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{{short description|Genus of algae}}
{{Short description|Genus of algae}}
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{{Automatic taxobox
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'''''Pyropia''''' is a genus of [[Red algae|red alga]] [seaweed] in the family [[Bangiaceae]]. It is found around the world in intertidal zones and shallow water. The genus has folding frond-like blades which are either red, brown or green. Some ''Pyropia'' species are used to create [[nori]], and are thus important subjects for aquaculture.
| image = Pyropia nereocystis 167506363.jpg

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| image_caption = ''[[Pyropia nereocystis]]''
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{{automatic taxobox
| image = Porphyra yezoensis.jpg
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| image_caption = ''Pyropia yezoensis''
| taxon = Pyropia
| taxon = Pyropia
| authority = [[Jacob Georg Agardh|J.Agardh]] 1899<ref name=Agardh>Agardh, J.G. (1899). Analecta algologica, Continuatio V. Lunds Universitets Års-Skrift, Andra Afdelningen, Kongl. Fysiografiska Sällskapets i Lund Handlingar 35(4): 1-160, 3 pls.</ref>
| authority = [[Jacob Georg Agardh|J.Agardh]] 1899<ref name=Agardh>Agardh, J.G. (1899). Analecta algologica, Continuatio V. Lunds Universitets Års-Skrift, Andra Afdelningen, Kongl. Fysiografiska Sällskapets i Lund Handlingar 35(4): 1-160, 3 pls.</ref>
| type_species = ''[[Pyropia californica]]''
| type_species = ''[[Pyropia californica]]''
| type_species_authority = J.Agardh<ref name=Algaebase/>
| type_species_authority = J.Agardh<ref name=Algaebase/>
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species<ref name=Algaebase>M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2017. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=Na8c54bc5b1ee2bda&- searched on 15 September 2017.</ref>
| subdivision_ref = <ref name=Algaebase>M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2017. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=Na8c54bc5b1ee2bda&- searched on 15 September 2017.</ref>
| subdivision = see text
| subdivision = See text
}}
}}


⚫
'''''Pyropia''''' is a genus of [[red algae]] in the family [[Bangiaceae]]. It is found around the world in intertidal zones and shallow water. The genus has folding frond-like blades which are either red, brown or green. Some ''Pyropia'' species are used to create [[nori]], and are thus important subjects for aquaculture.
== Taxonomy ==
⚫
''Pyropia'' was originally erected by [[Jacob Georg Agardh]], a botanist and professor at Lund University. Before this, and sometimes after, many species of ''Pyropia'' were placed in ''[[Porphyra]]'', a different genus of red alga. New species of ''Pyropia'' are still being discovered, for example in 2013 research done on New Zealand plants was able to move ''[[Pyropia plicata]]'' from ''Porphyra''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nelson|first=Wendy A.|date=2013-03-22|title=Pyropia plicata sp. nov. (Bangiales, Rhodophyta): naming a common intertidal alga from New Zealand|journal=PhytoKeys|issue=21|pages=17–28|doi=10.3897/phytokeys.21.4614|issn=1314-2011|pmc=3689116|pmid=23794933}}</ref>


== Description ==
==Taxonomy==
⚫
''Pyropia'' was originally erected by [[Jacob Georg Agardh]], a botanist and professor at [[Lund University]]. Before this, and sometimes after, many species of ''Pyropia'' were placed in ''[[Porphyra]]'', a different genus of red alga. New species of ''Pyropia'' are still being discovered, for example in 2013 research done on New Zealand plants was able to move ''[[Pyropia plicata]]'' from ''Porphyra''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nelson|first=Wendy A.|date=2013-03-22|title=Pyropia plicata sp. nov. (Bangiales, Rhodophyta): naming a common intertidal alga from New Zealand|journal=PhytoKeys|issue=21|pages=17–28|doi=10.3897/phytokeys.21.4614|issn=1314-2011|pmc=3689116|pmid=23794933 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Description==
''Pyropia'' species are red algae with a discoid [[holdfast (biology)|holdfast]] and short stipe. They have folded blades, which are membranous and [[wikt:monostromatic|monostromatic]], coming in red, brown, and dark green colorations. These folded blades may also look like fronds until unfolded. These blades reach up to one meter in length in some species, but are generally around 20 centimeters in diameter.
''Pyropia'' species are red algae with a discoid [[holdfast (biology)|holdfast]] and short stipe. They have folded blades, which are membranous and [[wikt:monostromatic|monostromatic]], coming in red, brown, and dark green colorations. These folded blades may also look like fronds until unfolded. These blades reach up to one meter in length in some species, but are generally around 20 centimeters in diameter.


== Distribution ==
==Distribution==
''Pyropia'' grows in intertidal zones and down to 10 meters in some bodies of water based on clarity and substrate.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Qian|first1=Feijian|last2=Luo|first2=Qijun|last3=Yang|first3=Rui|last4=Zhu|first4=Zhujun|last5=Chen|first5=Haimin|last6=Yan|first6=Xiaojun|date=February 2015|title=The littoral red alga Pyropia haitanensis uses rapid accumulation of floridoside as the desiccation acclimation strategy|journal=Journal of Applied Phycology|volume=27|issue=1|pages=621–632|doi=10.1007/s10811-014-0336-0|s2cid=14705162|issn=0921-8971}}</ref> It grows in large swaths, attaching itself to stones and shells, covering most of the bottom. ''Pyropia'' can be found globally in warm-temperate and extratropical [cool] waters.
''Pyropia'' grows in intertidal zones and down to 10 meters in some bodies of water based on clarity and substrate.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Qian|first1=Feijian|last2=Luo|first2=Qijun|last3=Yang|first3=Rui|last4=Zhu|first4=Zhujun|last5=Chen|first5=Haimin|last6=Yan|first6=Xiaojun|date=February 2015|title=The littoral red alga Pyropia haitanensis uses rapid accumulation of floridoside as the desiccation acclimation strategy|journal=Journal of Applied Phycology|volume=27|issue=1|pages=621–632|doi=10.1007/s10811-014-0336-0|s2cid=14705162|issn=0921-8971}}</ref> It grows in large swaths, attaching itself to stones and shells, covering most of the bottom. ''Pyropia'' can be found globally in warm-temperate and extratropical [cool] waters.


