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{{Short description|American Ku Klux Klan leader (1924-1967)}}
{{Short description|American Ku Klux Klan leader (1924–1967)}}
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'''James William "Catfish" Cole''' (1924–1967) was a leader of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] of [[North Carolina]] and [[South Carolina]]. He called himself a [[Grand Dragon]].
'''James William''' "'''Catfish'''" '''Cole''' (June 14, 1924 – July 27, 1967) was an American soldier and evangelist who was leader of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] of [[North Carolina]] and [[South Carolina]], serving as a [[Grand Dragon]].


==Rise to infamy==
==Rise to infamy==
Cole attended Grainger High School in [[Kinston, North Carolina]], and served in the military during [[World War II]]. For a time, he drove a taxicab there and acquired his nickname.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shires|first1=William A.|title=Defendants are Lawyers|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1938204/some_notes_on_the_klu_klux_klan/|work=The High Point Enterprise|location=High Point, North Carolina|date=18 Sep 1965|page=9|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> In 1953 he and his wife, Carolyn, began Southern Bible College in [[Marion, South Carolina]]. Cole was ordained into the ministry by the Wayside Baptist Church in [[Summerfield, North Carolina]] in 1958. While in Marion, he toured North Carolina and South Carolina as a tent evangelist and broadcast a Sunday morning radio program, "The Free Will Hour". During this period he became an active member of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, eventually becoming Grand Dragon in both North Carolina and South Carolina. Cole's rallies drew as many as 15,000. Cole incited violence against blacks, and after his rallies Klan motorcades often drove through black neighborhoods in order to terrorize the inhabitants (accompanied by the police, who maintained that they accompanied the Klan to keep order).
Cole attended Grainger High School in [[Kinston, North Carolina]], and served in the military during [[World War II]]. For a time, he drove a taxicab in Kinston and it was around this time that he acquired the nickname "Catfish".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shires|first1=William A.|title=Defendants are Lawyers|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1938204/some_notes_on_the_klu_klux_klan/|work=The High Point Enterprise|location=High Point, North Carolina|date=September 18, 1965|page=9|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> In 1953 he and his wife, Carolyn, began Southern Bible College in [[Marion, South Carolina]]. Cole was ordained into the ministry by the Wayside Baptist Church in [[Summerfield, North Carolina]] in 1958. While in Marion, he toured North Carolina and South Carolina as a tent evangelist and broadcast a Sunday morning radio program, "The Free Will Hour". During this period he became an active member of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, eventually becoming Grand Dragon in both North Carolina and South Carolina. Cole's rallies drew as many as 15,000. Cole incited violence against blacks, and after his rallies Klan motorcades often drove through black neighborhoods in order to terrorize the inhabitants (accompanied by the police, who maintained that they accompanied the Klan to keep order).


==Klan defeated by the Black Armed Guard==
==Klan defeated by the Black Armed Guard==
Dr. Albert E. Perry, a black doctor in [[Monroe, North Carolina]], was presumed to be financing the local chapter of the [[NAACP]], and consequently he received numerous death threats from the Klan. In 1957, [[Robert F. Williams]], the president of the local chapter of the NAACP, organized a Black Armed Guard, made up mostly of World War II veterans, which began organizing for self-defense, and guarded Dr. Perry's house in shifts. Not making a mention of their race, the group sent a letter to the [[National Rifle Association]] asking for a charter, stating that they were a group of veterans who wanted to continue training in case they be called on to serve once again. The charter was granted.
Albert E. Perry, a black doctor in [[Monroe, North Carolina]], was presumed to be financing the local chapter of the [[NAACP]], and consequently he received numerous death threats from the Klan. In 1957, [[Robert F. Williams]], president of the local chapter of the NAACP, was granted a charter from the National Rifle Association to form a local affiliate, which Williams dubbed the "Black Armed Guard". The group was composed mostly of World War II veterans and quickly began organizing for self-defense, guarding Perry's house in shifts.<ref name="Curry">{{cite journal |last1=Curry |first1=Tommy J. |last2=Kelleher |first2=Max |title=Robert F. Williams and Militant Civil Rights: The Philosophy and Legacy of Pre-emptive Self-Defense |journal=Radical Philosophy Review |date=January 2015 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=45–68 |doi=10.5840/radphilrev20153432 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276841542 |publisher=Philosophy Documentation Center |language=en |issn=1388-4441}}</ref><ref>Truman Nelson, 'People With Strength: The Story of Monroe, North Carolina', 1962, within 'Robert and Mabel Williams Resource Guide' (San Francisco: Freedom Archives, 2005), p. 55, 59.</ref> Not making a mention of their race, the group sent a letter to the [[National Rifle Association of America]] asking for a charter, stating that they were a group of veterans who wanted to continue training in case they be called on to serve once again. The charter was granted.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}


