inches (460 mm) of water due to storm tide. Several yachts, schooners, and ships were wrecked or sunk, resulting in at least $70,000 in damage.[11] However, due to warnings by the Weather Bureau, the Mobile Chamber of Commerce estimated that several millions of dollars in damage was evaded. All towns along the coast of Mississippi "suffered seriously".[12] In Louisiana, severe damage was reported at some towns due to strong winds and high tides. The community of Port Eads reported that only the lighthouse was not destroyed,[13] while other sources state that an office building also remained standing.[12] In New Orleans, overflowing levees inundated numerous streets. Outside the city, crops suffered severely, particularly rice.[11] Overall, the storm caused 10–15 deaths and $1 million in damage.[6][12]
Tropical Storm Five
[edit]Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 18 – August 22 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min); <1012 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical depression developed about 415 mi (670 km) south-southwest of Paramaribo, Suriname, on August 18. The system moved just north of due west throughout its duration and deepened into a tropical storm about 24 hours later. On August 20, the cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h). Late on August 20, the storm passed through the Windward Islands just north of Grenada.[4] According to Governor-in-Chief of the Windward Islands Robert Baxter Llewelyn, no damage occurred on Grenada. At Barbados, three lighters and a schooner, the Myosettis, were wrecked. The jetties and vessels at them were destroyed on Saint Vincent.[6] After reaching the Caribbean, the cyclone began weakening, probably due to colder sea surface temperatures and the storm's proximity to South America.[14] On August 21, the cyclone weakened to a tropical depression. Continuing westward, it dissipated at 18:00 UTC on the following day while situated about 65 mi (105 km) west-northwest of Aruba.[4]
Hurricane Six
[edit]Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 25 – August 30 |
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Peak intensity | 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min); <991 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical storm was first observed just east of Boa Vista in the Cape Verde Islands on August 25. The storm moved west-northwest and struck the island with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) a few hours later. After reaching the open Atlantic, the system intensified and reached hurricane status early on August 27. Later that day, it peaked with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h),[4] an observation from the Norwegian barque Professor Johnson.[2] The hurricane began weakening early on August 28 and fell to tropical storm intensity shortly thereafter.[4] By late on August 30, the storm was analysed to have dissipated about 1,145 mi (1,845 km) northwest of Santo Antão in the Cape Verde Islands.[2]
Hurricane Seven
[edit]Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 29 – September 10 |
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Peak intensity | 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min); 991 mbar (hPa) |
Historical weather maps indicate that a tropical depression developed about 115 mi (185 km) southeast of Praia, Cape Verde, early on August 29.[14] Six hours later, the depression intensified into a tropical storm.[4] While passing south of Cape Verde on August 29, the storm brought rough seas to the islands, sinking two vessels. Strong winds and torrential rainfall damaged coffee and sugar cane crops and houses. Livestock and people were killed.[15] Thereafter, the storm slowly strengthened while continuing westward into the open Atlantic for a few days, until a slight curve to the west-northwest by August 31. The system intensified into a Category 1 hurricane around 12:00 UTC on September 1.[4]
Continuing to deepen, the cyclone became a Category 2 hurricane on September 3. By the following day, it turned northward and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 105 mph (170 km/h). The hurricane would maintain this intensity for a few days, until curving northeastward on September 6, at which time it began to slowly weaken. By September 8, the storm turned to the east and fell to Category 1 status.[4] Around this time, a barometric pressure of 991 mbar (29.3 inHg) was observed, the lowest recorded in relation to the cyclone.[2] The hurricane soon recurved back to the northeast and accelerated. Late on September 10, the system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while located about 430 mi (690 km) north-northeast of Corvo Island in the Azores. The remnants moved quickly northeastward and dissipated southwest of Ireland on September 11.[4]