=== Ecology ===
===Ecology===
''Pyropia'' species, which reside in the upper intertidal zone, endure many stresses, including intense direct light, temperature fluctuation, osmotic stress, salinity fluctuation, and desiccation. They are especially able to handle heat stress; some ''Pyropia'' species will halt metabolic systems that are not essential to homeostasis, such as photosynthesis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Xu|first1=Yan|last2=Chen|first2=Changsheng|last3=Ji|first3=Dehua|last4=Hang|first4=Nan|last5=Xie|first5=Chaotian|date=February 2014|title=Proteomic profile analysis of Pyropia haitanensis in response to high-temperature stress|journal=Journal of Applied Phycology|volume=26|issue=1|pages=607–618|doi=10.1007/s10811-013-0066-8|s2cid=16422271|issn=0921-8971}}</ref> Other species will use increased lipid production to fight desiccation.<ref name=":0" /> The ability of ''Pyropia'' species to adapt to deal with these stresses makes them heavily studied organisms.
''Pyropia'' species, which reside in the upper intertidal zone, endure many stresses, including intense direct light, temperature fluctuation, osmotic stress, salinity fluctuation, and desiccation. They are especially able to handle heat stress; some ''Pyropia'' species will halt metabolic systems that are not essential to homeostasis, such as photosynthesis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Xu|first1=Yan|last2=Chen|first2=Changsheng|last3=Ji|first3=Dehua|last4=Hang|first4=Nan|last5=Xie|first5=Chaotian|date=February 2014|title=Proteomic profile analysis of Pyropia haitanensis in response to high-temperature stress|journal=Journal of Applied Phycology|volume=26|issue=1|pages=607–618|doi=10.1007/s10811-013-0066-8|s2cid=16422271|issn=0921-8971}}</ref> Other species will use increased lipid production to fight desiccation.<ref name=":0" /> The ability of ''Pyropia'' species to adapt to deal with these stresses makes them heavily studied organisms.


One of the threats to ''Pyropia'' is fungal infections by ''[[Alternaria]]'' sp. ZL-1, which has been observed in farming environments on ''Pyropia yezoensis'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273509365|title=Characterization of a novel fungal disease that infects the gametophyte of Pyropia yezoensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)|last=Mo1 Li2 Kong3 Tang4 Mao5|first=Zhaolan1 Shufan2 Fanna3 Xianghai4 Yunxiang5|website=researchgate.net|archive-date=2015}}</ref>''.'' The fungus kills ''Pyropia'' cells and leaves brown rust-like spots on the outside of the blades.
One of the threats to ''Pyropia'' is fungal infections by ''[[Alternaria]]'' sp. ZL-1, which has been observed in farming environments on ''Pyropia yezoensis'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273509365|title=Characterization of a novel fungal disease that infects the gametophyte of Pyropia yezoensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)|last=Mo1 Li2 Kong3 Tang4 Mao5|first=Zhaolan1 Shufan2 Fanna3 Xianghai4 Yunxiang5|website=researchgate.net}}</ref>''.'' The fungus kills ''Pyropia'' cells and leaves brown rust-like spots on the outside of the blades.


==Use==
==Use==
[[File:Seaweed (mild and dried).jpg|thumb|right|Dried pyropia]]
Within the genus ''Pyropia'' multiple species are used for [[nori]] (edible seaweed), ''Pyropia yezoensis'' and ''P. haitanensis'' being most popular.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Xie|first1=Chaotian|last2=Li|first2=Bing|last3=Xu|first3=Yan|last4=Ji|first4=Dehua|last5=Chen|first5=Changsheng|date=2013-02-16|title=Characterization of the global transcriptome for Pyropia haitanensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) and development of cSSR markers|journal=BMC Genomics|volume=14|pages=107|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-14-107|issn=1471-2164|pmc=3626662|pmid=23414227}}</ref> It is a two-billion-dollar industry with most major growers located in China, Korea, and Japan.
Within the genus ''Pyropia'' multiple species are used for [[nori]] (edible seaweed), ''Pyropia yezoensis'' and ''P. haitanensis'' being most popular.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Xie|first1=Chaotian|last2=Li|first2=Bing|last3=Xu|first3=Yan|last4=Ji|first4=Dehua|last5=Chen|first5=Changsheng|date=2013-02-16|title=Characterization of the global transcriptome for Pyropia haitanensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) and development of cSSR markers|journal=BMC Genomics|volume=14|pages=107|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-14-107|issn=1471-2164|pmc=3626662|pmid=23414227 |doi-access=free }}</ref> It is a two-billion-dollar industry with most major growers located in China, Korea, and Japan.