Their preparations paid off on 5 October 1957, when Cole held a rally near Monroe. After the rally, a Klan motorcade headed to Dr. Perry's house, accompanied by shouting and the firing of weapons at houses along the way. When they reached Dr. Perry's house, the defenders returned fire from their fortified positions, and the Klan turned and ran. The city government in Monroe banned Klan motorcades the next day. After this unexpected resistance in Monroe, Cole directed his attention to the Lumbee in Robeson County.<ref name=blood>{{cite book|author=Timothy B. Tyson|title=Blood Done Sign My Name: A True Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJgMFxbClw8C|accessdate=26 August 2012|pages=56–7|date=3 May 2005|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4000-8311-4}}</ref>
Their preparations paid off on October 5, 1957, when Cole held a rally near Monroe. After the rally, a Klan motorcade headed to Perry's house, accompanied by shouting and the firing of weapons at houses along the way. When they reached Perry's house, the defenders returned fire from their fortified positions, and the Klan turned and ran.<ref name="Curry"/> The city government in Monroe banned Klan motorcades the next day (though they went on to target Williams and his organization).<ref>{{cite web |author1=Scott Cooper |title="Armed self-defense is a fact of life in black communities": The Story of Robert F. Williams |url=https://www.leftvoice.org/armed-self-defense-is-a-fact-of-life-in-black-communities-the-story-of-robert-f-williams/ |website=leftvoice.org |publisher=Left Voice |access-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210151922/https://www.leftvoice.org/armed-self-defense-is-a-fact-of-life-in-black-communities-the-story-of-robert-f-williams/ |archive-date=February 10, 2021 |language=en-US |date=February 9, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> After this unexpected resistance in Monroe, Cole directed his attention to the Lumbee in Robeson County.<ref name=blood>{{cite book|author=Timothy B. Tyson|title=Blood Done Sign My Name: A True Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJgMFxbClw8C|access-date=August 26, 2012|pages=56–7|date=May 3, 2005|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4000-8311-4}}</ref>


