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{{short description|Medical exam}}
In [[medicine]], a '''muscle biopsy''' is a procedure in which a piece of [[muscle]] [[Biological tissue|tissue]] is removed from an [[organism]] and examined [[Microscopy|microscopically]]. A [[biopsy needle]] is usually inserted into a muscle, wherein a small amount of tissue remains. Alternatively, an "open biopsy" can be performed by obtaining the muscle tissue through a small surgical incision. A muscle biopsy can lead to the discovery of problems with a [[nervous system]], [[connective tissue]], [[vascular system]], or [[musculoskeletal system]]. In humans with weakness and low muscle tone, a muscle biopsy can help distinguish between [[myopathies]] (where the pathology is in the muscle tissue itself) and [[neuropathies]] (where the pathology is at the nerves innervating those muscles). Muscle biopsies can also help to distinguish among various types of [[myopathies]], by microscopic analysis for differing characteristics when exposed to a variety of chemical reactions and stains.
{{Infobox interventions |
Name = Muscle biopsy |
Image = Ragged red fibres - gtc - very high mag.jpg |
Caption = [[Micrograph]] of a muscle biopsy showing [[ragged red fibers]], a finding seen in various types of [[mitochondrial diseases]]. [[Gomori trichrome stain]]. |
ICD10 = |
ICD9unlinked = {{ICD9proc|15.01}} |
MeshID = |
OPS301 = |
OtherCodes = |
}}


In [[medicine]], a '''muscle biopsy''' is a procedure in which a piece of [[muscle]] [[Biological tissue|tissue]] is removed from an [[organism]] and examined [[Microscopy|microscopically]]. A muscle biopsy can lead to the discovery of problems with the [[nervous system]], [[connective tissue]], [[vascular system]], or [[musculoskeletal system]].
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However, in some cases the muscle biopsy alone is inadequate to distinguish between certain myopathies. For example, a muscle biopsy showing the nucleus pathologically located in the center of the muscle cell would indicate "[[Centronuclear myopathy (including myotubular myopathy)|centronuclear myopathy]]", but research has shown that a variety of [[myopathies]] can cause these centronuclear biopsy appearance, and hence the specific [[genetic testing]] becomes increasingly important. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16042307&query_hl=10&itool=pubmed_docsum] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16227997&query_hl=4&itool=pubmed_docsum]
⚫
Additionally muscle biopsy is the only certain way to clarify ones muscle fiber types. I.e. by undergoing a muscle biopsy one can get a clear picture of which type of muscles dominates his/hers body.
⚫
== See also ==


==Indications==
In humans with weakness and low muscle tone, a muscle biopsy can help distinguish between [[myopathies]] (where the pathology is in the muscle tissue itself) and [[neuropathies]] (where the pathology is at the nerves innervating those muscles). Muscle biopsies can also help to distinguish among various types of [[myopathies]], by microscopic analysis for differing characteristics when exposed to a variety of chemical reactions and stains.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gonorazky |first1=HD |last2=Bönnemann |first2=CG |last3=Dowling |first3=JJ |title=The genetics of congenital myopathies. |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |date=2018 |volume=148 |pages=549–564 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-64076-5.00036-3 |pmid=29478600|isbn=9780444640765 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jungbluth |first1=Heinz |last2=Treves |first2=Susan |last3=Zorzato |first3=Francesco |last4=Sarkozy |first4=Anna |last5=Ochala |first5=Julien |last6=Sewry |first6=Caroline |last7=Phadke |first7=Rahul |last8=Gautel |first8=Mathias |last9=Muntoni |first9=Francesco |title=Congenital myopathies: disorders of excitation–contraction coupling and muscle contraction |journal=Nature Reviews Neurology |date=2 February 2018 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=151–167 |doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2017.191 |pmid=29391587|s2cid=3542904 |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10052916/ |hdl=11392/2382654 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

⚫
However, in some cases the muscle biopsy alone is inadequate to distinguish between certain myopathies. For example, a muscle biopsy showing the nucleus pathologically located in the center of the muscle cell would indicate "[[Centronuclear myopathy (including myotubular myopathy)|centronuclear myopathy]]", but research has shown that a variety of [[myopathies]] can cause these centronuclear biopsy appearance, and hence the specific [[genetic testing]] becomes increasingly important.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pierson CR, Tomczak K, Agrawal P, Moghadaszadeh B, Beggs AH |title=X-linked myotubular and centronuclear myopathies |journal=J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. |volume=64 |issue=7 |pages=555–64 |date=July 2005 |pmid=16042307 |doi=10.1097/01.jnen.0000171653.17213.2e|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bitoun M, Maugenre S, Jeannet PY, etal |title=Mutations in dynamin 2 cause dominant centronuclear myopathy |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=37 |issue=11 |pages=1207–9 |date=November 2005 |pmid=16227997 |doi=10.1038/ng1657 |s2cid=37842933 |url=https://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-02446662/file/Bitoun%20et%20al%20Nat.Genet.2005.pdf }}</ref>
⚫
Additionally muscle biopsy is the only certain way to clarify ones muscle fiber types. I.e. by undergoing a muscle biopsy one can get a clear picture of which type of muscles dominates his/her body.