Nori contains substantial amounts of [[Vitamin B12]] according to a 2014 paper.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Watanabe|first1=Fumio|last2=Yabuta|first2=Yukinori|last3=Bito|first3=Tomohiro|last4=Teng|first4=Fei|date=2014-05-05|title=Vitamin B12-Containing Plant Food Sources for Vegetarians|journal=Nutrients|volume=6|issue=5|pages=1861–1873|doi=10.3390/nu6051861|issn=2072-6643|pmc=4042564|pmid=24803097}}</ref> However, the [[Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics]] considers this source unreliable for [[vegan]]s.<ref name=MelinaCraig2016>{{cite journal| vauthors=Melina V, Craig W, Levin S| title=Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets|journal=J Acad Nutr Diet|year= 2016|volume= 116|issue= 12|pages= 1970–1980|pmid=27886704|doi=10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025|quote=Fermented foods (such as tempeh), nori, spirulina, chlorella algae, and unfortified nutritional yeast cannot be relied upon as adequate or practical sources of B-12.39,40 Vegans must regularly consume reliable sources— meaning B-12 fortified foods or B-12 containing supplements—or they could become deficient, as shown in case studies of vegan infants, children, and adults.| url=https://www.eatrightpro.org/~/media/eatrightpro%20files/practice/position%20and%20practice%20papers/position%20papers/vegetarian-diet.ashx}}</ref>
Nori contains substantial amounts of [[Vitamin B12]] according to a 2014 paper.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Watanabe|first1=Fumio|last2=Yabuta|first2=Yukinori|last3=Bito|first3=Tomohiro|last4=Teng|first4=Fei|date=2014-05-05|title=Vitamin B12-Containing Plant Food Sources for Vegetarians|journal=Nutrients|volume=6|issue=5|pages=1861–1873|doi=10.3390/nu6051861|issn=2072-6643|pmc=4042564|pmid=24803097|doi-access=free}}</ref> However, the [[Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics]] considers this source unreliable for [[vegan]]s.<ref name=MelinaCraig2016>{{cite journal| vauthors=Melina V, Craig W, Levin S| title=Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets|journal=J Acad Nutr Diet|year= 2016|volume= 116|issue= 12|pages= 1970–1980|pmid=27886704|doi=10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025| s2cid=4984228|quote=Fermented foods (such as tempeh), nori, spirulina, chlorella algae, and unfortified nutritional yeast cannot be relied upon as adequate or practical sources of B-12.39,40 Vegans must regularly consume reliable sources— meaning B-12 fortified foods or B-12 containing supplements—or they could become deficient, as shown in case studies of vegan infants, children, and adults.| url=https://www.eatrightpro.org/~/media/eatrightpro%20files/practice/position%20and%20practice%20papers/position%20papers/vegetarian-diet.ashx}}</ref>


==Species==
==Species==
''Pyropia'' currently contains 80 confirmed species.<ref name=WORMS1>{{cite WoRMS |author=Michael D. Guiry |year= 2024|title= ''Pyropia'' J.Agardh, 1899|id= 603075|accessdate=17 April 2024}}</ref>