==The Lumbee rout the Klan==
==The Lumbee rout the Klan==
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==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
Whereas Cole's defeat in Monroe was met with indifference by the press, the Klan's failed confrontation with the Lumbees was highly publicized and led to Cole's arrest and conviction. Cole served a prison sentence (1959&ndash;1960) for inciting a riot (the Hayes Pond incident) after which he moved to [[Portsmouth, Virginia]]. There, Cole briefly worked illegally as an unlicensed private detective<ref>{{cite news|title=Kluxer Jailed for Posing as a Private Eye|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1938064/kluxer_jailed_for_posing_as_a_private/|work=[[The Gastonia Gazette]]|location=Gastonia, North Carolina|date=3 Feb 1959|page=12|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=James|first1=Dew|title='Sergent' Cole, Partner Await Grand Jury Action|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1938129/sergent_cole_partner_await_grand/|work=Florence Morning News|location=Florence, South Carolina|date=7 Mar 1959|page=1|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Court Convicts 'Gumshoe' Cole and Sleuth Pal|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1938162/court_convicts_gumshoe_cole_and/|work=The Robesonian|location=Lumberton, North Carolina|date=31 Mar 1959|page=1|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> before returning to [[Kinston, North Carolina]], in 1962, to operate a print shop. Cole began the Helping Hands C.B. Club in [[Greensboro, North Carolina|Greensboro]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Catfish Cole Moves To Greensboro|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1938246/catfish_cole_moves_to_greensboro/|work=The Daily Times-News|location=Burlington, North Carolina|date=29 Mar 1967|page=22|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> and was also involved in the Committee for Better Government, a political action group with Ku Klux Klan overtones. In 1966, Cole attempted a takeover of the Klan organization.<ref>{{cite news|title=Move Begins to Dislodge Dragon Jones|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1938269/move_begins_to_dislodge_dragon_jones/|work=The Daily Independent|location=Kannapolis, North Carolina|date=3 Apr 1967|page=3|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The move failed and Cole was banished.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Falk|first1=Lawrence|title=Ku Klux Klan Membership Falling Off|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1938302/klu_klux_klan_membership_falling_off/|work=The Terre Haute Tribune|location=Terre Haute, Indiana|date=18 Jun 1967|page=35|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> He later attempted to intimidate a black preacher with a cross-burning rally, but was arrested.<ref>{{cite news|title='Catfish' Cast In Clink; 300 Klansmen Burn Cross|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1938337/catfish_cast_in_clink/|work=The Robesonian|location=Lumberton, North Carolina|date=17 Jul 1967|page=1|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
Whereas Cole's defeat in Monroe was met with indifference by the press, the Klan's failed confrontation with the Lumbees was highly publicized and led to Cole's arrest and conviction. Cole served a prison sentence (1959&ndash;1960) for inciting the riot after which he moved to [[Portsmouth, Virginia]]. There, Cole briefly worked illegally as an unlicensed private detective<ref>{{cite news|title=Kluxer Jailed for Posing as a Private Eye|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1938064/kluxer_jailed_for_posing_as_a_private/|work=[[The Gastonia Gazette]]|location=Gastonia, North Carolina|date=February 3, 1959|page=12|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=James|first1=Dew|title='Sergent' Cole, Partner Await Grand Jury Action|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1938129/sergent_cole_partner_await_grand/|work=Florence Morning News|location=Florence, South Carolina|date=March 7, 1959|page=1|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Court Convicts 'Gumshoe' Cole and Sleuth Pal|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1938162/court_convicts_gumshoe_cole_and/|work=The Robesonian|location=Lumberton, North Carolina|date=March 31, 1959|page=1|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> before returning to [[Kinston, North Carolina]], in 1962, to operate a print shop. Cole began the Helping Hands C.B. Club in [[Greensboro, North Carolina|Greensboro]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Catfish Cole Moves To Greensboro|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1938246/catfish_cole_moves_to_greensboro/|work=The Daily Times-News|location=Burlington, North Carolina|date=March 29, 1967|page=22|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> and was also involved in the Committee for Better Government, a political action group with Ku Klux Klan overtones. In 1966, Cole attempted a takeover of the Klan organization.<ref>{{cite news|title=Move Begins to Dislodge Dragon Jones|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1938269/move_begins_to_dislodge_dragon_jones/|work=The Daily Independent|location=Kannapolis, North Carolina|date=April 3, 1967|page=3|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The move failed and Cole was banished.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Falk|first1=Lawrence|title=Ku Klux Klan Membership Falling Off|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1938302/klu_klux_klan_membership_falling_off/|work=The Terre Haute Tribune|location=Terre Haute, Indiana|date=June 18, 1967|page=35|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> He later attempted to intimidate a black preacher with a cross-burning rally, but was arrested.<ref>{{cite news|title='Catfish' Cast In Clink; 300 Klansmen Burn Cross|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1938337/catfish_cast_in_clink/|work=The Robesonian|location=Lumberton, North Carolina|date=July 17, 1967|page=1|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>


