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{{Short description|Religious organization}}
{{For|the television series|Sea of Faith (TV series)}}
{{For|the television series|Sea of Faith (TV series)}}
[[File:SOGLogo1a.jpg|thumb|Sea of Faith logo.]]
[[File:SOGLogo1a.jpg|thumb|Sea of Faith logo.]]
The '''Sea of Faith Network''' ('''SoF''') is an organization with the stated aim to explore and promote religious faith as a human creation.
The '''Sea of Faith Network''' is an organisation with the stated aim to explore and promote religious faith as a human creation.


==History==
==History==
The SoF movement started in 1984 as a response to [[Don Cupitt]]'s book and [[Sea of Faith (TV series)|television series]], both titled ''Sea of Faith''.<ref name="Bill Cooke">{{cite book|last=Cooke|first=Bill|title=Dictionary of Atheism, Skepticism, and Humanism|year=2005|publisher=Prometheus Books|location=Amherst NY|isbn=978-1591022992|pages=470|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sA6_jqohqRUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> Cupitt was educated in both science and theology at the University of Cambridge in the 1950s, and is a philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest, and former Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Don Cupitt: Life Fellow and former Dean of Emmanuel College Cambridge, England|url=http://www.westarinstitute.org/Fellows/cupitt.html|publisher=Westar Institute|accessdate=9 January 2013}}</ref> In the book and TV series, he surveyed western thinking about religion and charted a transition from traditional realist religion to the view that religion is simply a human creation.<ref name="Jeremy Stangroom">{{cite book|last1=Stangroom|first1=Jeremy|last2=Baggini|first2=Julian|authorlink1=Jeremy Stangroom|authorlink2=Julian Baggini|title=What Philosophers Think|year=2005|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|location=London|isbn=978-0826484741|pages=95–104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P6jT10cRPXQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
The Sea of Faith movement started in 1984 as a response to [[Don Cupitt]]'s book and [[Sea of Faith (TV series)|television series]], both titled ''Sea of Faith''.<ref name="Bill Cooke">{{cite book|last=Cooke|first=Bill|title=Dictionary of Atheism, Skepticism, and Humanism|year=2005|publisher=Prometheus Books|location=Amherst NY|isbn=978-1591022992|pages=470|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sA6_jqohqRUC}}</ref> Cupitt was educated in both science and theology at the University of Cambridge in the 1950s, and is a philosopher, theologian, [[Anglican]] priest, and former Dean of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Don Cupitt: Life Fellow and former Dean of Emmanuel College Cambridge, England|url=http://www.westarinstitute.org/Fellows/cupitt.html|publisher=Westar Institute|accessdate=9 January 2013}}</ref> In the book and TV series, he surveyed western thinking about religion and charted a transition from traditional realist religion to the view that religion is simply a human creation.<ref name="Jeremy Stangroom">{{cite book|last1=Stangroom|first1=Jeremy|last2=Baggini|first2=Julian|authorlink1=Jeremy Stangroom|authorlink2=Julian Baggini|title=What Philosophers Think|year=2005|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|location=London|isbn=978-0826484741|pages=95–104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P6jT10cRPXQC}}</ref>


The name Sea of Faith is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic mid 19th century poem ''[[Dover Beach]]'', in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the "sea of faith" is withdrawing like the ebbing tide.<ref name="Don Cupitt sea of faith">{{cite book|last=Cupitt|first=Don|title=The Sea of Faith|year=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0521344203|pages=21–22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SCXcdgWck_8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=don+cupitt+dover+beach&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fLrsUL3zC6j22gWH_YGICw&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA}}</ref>
The name Sea of Faith is taken from [[Matthew Arnold]]'s nostalgic mid-19th century poem "[[Dover Beach]]," in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the "sea of faith" is withdrawing like the ebbing tide.<ref name="Don Cupitt sea of faith">{{cite book|last=Cupitt|first=Don|title=The Sea of Faith|year=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0521344203|pages=21–22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SCXcdgWck_8C&q=don+cupitt+dover+beach}}</ref>