{{Columns-list|colwidth=35em|
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* ''[[Pyropia abbottiae|P. abbottiae]]'' <small>([[Vasudeva B. Krishnamurthy|V.Krishnamurthy]]) [[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]]</small>
* ''[[Pyropia acanthophora var. robusta|P. acanthophora var. robusta]]'' <small>[[M.G.Kavale]], [[M.A.Kazi]] & [[N.Sreenadhan]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia abbottiae]]'' <small>([[V.Krishnamurthy]]) [[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia acanthophora|P. acanthophora]]'' <small>([[Eurico Cabral de Oliveira|E.C.Oliveira]] & [[J. Coll|Coll]]) [[Mariana C. de Oliveira|M.C.Oliveira]], [[D.Milstein]] & [[Eurico Cabral de Oliveira|E.C.Oliveira]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia acanthophora]]'' <small>([[species:Eurico Cabral de Oliveira|E.C.Oliveira]] & [[species:Javier Coll|Coll]]) [[species:Mariana C. Oliveira|M.C.Oliveira]], [[species:Daniela Milstein|D.Milstein]] & [[species:Eurico Cabral de Oliveira|E.C.Oliveira]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia aeodis|P. aeodis]]'' <small>([[N.J.Griffin]], [[J.J.Bolton]] & [[Robert James Anderson (phycologist)|R.J.Anderson]]) [[J.E.Sutherland]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia aeodes]]'' <small>([[Neil J. Griffin|N.J.Griffin]], [[species:John J. Bolton|J.J.Bolton]] & [[species:Robert J. Anderson|R.J.Anderson]]) [[species:Judith E. Sutherland|J.E.Sutherland]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia bajacaliforniensis|P. bajacaliforniensis]]'' <small>[[Aguilar Rosas]] & [[Jeffrey R. Hughey|Hughey]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia bajacaliforniensis]]'' <small>[[species:Luis. E. Aguilar-Rosas|L.E.Aguilar-Rosas]] & Hughey, 2015</small>
* ''[[Pyropia brumalis|P. brumalis]]'' <small>([[Thomas Frenzel Mumford|Mumford]]) [[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia brumalis]]'' <small>(Mumford) [[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia cinnamomea|P. cinnamomea]]'' <small>([[Wendy Alison Nelson|W.A.Nelson]]) [[Wendy Alison Nelson|W.A.Nelson]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia cinnamomea]]'' <small>([[W.A.Nelson]]) [[W.A.Nelson]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia collinsii|P. collinsii]]'' <small>[[Neefus]], [[T.Bray]] & [[Arthur C. Mathieson|A.C.Mathieson]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia collinsii]]'' <small>Neefus, [[species:Troy L. Bray|T.Bray]] & [[species:Arthur C. Mathieson|A.C.Mathieson]], 2017</small>
* ''[[Pyropia columbiensis|P. columbiensis]]'' <small>[[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia columbiensis]]'' <small>[[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]], 2015</small>
* ''[[Pyropia columbina|P. columbina]]'' <small>([[Jean Pierre François Camille Montagne|Montagne]]) [[Wendy Alison Nelson|W.A.Nelson]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia columbina]]'' <small>([[Camille Montagne|Montagne]]) [[W.A.Nelson]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia conwayae|P. conwayae]]'' <small>([[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]] & [[Kathleen Margaret Cole|K.M.Cole]]) [[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia conwayae]]'' <small>([[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]] & K.M.Cole) [[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia crassa|P. crassa]]'' <small>([[Saburo Ueda|Ueda]]) [[N.Kikuchi]] & [[Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia crassa]]'' <small>([[species:Saburo Ueda|Ueda]]) [[species:Norio Kikuchi|N.Kikuchi]] & [[species:Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia dentata|P. dentata]]'' <small>([[Frans Reinhold Kjellman|Kjellman]]) [[N.Kikuchi]] & [[Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia dentata]]'' <small>([[Frans Reinhold Kjellman|Kjellman]]) [[species:Norio Kikuchi|N.Kikuchi]] & [[species:Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia denticulata|P. denticulata]]'' <small>([[Carl Tore Christian Levring|Levring]]) [[J.A.Philips]] & [[J.E.Sutherland]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia denticulata]]'' <small>(Levring) J.A.Philips & [[species:Judith E. Sutherland|J.E.Sutherland]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia drachii|P. drachii]]'' <small>([[Jean Feldmann|Feldmann]]) [[Juliet Brodie|J.Brodie]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia drachii]]'' <small>(Feldmann) J.Brodie, 2016</small>
* ''[[Pyropia elongata|P. elongata]]'' <small>([[Johan Harald Kylin|Kylin]]) [[Neefus]] & [[Juliet Brodie|J.Brodie]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia elongata]]'' <small>(Kylin) Neefus & J.Brodie, 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia endiviifolia|P. endiviifolia]]'' <small>([[Antony Gepp|A.Gepp]] & [[Ethel Sarel Gepp|E.Gepp]]) [[H.G.Choi]] & [[M.S.Hwang]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia endiviifolia]]'' <small>(A.Gepp & E.Gepp) H.G.Choi & M.S.Hwang, 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia fallax|P. fallax]]'' <small>([[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]] & [[Kathleen Margaret Cole|K.M.Cole]]) [[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia fallax]]'' <small>([[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]] & K.M.Cole) [[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia francisii|P. francisii]]'' <small>[[Wendy Alison Nelson|W.A.Nelson]] & [[R.D'Archino]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia francisii]]'' <small>[[W.A.Nelson]] & R.D'Archino, 2014</small>