He died on July 27, 1967, from injuries sustained in a car accident.<ref>{{cite news|title=Onetime Leader of Carolina Klan Dies in Car Crash|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1938347/onetime_leader_of_carolina_klan_dies_in/|work=The North Adams Transcript|location=North Adams, Massachusetts|date=28 Jul 1967|page=1|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
He died on July 27, 1967, from injuries sustained in a car accident.<ref>{{cite news|title=Onetime Leader of Carolina Klan Dies in Car Crash|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1938347/onetime_leader_of_carolina_klan_dies_in/|work=The North Adams Transcript|location=North Adams, Massachusetts|date=July 28, 1967|page=1|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{Portal|Biography}}
{{Portal|Biography}}
* "James William Cole Papers," ''Joyner Library'', East Carolina University.
* "[https://digital.lib.ecu.edu/special/ead/findingaids/0040/ James William Cole Papers]," ''Joyner Library'', East Carolina University.
* Tyson, Timothy B. ''Radio Free Dixie: Robert F. Williams and the Roots of Black Power''. 416 pages. University of North Carolina Press (February 1, 2001). {{ISBN|0-8078-4923-5}}.
* Tyson, Timothy B. ''Radio Free Dixie: Robert F. Williams and the Roots of Black Power''. 416 pages. University of North Carolina Press (February 1, 2001). {{ISBN|0-8078-4923-5}}.
* "Raid by 500 Indians balks North Carolina Klan rally." ''New York Times'', January 19, 1958: 1.
* "Raid by 500 Indians balks North Carolina Klan rally." ''New York Times'', January 19, 1958: 1.
* "Cole Says His Rights Violated." ''Greensboro Daily News'', 20 Jan. 1958: A1.
* "Cole Says His Rights Violated." ''Greensboro Daily News'', January 20, 1958: A1.
* "The Lumbees Ride Again." ''Greensboro Daily News'', 20 Jan. 1958: 4A.
* "The Lumbees Ride Again." ''Greensboro Daily News'', January 20, 1958: 4A.
* Morrison, Julian. "Sheriff Seeks Klan Leader's Indictment: Cole Accused of Inciting Riot Involving Indians and Ku Klux." ''Greensboro Daily News'', 20 Jan. 1958: A1-3.
* Morrison, Julian. "Sheriff Seeks Klan Leader's Indictment: Cole Accused of Inciting Riot Involving Indians and Ku Klux." ''Greensboro Daily News'', January 20, 1958: A1-3.
* [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RT1AAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PlkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5564%2C920930 "Cole Faces Indictment; Disgusted Knight Quits."] ''The Robesonian'', 21 Jan. 1958: 1.
* [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RT1AAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PlkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5564%2C920930 "Cole Faces Indictment; Disgusted Knight Quits."] ''The Robesonian'', January 21, 1958: 1.
* Ryan, Ethel. "Indians who crushed rally were mature tribesmen." ''Greensboro Record'' 21 Jan. 1958: A1.
* Ryan, Ethel. "Indians who crushed rally were mature tribesmen." ''Greensboro Record'' January 21, 1958: A1.
* [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Rj1AAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PlkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4477%2C976468 "Judge Deplores Klan Entry Into Peaceful Indian Land."] ''The Robesonian'' 22 Jan. 1958: 1.
* [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Rj1AAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PlkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4477%2C976468 "Judge Deplores Klan Entry Into Peaceful Indian Land."] ''The Robesonian'' January 22, 1958: 1.
* [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Rz1AAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PlkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5134%2C1034823 "Redskins Whoop Lumbee Victory."] ''The Robesonian'' 23 Jan. 1958: 1.
* [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Rz1AAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PlkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5134%2C1034823 "Redskins Whoop Lumbee Victory."] ''The Robesonian'' January 23, 1958: 1.
* Brown, Dick. "The Indians who routed the 'Catfish'." ''News and Observer'' 26 Jan. 1958: Sec. 3, p.&nbsp;1.
* Brown, Dick. "The Indians who routed the 'Catfish'." ''News and Observer'' January 26, 1958: Sec. 3, p.&nbsp;1.
* "North Carolina: Indian raid." ''Newsweek'' 51 (27 Jan. 1958): 27.
* "North Carolina: Indian raid." ''Newsweek'' 51 (Jan 27, 1958): 27.
* "Bad medicine for the Klan: North Carolina Indians break up Kluxers' anti-Indian meeting." ''Life'' 44 (27 Jan. 1958): 26-28.
* "Bad medicine for the Klan: North Carolina Indians break up Kluxers' anti-Indian meeting." ''Life'' 44 (Jan 27, 1958): 26–28.
* "When Carolina Indians went on the warpath–." ''U. S. News and World Report'' 44 (31 Jan. 1958): 14.
* "When Carolina Indians went on the warpath–." ''U.S. News & World Report'' 44 (Jan 31, 1958): 14.
* "Indians back at peace and the Klan at bay." Life 44 (3 Feb. 1958): 36-36A.
* "Indians back at peace and the Klan at bay." Life 44 (Feb 3, 1958): 36-36A.
* "[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1938114/klan_wizard_cole_gets_2year_sentence/ Klan Wizard Cole gets 2-year sentence; Titan Martin draws 12 months. Both free on bond; both file appeal.]" ''The Robesonian'' 14 March 1958: 1.{{via|Newspapers.com}}
* "[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1938114/klan_wizard_cole_gets_2year_sentence/ Klan Wizard Cole gets 2-year sentence; Titan Martin draws 12 months. Both free on bond; both file appeal.]" ''The Robesonian'' March 14, 1958: 1.{{via|Newspapers.com}}
* "Heap bad Kluxers armed with gun, Indian angry paleface run." ''Ebony'', 13 (April 1958): 25-26, 28.
* "Heap bad Kluxers armed with gun, Indian angry paleface run." ''Ebony'', 13 (April 1958): 25–26, 28.
* "Lumbee Indians form own news service." ''News and Observer'' 10 April 1958: 23.
* "Lumbee Indians form own news service." ''News and Observer'' April 10, 1958: 23.
* Craven, Charles. "The Robeson County Indian uprising against the Ku Klux Klan." ''South Atlantic Quarterly'' 57 (Autumn 1958): 433-42.
* Craven, Charles. "The Robeson County Indian uprising against the Ku Klux Klan." ''South Atlantic Quarterly'' 57 (Autumn 1958): 433–42.
* "[https://archive.org/details/nightridinginvad01thom Night-riding Invaders]." ''Winston-Salem Journal'', (February 1958), reprinted and distributed in pamphlet form by the Western North Carolina Conference Board of Social and Economic Relations of the Methodist Church.
* "[https://archive.org/details/nightridinginvad01thom Night-riding Invaders]." ''Winston-Salem Journal'', (February 1958), reprinted and distributed in pamphlet form by the Western North Carolina Conference Board of Social and Economic Relations of the Methodist Church.