Hurricane Eight
[edit]Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 9 – September 18 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min); <1001 mbar (hPa) |
Hurricane San Vicente of 1901
A tropical storm was first observed about 700 mi (1,100 km) east of Guadeloupe early on September 9. The system tracked generally westward and deepened slowly. On September 11, the grazed several islands of the northern Lesser Antilles, including Barbuda, Saint Barthélemy, and Saba. Early the following day, the cyclone struck Puerto Rico with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), several hours before making made landfall in Dominican Republic near Punta Cana at the same intensity. The storm weakened while crossing Hispaniola, before emerging into the Caribbean Sea early on September 13. While passing to the south of Cuba, the system intensified, becoming a hurricane on September 14 near Cayman Brac. Early the following day, the storm peaked with sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1,001 mbar (29.6 inHg),[4] the latter was measured by a ship while the former was estimated during reanalysis.[14] The hurricane soon curved west-northwestward and later passed near Cape San Antonio, Cuba, on September 15. Upon entering the Gulf of Mexico, the cyclone weakened to a tropical storm. By September 17, it turned north-northeastward and made landfall in Fort Walton Beach, Florida, at 20:00 UTC with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). The system then moved rapidly northeastward and became extratropical about 75 mi (120 km) east of Hatteras Island in North Carolina late on September 18. The remnants dissipated offshore New England about 24 hours later.[4]
In Puerto Rico, the storm was known as San Vicente. Rainfall peaked at 10.43 in (265 mm) in San Salvador, while winds in San Juan reached 52 mph (84 km/h).[8] Minor damage occurred to citrus and coffee crops,[6][8] while bananas suffered severe losses. A telegraph report from Haiti indicated heavy rainstorms and strong winds in the vicinity of Cap-Haïtien. In Cuba, several ships were beached along the bay at Santiago de Cuba. A few streets in Batabanó were inundated with at least 3 ft (0.91 m) of water.[14] The system caused a significant amount of rain across Georgia and the Carolinas, with the maximum amount reported 11.4 in (290 mm) at Americus, Georgia.[16] Offshore Virginia, rough seas resulted in the wrecking or sinking of several vessels. The schooner Idle Times collided with a Pennsylvania Railroad barge, killing the schooner's captain. Four sailors drowned offshore Ocean View. At Newport News, 3.32 in (84 mm) of rain fell in a period of 24 hours, which became the highest daily precipitation total for the month of September. Significant damage occurred in the Maryland city of Braddock, with few homes, barns, or farm buildings not sustaining any impact. In Poplar Terrace, a water tank was swept away from a house. The hospital in Montevue was partially deroofed. Twelve barns were overturned in Liberty and corn crops were ruined.[9] At Saint Pierre, the schooner J. W. Roberts was beached, drowning three people.[17]
Tropical Storm Nine
[edit]Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 12 – September 17 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min); |
Ships reports and historical weather maps indicated that the storm was first observed early on September 12,[14] while located about 345 mi (555 km) southwest of Brava in the Cape Verde Islands. The system strengthened slowly while moving north-northwestward and later north-northeastward across the eastern Atlantic. Early on September 14, the cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). Thereafter, it curved northwestward and began to deteriorate very slowly, weakening to a tropical depression late on September 17. Soon after, the system dissipated about 505 mi (815 km) northwest of Santo Antão.[4]
Tropical Storm Ten
[edit]Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 21 – September 28 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min); |
Early on September 21, the tenth tropical storm of the season was first observed about 125 mi (200 km) northwest of the Guajira Peninsula,[4] according to data from ships and historical weather maps.[14] Initially the storm moved west-northwestward, before curving to the north-northwest over the northwestern Caribbean Sea early on September 25. Later that day, the cyclone began to intensify, after possibly maintaining the same intensity since September 21. The storm peaked with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h), several hours before making landfall in western Pinar del Río Province in Cuba around 18:00 UTC.[4] Some areas of Cuba experienced heavy rainfall, particularly Batabanó, where several streets were inundated.[14]