* ''[[Pyropia fucicola|P. fucicola]]'' <small>([[Vasudeva B. Krishnamurthy|V.Krishnamurthy]]) [[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia fucicola]]'' <small>([[V.Krishnamurthy]]) [[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia gardneri|P. gardneri]]'' <small>([[G.M.Smith]] & [[Hollenberg (phycologist)|Hollenberg]]) [[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia gardneri]]'' <small>(G.M.Smith & Hollenberg) [[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia haitanensis|P. haitanensis]]'' <small>([[T.J.Chang]] & [[B.F.Zheng]]) [[N.Kikuchi]] & [[Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia haitanensis]]'' <small>(T.J.Chang & B.F.Zheng) [[species:Norio Kikuchi|N.Kikuchi]] & [[species:Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia hiberna|P. hiberna]]'' <small>([[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]] & [[Kathleen Margaret Cole|K.M.Cole]]) [[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia hiberna]]'' <small>([[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]] & K.M.Cole) [[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia hollenbergii|P. hollenbergii]]'' <small>([[E. Yale Dawson|E.Y.Dawson]]) [[J.E.Sutherland]], [[L.E.Aguilar Rosas]] & [[R.Aguilar Rosas]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia hiemalis]]'' <small>(Kylin) Varela-Álvarez, [[Michael D. Guiry|Guiry]] & Serrão, 2023</small>
* ''[[Pyropia ishigecola|P. ishigecola]]'' <small>([[A.Miura]]) [[N.Kikuchi]] & [[Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia hollenbergii]]'' <small>(E.Y.Dawson) [[species:Judith E. Sutherland|J.E.Sutherland]], [[species:Luis E. Aguilar-Rosas|L.E.Aguilar-Rosas]] & [[species:Raúl Aguilar-Rosas|R.Aguilar-Rosas]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia kanakaensis|P. kanakaensis]]'' <small>([[Thomas Frenzel Mumford|Mumford]]) [[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia ishigecola]]'' <small>([[species:Akio Miura|A.Miura]]) [[species:Norio Kikuchi|N.Kikuchi]] & [[species:Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia katadae|P. katadae]]'' <small>([[A.Miura]]) [[M.S.Hwang]], [[H.G.Choi]], [[N.Kikuch]] & [[Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia islae]]'' <small>Dumilag, 2018</small>
* ''[[Pyropia kinositae|P. kinositae]]'' <small>([[Y. Yamada (phycologist)|Yamada]] & [[Tak. Tanaka]]) [[N.Kikuchi]], [[Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]], [[M.S.Hwang]] & [[H.G.Choi]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia kanakaensis]]'' <small>(Mumford) [[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia koreana|P. koreana]]'' <small>([[M.S.Hwang]] & [[I.K.Lee]]) [[M.S.Hwang]], [[H.G.Choi]] [[Y.S.Oh]] & [[I.K.Lee]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia katadae]]'' <small>(A.Miur) M.S.Hwang, H.G.Choi, [[species:Norio Kikuchi|N.Kikuchi]] & [[species:Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia kuniedae|P. kuniedae]]'' <small>([[Kurogi]]) [[M.S.Hwang]] & [[H.G.Choi]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia kinositae]]'' <small>([[species:Yukio Yamada|Yamada]] & [[species:Takesi Tanaka|Tak. Tanaka]]) [[species:Norio Kikuchi|N.Kikuchi]], [[species:Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]], M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi, 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia kurogii|P. kurogii]]'' <small>([[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]]) [[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia kitoi]]'' <small>(Ma, Abe, [[species:Norio Kikuchi|N.Kikuchi]], Tamaki, Tom. Sato, Murase, Fujiyoshi & Mas.Kobayasi) D.J.Kim, T.O.Cho & B.Y.Won, 2023</small>
* ''[[Pyropia lacerata|P. lacerata]]'' <small>([[A.Miura]]) [[N.Kikuchi]] & [[Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia koreana]]'' <small>(M.S.Hwang & I.K.Lee) M.S.Hwang, H.G.Choi Y.S.Oh & I.K.Lee, 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia lanceolata|P. lanceolata]]'' <small>([[William Albert Setchell|Setchell]] & [[Hus (phycologist)|Hus]]) [[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia kuniedae]]'' <small>(Kurogi) M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi, 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia leucosticta|P. leucosticta]]'' <small>([[Gustave Thuret|Thuret]]) [[Neefus]] & [[Juliet Brodie|J.Brodie]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia kurogii]]'' <small>([[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]]) [[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia montereyensis|P. montereyensis]]'' <small>[[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]] & [[Jeffrey R. Hughey|Hughey]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia lacerata]]'' <small>([[species:Akio Miura|A.Miura]]) [[species:Norio Kikuchi|N.Kikuchi]] & [[species:Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia moriensis|P. moriensis]]'' <small>([[Ohmi]]) [[N.Kikuchi]] & [[Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia lanceolata]]'' <small>(Setchell & Hus) [[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia nereocystis|P. nereocystis]]'' <small>([[C.L.Anderson]]) [[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia leucosticta]]'' <small>(Thuret) Neefus & J.Brodie, 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia nitida|P. nitida]]'' <small>[[L.K.Harden]], [[K.M.Morales]] & [[Jeffrey R. Hughey|Hughey]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia lunae]]'' <small>Dumilag, 2018</small>
* ''[[Pyropia njordii|P. njordii]]'' <small>[[Mols-Mortensen]], [[Juliet Brodie|J.Brodie]] & [[Neefus]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia meridionalis]]'' <small>[[species:Maggie M. Reddy|M.M.Reddy]], [[species:Robert J. Anderson|R.J.Anderson]] & [[species:John J. Bolton|J.J.Bolton]], 2020</small>