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[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:American Ku Klux Klan members convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragons]]
[[Category:Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragons]]
[[Category:People from Kinston, North Carolina]]
[[Category:People from Kinston, North Carolina]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in North Carolina]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in North Carolina]]
[[Category:American radio hosts]]
[[Category:American radio hosts]]
[[Category:Baptist ministers from the United States]]
[[Category:University and college founders]]
[[Category:American white supremacists]]
[[Category:Founders of American schools and colleges]]
[[Category:American taxicab drivers]]
[[Category:Founders of universities]]
⚫
[[Category:Founders of schools in the United States]]
[[Category:Baptists from North Carolina]]
[[Category:Baptists from North Carolina]]
[[Category:20th-century philanthropists]]
[[Category:20th-century American philanthropists]]
[[Category:United States Army personnel of World War II]]
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[[Category:20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States]]
[[Category:Ku Klux Klan in North Carolina]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of North Carolina]]

Latest revision as of 04:49, 23 May 2024

James William "Catfish" Cole (June 14, 1924 – July 27, 1967) was an American soldier and evangelist who was leader of the Ku Klux Klan of North Carolina and South Carolina, serving as a Grand Dragon.

Rise to infamy

[edit]

Cole attended Grainger High School in Kinston, North Carolina, and served in the military during World War II. For a time, he drove a taxicab in Kinston and it was around this time that he acquired the nickname "Catfish".[1] In 1953 he and his wife, Carolyn, began Southern Bible College in Marion, South Carolina. Cole was ordained into the ministry by the Wayside Baptist Church in Summerfield, North Carolina in 1958. While in Marion, he toured North Carolina and South Carolina as a tent evangelist and broadcast a Sunday morning radio program, "The Free Will Hour". During this period he became an active member of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, eventually becoming Grand Dragon in both North Carolina and South Carolina. Cole's rallies drew as many as 15,000. Cole incited violence against blacks, and after his rallies Klan motorcades often drove through black neighborhoods in order to terrorize the inhabitants (accompanied by the police, who maintained that they accompanied the Klan to keep order).

