Protome: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Decorative head and torso used in ancient ornamentation}} |
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{{For|the reptile genus|Protome (reptile)}} |
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[[Image:Prótomo ibero de carnero (M.A.N. Inv.38423) 01.jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[Iberians|Iberian]] '''protome''' of a [[Domestic sheep|ram]], from the 3rd or 2nd century BC.]] |
[[Image:Prótomo ibero de carnero (M.A.N. Inv.38423) 01.jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[Iberians|Iberian]] '''protome''' of a [[Domestic sheep|ram]], from the 3rd or 2nd century BC.]] |
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[[File:Cathedral of St. Jacob (33).JPG|thumb|Carved head on the Cathedral of St. Jacob in Šibenik, Croatia; carved in the 15th century by Juraj Dalmatinac]] |
[[File:Cathedral of St. Jacob (33).JPG|thumb|Carved head on the Cathedral of St. Jacob in Šibenik, Croatia; carved in the 15th century by Juraj Dalmatinac]] |
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A '''protome''' (Greek προτομή) is a type of adornment that takes the form of the head and upper torso of either a human or an animal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/protome|title=protome {{!}} Definition of protome in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|access-date=2018-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Morgantina Studies, Volume 1: The Terracottas|last=Bell|first=Malcolm|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2014 |
A '''protome''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: προτομή) is a type of adornment that takes the form of the head and upper torso of either a human or an animal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/protome|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004230129/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/protome|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 4, 2018|title=protome {{!}} Definition of protome in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|access-date=2018-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Morgantina Studies, Volume 1: The Terracottas|last=Bell|first=Malcolm|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2014|location=New Jersey}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Protomes were often used to decorate ancient Greek architecture, sculpture, and pottery.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Hidden Treasures from the National Museum. Kabul, Tillya Tepe Tomb III page 262 item 178</ref> Protomes were also used in Persian monuments. At [[Persepolis]] (ca. 521-465 BCE), an array of stone fluted [[Persian column]]s topped by bull protomes distinguish the great hall ([[apadana]]) where the king received guests numbering over 10,000.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kleiner |first1=Fred S. |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History |date=2018 |publisher=Cengage Learning |location=Boston |isbn=9781337696739 |page=51 |edition=16th}}</ref> Protomes, combining several different animals are also found at the palace of [[Darius I]], [[Susa|Susa, Iran]]. At his palace at Susa, pairs of complex protomes feature animals (mythic or real) known to be fierce or intimidating. These function symbolically and structurally: they symbolize power and cosmic balance, but they also support the beams of the ceiling structure. At Susa, the protome capitals form a socket that holds the roof beams in place.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kleiner |first1=Fred S. |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History |date=2018 |publisher=Cengage Learning |location=Boston |isbn=9781337696739 |page=52 |edition=16th}}</ref> |
Protomes were often used to decorate ancient Greek architecture, sculpture, and pottery.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Hidden Treasures from the National Museum. Kabul, Tillya Tepe Tomb III page 262 item 178</ref> Protomes were also used in Persian monuments. At [[Persepolis]] (ca. 521-465 BCE), an array of stone fluted [[Persian column]]s topped by bull protomes distinguish the great hall ([[apadana]]) where the king received guests numbering over 10,000.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kleiner |first1=Fred S. |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History |date=2018 |publisher=Cengage Learning |location=Boston |isbn=9781337696739 |page=51 |edition=16th}}</ref> Protomes, combining several different animals are also found at the palace of [[Darius I]], [[Susa|Susa, Iran]]. At his palace at Susa, pairs of complex protomes feature animals (mythic or real) known to be fierce or intimidating. These function symbolically and structurally: they symbolize power and cosmic balance, but they also support the beams of the ceiling structure. At Susa, the protome capitals form a socket that holds the roof beams in place.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kleiner |first1=Fred S. |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History |date=2018 |publisher=Cengage Learning |location=Boston |isbn=9781337696739 |page=52 |edition=16th}}</ref> |
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Many Protome are Terracotta mould-made busts of women that were representations of deities in the Greek and Phoenicians cultures, such as [[Demeter]], [[Astarte]] or [[Tanit]]. |
Many Protome are Terracotta mould-made busts of women that were representations of deities in the Greek and Phoenicians cultures, such as [[Demeter]], [[Astarte]] or [[Tanit]]. |