* ''[[Pyropia novae-angliae|P. novae-angliae]]'' <small>[[T.Bray]], [[Neefus]] & [[Arthur C. Mathieson|A.C.Mathieson]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia montereyensis]]'' <small>[[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]] & Hughey, 2015</small>
* ''[[Pyropia onoi|P. onoi]]'' <small>([[Saburo Ueda|Ueda]]) [[N.Kikuchi]] & [[Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia moriensis]]'' <small>(Ohmi) [[species:Norio Kikuchi|N.Kikuchi]] & [[species:Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia orbicularis|P. orbicularis]]'' <small>[[M.E.Ramírez]], [[L.Contreras Porcia]] & [[M.-L.Guillemin]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia nereocystis]]'' <small>(C.L.Anderson) [[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia parva|P. parva]]'' <small>[[A.Vergés]] & [[N.Sánchez]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia nitida]]'' <small>L.K.Harden, K.M.Morales & Hughey, 2015</small>
* ''[[Pyropia peggicovensis|P. peggicovensis]]'' <small>[[H.Kucera]] & [[G.W.Saunders]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia njordii]]'' <small>Mols-Mortensen, J.Brodie & Neefus, 2012</small>
* ''[[Pyropia pendula|P. pendula]]'' <small>([[E.Y.Daywson]]) [[J.E.Sutherland]], [[L.E.Aguilar-Rosas]] & [[R.Aguilar-Rosas]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia novae-angliae]]'' <small>[[species:Troy L. Bray|T.Bray]], Neefus & [[species:Arthur C. Mathieson|A.C.Mathieson]], 2017</small>
* ''[[Pyropia perforata|P. perforata]]'' <small>([[Jacob Georg Agardh|J.Agardh]]) [[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia onoi]]'' <small>([[species:Saburo Ueda|Ueda]]) [[species:Norio Kikuchi|N.Kikuchi]] & [[species:Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia plicata|P. plicata]]'' <small>[[Wendy Alison Nelson|W.A.Nelson]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia orbicularis]]'' <small>M.E.Ramírez, L.Contreras Porcia & M.-L.Guillemin, 2014</small>
* ''[[Pyropia protolanceolata|P. protolanceolata]]'' <small>[[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]] & [[J.R.Hughey]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia parva]]'' <small>A.Vergés & N.Sánchez, 2014</small>
* ''[[Pyropia pseudolanceolata|P. pseudolanceolata]]'' <small>([[Vasudeva B. Krishnamurthy|V.Krishnamurthy]]) [[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia peggicovensis]]'' <small>H.Kucera & G.W.Saunders, 2012</small>
* ''[[Pyropia pseudolinearis|P. pseudolinearis]]'' <small>([[Saburo Ueda|Ueda]]) [[N.Kikuchi]], [[Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]], [[M.S.Hwang]] & [[H.G.Choi]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia pendula]]'' <small>(E.Y.Daywson) [[species:Judith E. Sutherland|J.E.Sutherland]], [[species:Luis E. Aguilar-Rosas|L.E.Aguilar-Rosas]] & [[species:Raúl Aguilar-Rosas|R.Aguilar-Rosas]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia pulchella|P. pulchella]]'' <small>([[Jillian C. Ackland|Ackland]], [[J.A.West]], [[J.L.Scott]] & [[Giuseppe C. Zuccarello|Zuccarello]]) [[T.J.Farr]] & [[J.E.Sutherland]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia perforata]]'' <small>([[J.Agardh]]) [[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia pulchra|P. pulchra]]'' <small>([[Hollenberg (phycologist)|Hollenberg]]) [[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]] & [[Jeffrey R. Hughey|Hughey]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia plicata]]'' <small>[[W.A.Nelson]], 2013</small>
* ''[[Pyropia rakiura|P. rakiura]]'' <small>([[Wendy Alison Nelson|W.A.Nelson]]) [[Wendy Alison Nelson|W.A.Nelson]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia protolanceolata]]'' <small>[[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]] & J.R.Hughey, 2015</small>
* ''[[Pyropia raulaguilarii|P. raulaguilarii]]'' <small>[[Mateo-Cid]], [[Mendoza-González]] & [[Sentíes]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia pseudolanceolata]]'' <small>([[V.Krishnamurthy]]) [[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia saldanhae|P. saldanhae]]'' <small>([[Stegenga]], [[J.J.Bolton]] & [[Robert James Anderson (phycologist)|R.J.Anderson]]) [[J.E.Sutherland]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia pseudolinearis]]'' <small>([[species:Saburo Ueda|Ueda]]) [[species:Norio Kikuchi|N.Kikuchi]], [[species:Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]], M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi, 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia seriata|P. seriata]]'' <small>([[Frans Reinhold Kjellman|Kjellman]]) [[N.Kikuchi]] & [[Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia pseudolobata]]'' <small>(L.-E.Yang, J.Brodie & Q.-Q.Lu) Santiañez & M.J.Wynne, 2022</small>
* ''[[Pyropia spathulata|P. spathulata]]'' <small>[[T.Bray]], [[Neefus]] & [[Arthur C. Mathieson|A.C.Mathieson]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia pulchella]]'' <small>(Ackland, J.A.West, J.L.Scott & Zuccarello) T.J.Farr & [[species:Judith E. Sutherland|J.E.Sutherland]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia spiralis var. amplifolia|P. spiralis var. amplifolia]]'' <small>([[Eurico Cabral de Oliveira|E.C.Oliveira]] & [[J. Coll|Coll]]) [[Freshwater]] & [[Kapraun]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia pulchra]]'' <small>(Hollenberg) [[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]] & Hughey, 2016</small>