Late on September 25, the storm emerged into the Gulf of Mexico. The system soon curved north-northeastward and began to accelerate and slowly weaken. At 03:00 UTC on September 28, it made landfall in modern-day Lanark Village, Florida, just east of Carrabelle, with winds of 45 mph (70 km/h). The cyclone rapidly lost tropical characteristics and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over Georgia around 12:00 UTC. However, the remnants lasted until October 2, after crossing the Eastern United States and Atlantic Canada, and then dissipating southeast of Greenland.[4] The storm brought fairly strong winds to Florida and the southern portions of the East Coast of the United States.[18]
Tropical depression
[edit]Based on historical weather maps, a tropical depression formed offshore Guinea on October 4. The depression moved west-northwestward and may have intensified into a tropical storm, but data was sparse and inconclusive. It likely dissipated by the following day, as weather maps do not indicate a closed low-pressure area thereafter.[2]
Tropical Storm Eleven
[edit]Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 5 – October 10 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min); |
This storm was first observed by ships about 500 mi (800 km) north-northeast of Paramaribo early on October 5.[14][4] Initially drifting northwestward, the storm gradually accelerated while deepening slowly. The cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph (115 km/h) on October 7,[4] based on ship observations.[14] By the following day, the storm began to weaken and slowly lose tropical characteristics. The system curved northward on October 10 and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone later that day, while situated about 255 mi (410 km) west-southwest of Bermuda. The remnants persisted for a few days while moving northeast, until dissipating well northwest of the Azores on October 14.[4]
Tropical Storm Twelve
[edit]Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 15 – October 18 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min); |
A tropical depression formed about 50 mi (80 km) south of Trinidad, Cuba, on October 15. The depression moved northeastward without strengthening and struck Sancti Spíritus Province shortly thereafter.[4] A few cities observed rainfall.[14] Upon reaching the southwestern Atlantic Ocean late on October 15, the depression intensified into a tropical storm. Further deepening occurred as the storm moved northeastward into the Bahamas, where it made landfall on or brushed Long Island, Rum Cay, and San Salvador Island on October 16. That day around 12:00 UTC, the cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). Thereafter, the system began weakening and losing tropical characteristics, transitioning into an extratropical cyclone early on October 18 while located about 330 mi (530 km) south-southwest of Bermuda. Several hours later, the remnants dissipated.[4]
Hurricane Thirteen
[edit]Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 30 – November 5 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min); 989 mbar (hPa) |
The final storm of the season developed as a tropical depression about 55 mi (90 km) north-northwest of Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, on October 30. Moving north-northeastward, the depression became a tropical storm by early on October 31. Later that day, the storm curved to the northeast. During the next few days, further intensification occurred, with the cyclone reaching hurricane status late on October 28.[4] Shortly thereafter, the storm attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 989 mbar (29.2 inHg); the latter was observed by a ship, while the former was estimated using the subtropical wind-pressure relationship.[2]
While passing southeast of Bermuda, the storm ruined crops and caused considerable damage to some buildings.[14] The system began to deteriorate gradually after peak intensity, weakening to a tropical storm early on November 4. Early the following day, the cyclone curved east-southeastward. By 00:00 UTC on November 6, it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while located about 575 mi (925 km) southeast of Sable Island. The remnants continued east-southeastward until dissipating late on November 6.[4]
Season effects
[edit]This is a table of all of the storms that have formed in the 1901 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s)–denoted by bold location names – damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1901 USD.