Following the television series, a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers, they organised the first UK conference in 1988.<ref name="Peter B. Clarke">{{cite book|last=Clarke|first=Peter B.|title=Encyclopedia Of New Religious Movements|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0415453837|pages=595}}</ref> A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the SoF Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<ref name="The Sea of Faith Network: Key facts">{{cite web|title=The Sea of Faith Network: Key facts|url=http://www.thatreligiousstudieswebsite.com/Religious_Studies/Phil_of_Rel/Atheism_Agnosticism/sea_of_faith_network.php|work=That Religious Studies Website|publisher=Pelusa Media Group|accessdate=9 January 2013}}</ref>
Following the television series, a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers, they organised the first UK conference in 1988.<ref name="Peter B. Clarke">{{cite book|last=Clarke|first=Peter B.|title=Encyclopedia Of New Religious Movements|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0415453837|pages=595}}</ref> A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the Sea of Faith Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.<ref name="The Sea of Faith Network: Key facts">{{cite web|title=The Sea of Faith Network: Key facts|url=http://www.thatreligiousstudieswebsite.com/Religious_Studies/Phil_of_Rel/Atheism_Agnosticism/sea_of_faith_network.php|work=That Religious Studies Website|publisher=Pelusa Media Group|accessdate=9 January 2013}}</ref>


==Organization==
==Organisation==
The Sea Of Faith Network holds national and regional conferences and promotional events each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration.<ref name=sofn>[http://www.sofn.org.uk/ Sea of Faith Network] retrieved 21 May 2013</ref>
The Sea of Faith Network is a loose network rather than a formal religious organisation. It holds national and regional conferences and promotional events each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration.<ref name=sofn>[http://www.sofn.org.uk/ Sea of Faith Network] retrieved 21 May 2013</ref>


The group's magazine ''Sofia'' is published bi-monthly in the United Kingdom. It has a circulation beyond the SoF membership. The group also maintains a web site and an on-line discussion group.<ref name=sofn/>
The group's magazine ''Sofia'' is published quarterly in the United Kingdom. The group also maintains a web site and an on-line discussion group.<ref name=sofn/>


Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa, France and The Netherlands. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<ref name=sofn/>
Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa, France and The Netherlands. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.<ref name=sofn/>


==Beliefs==
==Beliefs==
SoF has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent, seeing itself as a loose network rather than a formal religious movement or organisation. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation".<ref name="The Sea of Faith Network - Who we are">{{cite web|title=The Sea of Faith Network - Who we are|url=http://www.sofn.org.uk/sof/who_we_are.html|publisher=Sea of Faith Network|accessdate=4 February 2013}}</ref> In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other.<ref name="The Sea of Faith Network - Who we are" /> Some members describe themselves as on the liberal or radical wing of conventional belief (see [[liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves [[religious humanism|religious]] or [[Christian humanism|Christian humanists]] (see [[humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist, or simply nontheist (see [[Christian atheism]]).
The organisation has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation,"<ref name="The Sea of Faith Network - Who we are">{{cite web|title=The Sea of Faith Network - Who we are|url=http://www.sofn.org.uk/sof/who_we_are.html|publisher=Sea of Faith Network|accessdate=4 February 2013}}</ref> In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other.<ref name="The Sea of Faith Network - Who we are" /> Some members describe themselves as on the liberal or radical wing of conventional belief (see [[liberal Christianity]]) while others choose to call themselves [[religious humanism|religious]] or [[Christian humanism|Christian humanists]] (see [[humanism]]). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist, or simply nontheist (see [[Christian atheism]]).


SoF possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<ref name=sofn/>
Sea of Faith possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.<ref name=sofn/>


==Philosophy==
==Philosophy==
A number of commentators have identified SoF as closely associated with the non-realist approach to religion.<ref name="andrew moore">{{cite book|last=Moore|first=Andrew|title=Realism and Christian Faith: God, Grammar, and Meaning|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0521524155|pages=108|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54AgRQ0QbZIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref name=cathey>{{cite book|last=Cathey|first=Robert Andrew|title=God In Postliberal Perspective: Between Realism and Non-Realism|year=2009|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|location=Burlington VT|isbn=978-0754616801|pages=188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLkVppp6cfcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> This refers to the belief that God has no "real", objective, or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is "real" in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but he has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion.<ref name="peter mullen">{{cite news|last=Mullen|first=Peter|title=Faith and Reason Cupitt's arrows lie blunted by the reality of reasoned discussion|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/faith-and-reason-cupitts-arrows-lie-blunted-by-the-reality-of-reasoned-discussion-1391036.html|accessdate=9 January 2013|newspaper=The Independent|date=31 Dec 1994}}</ref> Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism, including concepts such as miracles, the afterlife, and the agency of spirits.<ref name="faversham stoa">{{cite web|title=The Sea of Faith Network|url=http://www.stoa.org.uk/topics/sof/sea-of-faith-network.html|publisher=Faversham Stoa|accessdate=9 January 2013}}</ref>
A number of commentators have identified Sea of Faith as closely associated with the non-realist approach to religion.<ref name="andrew moore">{{cite book|last=Moore|first=Andrew|title=Realism and Christian Faith: God, Grammar, and Meaning|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0521524155|pages=108|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54AgRQ0QbZIC}}</ref><ref name=cathey>{{cite book|last=Cathey|first=Robert Andrew|title=God In Postliberal Perspective: Between Realism and Non-Realism|year=2009|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|location=Burlington VT|isbn=978-0754616801|pages=188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLkVppp6cfcC}}</ref> This refers to the belief that God has no "real," objective, or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is "real" in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but he has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion.<ref name="peter mullen">{{cite news|last=Mullen|first=Peter|title=Faith and Reason Cupitt's arrows lie blunted by the reality of reasoned discussion|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/faith-and-reason-cupitts-arrows-lie-blunted-by-the-reality-of-reasoned-discussion-1391036.html|accessdate=9 January 2013|newspaper=The Independent|date=31 Dec 1994}}</ref> Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism, including concepts such as miracles, the afterlife, and the agency of spirits.<ref name="faversham stoa">{{cite web|title=The Sea of Faith Network|url=http://www.stoa.org.uk/topics/sof/sea-of-faith-network.html|publisher=Faversham Stoa|accessdate=9 January 2013}}</ref>