* ''[[Pyropia spiralis|P. spiralis]]'' <small>([[Eurico Cabral de Oliveira|E.C.Oliveira]] & [[J. Coll|Coll]]) [[Mariana C. de Oliveira|M.C.Oliveira]], [[D.Milstein]] & [[Eurico Cabral de Oliveira|E.C.Oliveira]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia rakiura]]'' <small>([[W.A.Nelson]]) [[W.A.Nelson]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia stamfordensis|P. stamfordensis]]'' <small>[[C.Neefus]], [[T.Bray]] & [[Arthur C. Mathieson|A.C.Mathieson]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia raulaguilarii]]'' <small>Mateo-Cid, Mendoza-González & Sentíes, 2012</small>
* ''[[Pyropia suborbiculata|P. suborbiculata]]'' <small>([[Frans Reinhold Kjellman|Kjellman]]) [[J.E.Sutherland]], [[H.G.Choi]], [[M.S. Hwang]] & [[Wendy Alison Nelson|W.A.Nelson]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia retorta]]'' <small>S.-M.Kim, H.-G.Choi & H.-S.Kim , 2018</small>
* ''[[Pyropia tanegashimensis|P. tanegashimensis]]'' <small>([[Shinmura]]) [[N.Kikuchi]] & [[E. Fujiyoshi]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia saldanhae]]'' <small>([[species:Herre Stegenga|Stegenga]], [[species:John J. Bolton|J.J.Bolton]] & [[species:Robert J. Anderson|R.J.Anderson]]) [[species:Judith E. Sutherland|J.E.Sutherland]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia tenera|P. tenera]]'' <small>([[Frans Reinhold Kjellman|Kjellman]]) [[N.Kikuchi]], [[Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]], [[M.S.Hwang]] & [[H.G.Choi]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia santacruzensis]]'' <small>[[Michael D. Guiry|Guiry]], 2023</small>
* ''[[Pyropia tenera var. tamatsuensis|P. tenera var. tamatsuensis]]'' <small>([[A.Miura]]) [[N.Kikuchi]], [[Niwa (phycologist)|Niwa]] & [[T. Nakada|Nakada]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia seriata]]'' <small>([[Frans Reinhold Kjellman|Kjellman]]) [[species:Norio Kikuchi|N.Kikuchi]] & [[species:Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia tenuipedalis|P. tenuipedalis]]'' <small>([[A.Miura]]) [[N.Kikuchi]] & [[Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia spathulata]]'' <small>[[species:Troy L. Bray|T.Bray]], Neefus & [[species:Arthur C. Mathieson|A.C.Mathieson]], 2017</small>
*''[[Pyropia spiralis]]'' <small>([[species:Eurico Cabral de Oliveira|E.C.Oliveira]] & [[species:Javier Coll|Coll]]) [[species:Mariana C. Oliveira|M.C.Oliveira]], [[species:Daniela Milstein|D.Milstein]] & [[species:Eurico Cabral de Oliveira|E.C.Oliveira]], 2011</small>
⚫
* ''[[Pyropia thulaea|P. thulaea]]'' <small>([[Munda (phycologist)|Munda]] & [[P.M.Pedersen]]) [[Neefus]]</small>
* ''[[Pyropia thuretii|P. thuretii]]'' <small>([[William Albert Setchell|Setchell]] & [[E. Yale Dawson|E.Y.Dawson]]) [[J.E.Sutherland]], [[L.E.Aguilar Rosas]] & [[R. Aguilar Rosas]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia stamfordensis]]'' <small>[[species:Chris Neefus|C.Neefus]], [[species:Troy L. Bray|T.Bray]] & [[species:Arthur C. Mathieson|A.C.Mathieson]], 2017</small>
* ''[[Pyropia torta|P. torta]]'' <small>([[Vasudeva B. Krishnamurthy|V.Krishnamurthy]]) [[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia submarina]]'' <small>Y.H.Koh & M.S.Kim, 2018</small>
* ''[[Pyropia unabbottiae|P. unabbottiae]]'' <small>[[Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia suborbiculata]]'' <small>([[Frans Reinhold Kjellman|Kjellman]]) [[species:Judith E. Sutherland|J.E.Sutherland]], H.G.Choi, M.S.Hwang & [[W.A.Nelson]], 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia vietnamensis|P. vietnamensis]]'' <small>([[Tak.Tanaka]] & [[Pham-Hoàng Ho]]) [[J.E.Sutherland]] & [[Monotilla]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia taeniata]]'' <small>[[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]], 2015</small>
* ''[[Pyropia virididentata|P. virididentata]]'' <small>([[Wendy Alison Nelson|W.A.Nelson]]) [[Wendy Alison Nelson|W.A.Nelson]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia tanegashimensis]]'' <small>(Shinmura) [[species:Norio Kikuchi|N.Kikuchi]] & E. Fujiyoshi, 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia yezoensis f. narawaensis|P. yezoensis f. narawaensis]]'' <small>[[N.Kikuchi]], [[Niwa (phycologist)|Niwa]] & [[T. Nakada|Nakada]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia tenera]]'' <small>([[Frans Reinhold Kjellman|Kjellman]]) [[species:Norio Kikuchi|N.Kikuchi]], [[species:Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]], M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi, 2011</small>
* ''[[Pyropia yezoensis|P. yezoensis]]'' <small>([[Saburo Ueda|Ueda]]) [[M.S.Hwang]] & [[H.G.Choi]]</small>
*''[[Pyropia tenuipedalis]]'' <small>([[species:Akio Miura|A.Miura]]) [[species:Norio Kikuchi|N.Kikuchi]] & [[species:Masahiko Miyata|M.Miyata]], 2011</small>
⚫
*''[[Pyropia thulaea]]'' <small>(Munda & P.M.Pedersen) Neefus, 2011</small>
*''[[Pyropia thuretii]]'' <small>(Setchell & E.Y.Dawson) [[species:Judith E. Sutherland|J.E.Sutherland]], [[species:Luis E. Aguilar-Rosas|L.E.Aguilar Rosas]] & [[species:Raúl Aguilar-Rosas|R.Aguilar Rosas]], 2011</small>
⚫
*''[[Pyropia torta]]'' <small>([[V.Krishnamurthy]]) [[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]], 2011</small>
*''[[Pyropia unabbottiae]]'' <small>[[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]], 2015</small>
*''[[Pyropia variabilis]]'' <small>J.Zapata, A.Meynard, M.E.Ramírez & L.Contreras-Porcia, 2018</small>
*''[[Pyropia vietnamensis]]'' <small>([[species:Takesi Tanaka|Tak. Tanaka]] & P.H.Ho) [[species:Judith E. Sutherland|J.E.Sutherland]] & Monotilla, 2011</small>
*''[[Pyropia virididentata]]'' <small>([[W.A.Nelson]]) [[W.A.Nelson]], 2011</small>
*''[[Pyropia yezoensis]]'' <small>([[species:Saburo Ueda|Ueda]]) M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi, 2011</small> (unconfirmed){{efn|The most recent consensus is that this species belongs in ''[[Neopyropia]]'' (L.-E.Yang & J.Brodie, 2020), however [[WoRMS]] documents both species separately.}}
}}