Klan defeated by the Black Armed Guard

[edit]

Albert E. Perry, a black doctor in Monroe, North Carolina, was presumed to be financing the local chapter of the NAACP, and consequently he received numerous death threats from the Klan. In 1957, Robert F. Williams, president of the local chapter of the NAACP, was granted a charter from the National Rifle Association to form a local affiliate, which Williams dubbed the "Black Armed Guard". The group was composed mostly of World War II veterans and quickly began organizing for self-defense, guarding Perry's house in shifts.[2][3] Not making a mention of their race, the group sent a letter to the National Rifle Association of America asking for a charter, stating that they were a group of veterans who wanted to continue training in case they be called on to serve once again. The charter was granted.[citation needed]

Their preparations paid off on October 5, 1957, when Cole held a rally near Monroe. After the rally, a Klan motorcade headed to Perry's house, accompanied by shouting and the firing of weapons at houses along the way. When they reached Perry's house, the defenders returned fire from their fortified positions, and the Klan turned and ran.[2] The city government in Monroe banned Klan motorcades the next day (though they went on to target Williams and his organization).[4] After this unexpected resistance in Monroe, Cole directed his attention to the Lumbee in Robeson County.[5]

The Lumbee rout the Klan

[edit]
Lumbee Indians fighting Ku Klux Klansmen during the Battle of Hayes Pond

Cole is best known for his harassment of the Lumbee Natives of Robeson County, North Carolina and received brief national attention in 1958 for his role in the Battle of Hayes Pond when armed Lumbees attacked a Klan rally and routed the Klansmen. Cole considered the Lumbee to be a "mongrel" race, and in 1957 began a campaign of harassment against them, announcing "There's about 30,000 half-breeds in Robeson County and we are going to have a cross burning and scare them up." Cole gave several speeches inciting whites against the Lumbee and staged a cross burning in St. Pauls, North Carolina at the home of a Lumbee woman he claimed was having an affair with a white man.[5]

In the midst of Cole's campaign of terror against the Lumbee, Cole was warned by local law enforcement officials that his public speeches and demonstrations would provoke a reaction from the Lumbee. Undeterred, he called a Klan rally to be held on January 18, 1958, near the small town of Maxton where Cole predicted 5,000 Klansmen would remind the Lumbee of "their place". Realizing that the Lumbee would use this rally to muster together their own show of force, only 50 Klan members arrived to attend the rally. Cole and his fellow Klansmen were attacked by a heavily armed force of over 500 Lumbees. The battle turned to a rout as Cole and the Klansmen fled into the nearby swamps.[5]

Aftermath

[edit]

Whereas Cole's defeat in Monroe was met with indifference by the press, the Klan's failed confrontation with the Lumbees was highly publicized and led to Cole's arrest and conviction. Cole served a prison sentence (1959–1960) for inciting the riot after which he moved to Portsmouth, Virginia. There, Cole briefly worked illegally as an unlicensed private detective[6][7][8] before returning to Kinston, North Carolina, in 1962, to operate a print shop. Cole began the Helping Hands C.B. Club in Greensboro[9] and was also involved in the Committee for Better Government, a political action group with Ku Klux Klan overtones. In 1966, Cole attempted a takeover of the Klan organization.[10] The move failed and Cole was banished.[11] He later attempted to intimidate a black preacher with a cross-burning rally, but was arrested.[12]