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In the Archaic Greek style, they were often wearing [[ |
In the Archaic Greek style, they were often wearing [[Stephane (Ancient Greece)]] (diadem) and veil. The outline of the face is round and full, with long pointed oval almond shaped (archaic style) eyes placed at an angle. |
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They can be found in many museums around the world such as the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |
They can be found in many museums around the world such as the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |
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,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Protome| url= https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/247559 |website=metmuseum.org}}</ref> the [[British museum]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Protome|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/X__1071 |website=britishmuseum.org}}</ref> the [[Louvre]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Protome|url= https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/head-horseman-known-rampin-horseman |website=louvre.fr}}</ref> the [[Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest)]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Protome|url= https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/terracotta-protome-of-a-goddess/ |website=Mfab.hu}}</ref> the museum of the [[British School at Athens]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Protome| url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annual-of-the-british-school-at-athens/article/collection-of-terracotta-figurines-in-the-british-school-at-athens1/E0FC8867309F8FC90BCE2F17F02C4AF9 |website=cambridge.org}}</ref> or the [[Museo Arqueológico de Ibiza y Formentera in Ibiza]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Protome|url= http://ibiza.travel/en/directorio/museo-arqueologico-de-ibiza-y-formentera-sede-puig-des-molins/ |website=ibiza.travel}}</ref> |
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They are studied by the Association for Coroplastic Studies ([[Coroplast (artisan)|coroplast]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Protome|url= https://coroplasticstudies.univ-lille3.fr/aboutACOST.html/ |website=coroplasticstudies.univ-lille3.fr}}</ref> |
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They are studied by the Association for coroplastic studies. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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<references /> |
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{{commons category-inline|Protomes}} |
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[[Category:Sculpture terms]] |
[[Category:Sculpture terms]] |
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Latest revision as of 22:54, 22 May 2024
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A protome (Greek: προτομή) is a type of adornment that takes the form of the head and upper torso of either a human or an animal.[1][2]
History
[edit]Protomes were often used to decorate ancient Greek architecture, sculpture, and pottery.[1][3] Protomes were also used in Persian monuments. At Persepolis (ca. 521-465 BCE), an array of stone fluted Persian columns topped by bull protomes distinguish the great hall (apadana) where the king received guests numbering over 10,000.[4] Protomes, combining several different animals are also found at the palace of Darius I, Susa, Iran. At his palace at Susa, pairs of complex protomes feature animals (mythic or real) known to be fierce or intimidating. These function symbolically and structurally: they symbolize power and cosmic balance, but they also support the beams of the ceiling structure. At Susa, the protome capitals form a socket that holds the roof beams in place.[5]
Many Protome are Terracotta mould-made busts of women that were representations of deities in the Greek and Phoenicians cultures, such as Demeter, Astarte or Tanit.
In the Archaic Greek style, they were often wearing Stephane (Ancient Greece) (diadem) and veil. The outline of the face is round and full, with long pointed oval almond shaped (archaic style) eyes placed at an angle.
They can be found in many museums around the world such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art ,[6] the British museum,[7] the Louvre,[8] the Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest),[9] the museum of the British School at Athens[10] or the Museo Arqueológico de Ibiza y Formentera in Ibiza.[11]
They are studied by the Association for Coroplastic Studies (coroplast).[12]
References
[edit]- ^ a b "protome | Definition of protome in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on October 4, 2018. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
- ^ Bell, Malcolm (2014). Morgantina Studies, Volume 1: The Terracottas. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
- ^ Hidden Treasures from the National Museum. Kabul, Tillya Tepe Tomb III page 262 item 178
- ^ Kleiner, Fred S. (2018). Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History (16th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning. p. 51. ISBN 9781337696739.
- ^ Kleiner, Fred S. (2018). Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History (16th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning. p. 52. ISBN 9781337696739.
- ^ "Protome". metmuseum.org.
- ^ "Protome". britishmuseum.org.
- ^ "Protome". louvre.fr.
- ^ "Protome". Mfab.hu.
- ^ "Protome". cambridge.org.
- ^ "Protome". ibiza.travel.
- ^ "Protome". coroplasticstudies.univ-lille3.fr.
Media related to Protomes at Wikimedia Commons