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
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</gallery>


==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
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[[Category:Edible algae]]
[[Category:Edible algae]]
[[Category:Seaweeds]]
[[Category:Seaweeds]]
[[Category:Sea vegetables]]
[[Category:Edible seaweeds]]

Latest revision as of 17:48, 22 May 2024

Pyropia
Pyropia nereocystis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Clade: Archaeplastida
Division: Rhodophyta
Class: Bangiophyceae
Order: Bangiales
Family: Bangiaceae
Genus: Pyropia
J.Agardh 1899[1]
Type species
Pyropia californica
J.Agardh[2]
Species[2]

See text

Pyropia is a genus of red algae in the family Bangiaceae. It is found around the world in intertidal zones and shallow water. The genus has folding frond-like blades which are either red, brown or green. Some Pyropia species are used to create nori, and are thus important subjects for aquaculture.

Taxonomy

[edit]

Pyropia was originally erected by Jacob Georg Agardh, a botanist and professor at Lund University. Before this, and sometimes after, many species of Pyropia were placed in Porphyra, a different genus of red alga. New species of Pyropia are still being discovered, for example in 2013 research done on New Zealand plants was able to move Pyropia plicata from Porphyra.[3]

Description

[edit]

Pyropia species are red algae with a discoid holdfast and short stipe. They have folded blades, which are membranous and monostromatic, coming in red, brown, and dark green colorations. These folded blades may also look like fronds until unfolded. These blades reach up to one meter in length in some species, but are generally around 20 centimeters in diameter.

Distribution

[edit]

Pyropia grows in intertidal zones and down to 10 meters in some bodies of water based on clarity and substrate.[4] It grows in large swaths, attaching itself to stones and shells, covering most of the bottom. Pyropia can be found globally in warm-temperate and extratropical [cool] waters.

Ecology

[edit]

Pyropia species, which reside in the upper intertidal zone, endure many stresses, including intense direct light, temperature fluctuation, osmotic stress, salinity fluctuation, and desiccation. They are especially able to handle heat stress; some Pyropia species will halt metabolic systems that are not essential to homeostasis, such as photosynthesis.[5] Other species will use increased lipid production to fight desiccation.[4] The ability of Pyropia species to adapt to deal with these stresses makes them heavily studied organisms.

One of the threats to Pyropia is fungal infections by Alternaria sp. ZL-1, which has been observed in farming environments on Pyropia yezoensis [6]. The fungus kills Pyropia cells and leaves brown rust-like spots on the outside of the blades.

Use

[edit]
Dried pyropia

Within the genus Pyropia multiple species are used for nori (edible seaweed), Pyropia yezoensis and P. haitanensis being most popular.[7] It is a two-billion-dollar industry with most major growers located in China, Korea, and Japan.

Nori contains substantial amounts of Vitamin B12 according to a 2014 paper.[8] However, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics considers this source unreliable for vegans.[9]

Species

[edit]

Pyropia currently contains 80 confirmed species.[10]

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The most recent consensus is that this species belongs in Neopyropia (L.-E.Yang & J.Brodie, 2020), however WoRMS documents both species separately.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Agardh, J.G. (1899). Analecta algologica, Continuatio V. Lunds Universitets Års-Skrift, Andra Afdelningen, Kongl. Fysiografiska Sällskapets i Lund Handlingar 35(4): 1-160, 3 pls.
  2. ^ a b M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2017. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=Na8c54bc5b1ee2bda&- searched on 15 September 2017.
  3. ^ Nelson, Wendy A. (2013-03-22). "Pyropia plicata sp. nov. (Bangiales, Rhodophyta): naming a common intertidal alga from New Zealand". PhytoKeys (21): 17–28. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.21.4614. ISSN 1314-2011. PMC 3689116. PMID 23794933.
  4. ^ a b Qian, Feijian; Luo, Qijun; Yang, Rui; Zhu, Zhujun; Chen, Haimin; Yan, Xiaojun (February 2015). "The littoral red alga Pyropia haitanensis uses rapid accumulation of floridoside as the desiccation acclimation strategy". Journal of Applied Phycology. 27 (1): 621–632. doi:10.1007/s10811-014-0336-0. ISSN 0921-8971. S2CID 14705162.
  5. ^ Xu, Yan; Chen, Changsheng; Ji, Dehua; Hang, Nan; Xie, Chaotian (February 2014). "Proteomic profile analysis of Pyropia haitanensis in response to high-temperature stress". Journal of Applied Phycology. 26 (1): 607–618. doi:10.1007/s10811-013-0066-8. ISSN 0921-8971. S2CID 16422271.
  6. ^ Mo1 Li2 Kong3 Tang4 Mao5, Zhaolan1 Shufan2 Fanna3 Xianghai4 Yunxiang5. "Characterization of a novel fungal disease that infects the gametophyte of Pyropia yezoensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)". researchgate.net.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Xie, Chaotian; Li, Bing; Xu, Yan; Ji, Dehua; Chen, Changsheng (2013-02-16). "Characterization of the global transcriptome for Pyropia haitanensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) and development of cSSR markers". BMC Genomics. 14: 107. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-107. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 3626662. PMID 23414227.
  8. ^ Watanabe, Fumio; Yabuta, Yukinori; Bito, Tomohiro; Teng, Fei (2014-05-05). "Vitamin B12-Containing Plant Food Sources for Vegetarians". Nutrients. 6 (5): 1861–1873. doi:10.3390/nu6051861. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 4042564. PMID 24803097.
  9. ^ Melina V, Craig W, Levin S (2016). "Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets". J Acad Nutr Diet. 116 (12): 1970–1980. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025. PMID 27886704. S2CID 4984228. Fermented foods (such as tempeh), nori, spirulina, chlorella algae, and unfortified nutritional yeast cannot be relied upon as adequate or practical sources of B-12.39,40 Vegans must regularly consume reliable sources— meaning B-12 fortified foods or B-12 containing supplements—or they could become deficient, as shown in case studies of vegan infants, children, and adults.
  10. ^ Michael D. Guiry (2024). "Pyropia J.Agardh, 1899". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
[edit]
  • Media related to Pyropia at Wikimedia Commons
  • Data related to Pyropia at Wikispecies
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pyropia&oldid=1225152076"