He died on July 27, 1967, from injuries sustained in a car accident.[13]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Shires, William A. (September 18, 1965). "Defendants are Lawyers". The High Point Enterprise. High Point, North Carolina. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
  2. ^ a b Curry, Tommy J.; Kelleher, Max (January 2015). "Robert F. Williams and Militant Civil Rights: The Philosophy and Legacy of Pre-emptive Self-Defense". Radical Philosophy Review. 18 (1). Philosophy Documentation Center: 45–68. doi:10.5840/radphilrev20153432. ISSN 1388-4441.
  3. ^ Truman Nelson, 'People With Strength: The Story of Monroe, North Carolina', 1962, within 'Robert and Mabel Williams Resource Guide' (San Francisco: Freedom Archives, 2005), p. 55, 59.
  4. ^ Scott Cooper (February 9, 2021). ""Armed self-defense is a fact of life in black communities": The Story of Robert F. Williams". leftvoice.org. Left Voice. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
  5. ^ a b c Timothy B. Tyson (May 3, 2005). Blood Done Sign My Name: A True Story. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 56–7. ISBN 978-1-4000-8311-4. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  6. ^ "Kluxer Jailed for Posing as a Private Eye". The Gastonia Gazette. Gastonia, North Carolina. February 3, 1959. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. ^ James, Dew (March 7, 1959). "'Sergent' Cole, Partner Await Grand Jury Action". Florence Morning News. Florence, South Carolina. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ^ "Court Convicts 'Gumshoe' Cole and Sleuth Pal". The Robesonian. Lumberton, North Carolina. March 31, 1959. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ "Catfish Cole Moves To Greensboro". The Daily Times-News. Burlington, North Carolina. March 29, 1967. p. 22 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ "Move Begins to Dislodge Dragon Jones". The Daily Independent. Kannapolis, North Carolina. April 3, 1967. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ^ Falk, Lawrence (June 18, 1967). "Ku Klux Klan Membership Falling Off". The Terre Haute Tribune. Terre Haute, Indiana. p. 35 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ^ "'Catfish' Cast In Clink; 300 Klansmen Burn Cross". The Robesonian. Lumberton, North Carolina. July 17, 1967. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ^ "Onetime Leader of Carolina Klan Dies in Car Crash". The North Adams Transcript. North Adams, Massachusetts. July 28, 1967. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.

Further reading

[edit]
  • "James William Cole Papers," Joyner Library, East Carolina University.
  • Tyson, Timothy B. Radio Free Dixie: Robert F. Williams and the Roots of Black Power. 416 pages. University of North Carolina Press (February 1, 2001). ISBN 0-8078-4923-5.
  • "Raid by 500 Indians balks North Carolina Klan rally." New York Times, January 19, 1958: 1.
  • "Cole Says His Rights Violated." Greensboro Daily News, January 20, 1958: A1.
  • "The Lumbees Ride Again." Greensboro Daily News, January 20, 1958: 4A.
  • Morrison, Julian. "Sheriff Seeks Klan Leader's Indictment: Cole Accused of Inciting Riot Involving Indians and Ku Klux." Greensboro Daily News, January 20, 1958: A1-3.
  • "Cole Faces Indictment; Disgusted Knight Quits." The Robesonian, January 21, 1958: 1.
  • Ryan, Ethel. "Indians who crushed rally were mature tribesmen." Greensboro Record January 21, 1958: A1.
  • "Judge Deplores Klan Entry Into Peaceful Indian Land." The Robesonian January 22, 1958: 1.
  • "Redskins Whoop Lumbee Victory." The Robesonian January 23, 1958: 1.
  • Brown, Dick. "The Indians who routed the 'Catfish'." News and Observer January 26, 1958: Sec. 3, p. 1.
  • "North Carolina: Indian raid." Newsweek 51 (Jan 27, 1958): 27.
  • "Bad medicine for the Klan: North Carolina Indians break up Kluxers' anti-Indian meeting." Life 44 (Jan 27, 1958): 26–28.
  • "When Carolina Indians went on the warpath–." U.S. News & World Report 44 (Jan 31, 1958): 14.
  • "Indians back at peace and the Klan at bay." Life 44 (Feb 3, 1958): 36-36A.
  • "Klan Wizard Cole gets 2-year sentence; Titan Martin draws 12 months. Both free on bond; both file appeal." The Robesonian March 14, 1958: 1.(Full text via Newspapers.com.)
  • "Heap bad Kluxers armed with gun, Indian angry paleface run." Ebony, 13 (April 1958): 25–26, 28.
  • "Lumbee Indians form own news service." News and Observer April 10, 1958: 23.
  • Craven, Charles. "The Robeson County Indian uprising against the Ku Klux Klan." South Atlantic Quarterly 57 (Autumn 1958): 433–42.
  • "Night-riding Invaders." Winston-Salem Journal, (February 1958), reprinted and distributed in pamphlet form by the Western North Carolina Conference Board of Social and Economic Relations of the Methodist Church.
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