==Procedure==
A [[needle aspiration biopsy|biopsy needle]] is usually inserted into a muscle, wherein a small amount of tissue remains. Alternatively, an "open biopsy" can be performed by obtaining the muscle tissue through a small surgical incision.{{cn|date=February 2022}}

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== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Atrophy]]
* [[Atrophy]]
* [[Necrosis]] (possibly of muscle fibers)
* [[Necrosis]] (possibly of muscle fibers)
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* [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]
* [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]
* [[Friedreich's ataxia]]
* [[Friedreich's ataxia]]
* [[Hereditary inclusion body myopathy]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}


==External links==
{{Uncategorizedstub|date=February 2007}}
* [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003924.htm Muscle Biopsy] MedlinePlus
[[nl:Spierbiopt]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131208054000/http://therapath.com/Muscle_Biopsy.php Muscle Biopsy: Overview] Therapath Pathology


{{Muscle/soft tissue procedures}}


[[Category:Biopsy]]
{{muscle-stub}}
[[Category:Muscular system]]

Latest revision as of 14:54, 22 May 2024

Muscle biopsy
Micrograph of a muscle biopsy showing ragged red fibers, a finding seen in various types of mitochondrial diseases. Gomori trichrome stain.
ICD-915.01

In medicine, a muscle biopsy is a procedure in which a piece of muscle tissue is removed from an organism and examined microscopically. A muscle biopsy can lead to the discovery of problems with the nervous system, connective tissue, vascular system, or musculoskeletal system.

Indications

[edit]

In humans with weakness and low muscle tone, a muscle biopsy can help distinguish between myopathies (where the pathology is in the muscle tissue itself) and neuropathies (where the pathology is at the nerves innervating those muscles). Muscle biopsies can also help to distinguish among various types of myopathies, by microscopic analysis for differing characteristics when exposed to a variety of chemical reactions and stains.[1][2]

However, in some cases the muscle biopsy alone is inadequate to distinguish between certain myopathies. For example, a muscle biopsy showing the nucleus pathologically located in the center of the muscle cell would indicate "centronuclear myopathy", but research has shown that a variety of myopathies can cause these centronuclear biopsy appearance, and hence the specific genetic testing becomes increasingly important.[3][4] Additionally muscle biopsy is the only certain way to clarify ones muscle fiber types. I.e. by undergoing a muscle biopsy one can get a clear picture of which type of muscles dominates his/her body.

Procedure

[edit]

A biopsy needle is usually inserted into a muscle, wherein a small amount of tissue remains. Alternatively, an "open biopsy" can be performed by obtaining the muscle tissue through a small surgical incision.[citation needed]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Gonorazky, HD; Bönnemann, CG; Dowling, JJ (2018). The genetics of congenital myopathies. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 148. pp. 549–564. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-64076-5.00036-3. ISBN 9780444640765. PMID 29478600.
  2. ^ Jungbluth, Heinz; Treves, Susan; Zorzato, Francesco; Sarkozy, Anna; Ochala, Julien; Sewry, Caroline; Phadke, Rahul; Gautel, Mathias; Muntoni, Francesco (2 February 2018). "Congenital myopathies: disorders of excitation–contraction coupling and muscle contraction". Nature Reviews Neurology. 14 (3): 151–167. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.191. hdl:11392/2382654. PMID 29391587. S2CID 3542904.
  3. ^ Pierson CR, Tomczak K, Agrawal P, Moghadaszadeh B, Beggs AH (July 2005). "X-linked myotubular and centronuclear myopathies". J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 64 (7): 555–64. doi:10.1097/01.jnen.0000171653.17213.2e. PMID 16042307.
  4. ^ Bitoun M, Maugenre S, Jeannet PY, et al. (November 2005). "Mutations in dynamin 2 cause dominant centronuclear myopathy" (PDF). Nat. Genet. 37 (11): 1207–9. doi:10.1038/ng1657. PMID 16227997. S2CID 37842933.
[edit]
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