Saffir–Simpson scale | ||||||
TD | TS | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 |
Storm name |
Dates active | Storm category at peak intensity |
Max 1-min wind mph (km/h) |
Min. press. (mbar) |
Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Ref(s) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
One | June 11–15 | Tropical storm | 40 (65) | 1010 | Cuba, Southern United States (Florida), Illinois | Minor | None | |||
Two | July 1–10 | Tropical storm | 70 (110) | 1007 | Windward Islands, Greater Antilles (Cuba), Texas | Unknown | 14 | [7] | ||
Three | July 4–13 | Category 1 hurricane | 80 (130) | 983 | Leeward Islands (Martinique), Lesser Antilles, Dominican Republic, Virginia, North Carolina | Unknown | 1 | [9] | ||
Four | August 2–16 | Category 1 hurricane | 90 (150) | 973 | Bahamas, Southern United States (Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi), Indiana | $1 million | 10–15 | [6][12][13] | ||
Five | August 18–22 | Tropical storm | 50 (85) | 1012 | Windward Islands, ABC islands | Minor | None | |||
Six | August 25–30 | Category 1 hurricane | 80 (130) | 991 | Cape Verde | Minor | None | |||
Seven | August 29–September 10 | Category 2 hurricane | 105 (165) | 991 | Cape Verde | Unknown | 2 | [15] | ||
Eight | September 9–18 | Category 1 hurricane | 80 (130) | 991 | Lesser Antilles (Puerto Rico), Great Antilles (Dominican Republic), Southeastern United States (Florida), Mid-Atlantic, Newfoundland, Saint Pierre and Miquelon | Unknown | 8 | [9][17] | ||
Nine | September 12–17 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | Unknown | None | None | None | |||
Ten | September 21–28 | Tropical storm | 50 (85) | Unknown | Cuba, Eastern United States (Florida), Atlantic Canada | Minor | None | |||
Depression | October 4–5 | Tropical depression | Unknown | 1010 | None | None | None | |||
Eleven | October 5–10 | Tropical storm | 70 (110) | Unknown | None | None | None | |||
Twelve | October 15–18 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | Unknown | Cuba, Bahamas | None | None | |||
Thirteen | October 30–November 5 | Category 1 hurricane | 80 (130) | 989 | None | None | None | |||
Season aggregates | ||||||||||
14 systems | June 11 – November 5 | 90 (150) | 936 | 1 | 35–40 |
See also
[edit]- Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project
- Tropical cyclone observation
- 1900–1940 South Pacific cyclone seasons
- 1900–1950 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons
- 1900s Australian region cyclone seasons
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c Atlantic basin Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. September 2021. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Christopher W. Landsea; et al. Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
- ^ "Average hurricane dates". Chicago Tribune. May 16, 2001. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2025. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- Landsea, Chris (April 2022). "The revised Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2) - Chris Landsea – April 2022" (PDF). Hurricane Research Division – NOAA/AOML. Miami: Hurricane Research Division – via Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory.
- ^ Edward B. Garriott (1901). Forecasts and Warnings (PDF). Weather Bureau (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
- Jose F. Partagas (1997). Year 1901 (PDF). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
- "Disastrous Storm in Haiti". The New York Times. July 8, 1901. p. 5. Retrieved May 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
- David M. Roth (April 8, 2010). Louisiana Hurricane History (PDF). Weather Prediction Center (Report). College Park, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
- "Rare Hurricane Pounds Cape Verde Islands". Weather Underground. August 31, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
- David M. Roth and Hugh Cobb (July 16, 2001). Early Twentieth Century. Weather Prediction Center (Report). Camp Springs, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
- 1901-6 (Report). Environment Canada. November 20, 2009. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Jose F. Partagas (1997). Year 1901 (PDF). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
- ^ a b c "Disastrous Storm in Haiti". The New York Times. July 8, 1901. p. 5. Retrieved May 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c Orlando Pérez (1970). Notes on the Tropical Cyclones of Puerto Rico (PDF) (Report). National Weather Service San Juan, Puerto Rico. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
- ^ a b c d David M. Roth and Hugh Cobb (July 16, 2001). Early Twentieth Century. Weather Prediction Center (Report). Camp Springs, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
- ^ James E. Hudgins (April 2000). Tropical cyclones affecting North Carolina since 1586: An historical perspective. National Weather Service (Report). Blacksburg, Virginia: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 11, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
- ^ a b "Hurricane's Great Havoc Near Mobile". Los Angeles Herald-Examiner. Los Angeles, California: California Digital Newspaper Collection. August 17, 1901. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
- ^ a b c d Edward B. Garriott (1901). Forecasts and Warnings (PDF). Weather Bureau (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
- ^ a b David M. Roth (April 8, 2010). Louisiana Hurricane History (PDF). Weather Prediction Center (Report). College Park, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jose F. Partagas (1997). Year 1901 (PDF). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
- ^ a b Jeff Masters (August 31, 2015). "Rare Hurricane Pounds Cape Verde Islands". Weather Underground. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
- ^ United States Army Corps of Engineers (1945). Storm Total Rainfall In The United States. War Department. p. SA 2–5.
- ^ a b 1901-6 (Report). Environment Canada. November 20, 2009. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
- ^ "Storm On The Way". The Boston Post. September 28, 1901. p. 4. Retrieved May 16, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.