Cupitt wrote, "God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power".<ref>''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X</ref> Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity".<ref name="faversham stoa" /> It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<ref name="Gail Vines">{{cite news|last=Vines|first=Gail|title=A Godless creed|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=99906&sectioncode=26|accessdate=9 January 2013|newspaper=Times Higher Education|date=19 July 1996}}</ref>
Cupitt wrote, "God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power,"<ref>''Taking Leave of God'', Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: {{ISBN|0-334-02840-X}}</ref> Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity,"<ref name="faversham stoa" /> It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.<ref name="Gail Vines">{{cite news|last=Vines|first=Gail|title=A Godless creed|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=99906&sectioncode=26|accessdate=9 January 2013|newspaper=Times Higher Education|date=19 July 1996}}</ref>


==Founder's influence==
==Founder's influence==
Since he began writing in 1971, Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change.<ref name="nigel leaves">{{cite book|last=Leaves|first=Nigel|title=Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life & Writings of Don Cupitt|year=2004|publisher=Polebridge Press|location=Santa Rosa CA|isbn=978-0944344620|pages=1}}</ref> In his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and ''The Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real,<ref name="Don Cupitt on Non-Realism About God">{{cite web|title=Don Cupitt on Non-Realism About God|url=http://philosophybites.com/2008/11/don-cupitt-on-nonrealism-about-god.html|work=philosophy bites|publisher=Institute of Philosophy|accessdate=4 February 2013}}</ref> but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism:<ref name="About Non-Realism">{{cite web|title=About Non-Realism|url=http://www.doncupitt.com/non-realism|publisher=Don Cupitt|accessdate=4 February 2013}}</ref> that is, there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God.<ref name=hyman>{{cite book|last=Hyman|first=Gavin|title=The Predicament of Postmodern Theology: Radical Orthodoxy or Nihilist Textualism?|year=2001|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|location=Louisville KY|isbn=978-0664223663|pages=44–49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VuXIL7amXvIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
Since he began writing in 1971, Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change.<ref name="nigel leaves">{{cite book|last=Leaves|first=Nigel|title=Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life & Writings of Don Cupitt|year=2004|publisher=Polebridge Press|location=Santa Rosa CA|isbn=978-0944344620|pages=1}}</ref> In his early books such as ''Taking Leave of God'' and ''The Sea of Faith'' Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real,<ref name="Don Cupitt on Non-Realism About God">{{cite web|title=Don Cupitt on Non-Realism About God|url=http://philosophybites.com/2008/11/don-cupitt-on-nonrealism-about-god.html|work=philosophy bites|publisher=Institute of Philosophy|accessdate=4 February 2013}}</ref> but by the end of the 1980s he moved into [[postmodernism]], describing his position as empty radical humanism:<ref name="About Non-Realism">{{cite web|title=About Non-Realism|url=http://www.doncupitt.com/non-realism|publisher=Don Cupitt|accessdate=4 February 2013}}</ref> that is, there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God.<ref name=hyman>{{cite book|last=Hyman|first=Gavin|title=The Predicament of Postmodern Theology: Radical Orthodoxy or Nihilist Textualism?|year=2001|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|location=Louisville KY|isbn=978-0664223663|pages=44–49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VuXIL7amXvIC}}</ref>


While Cupitt was the founding influence of SoF and is much respected for his work for the network, it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of SoF. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that SoF should never be a fan club.<ref name="faversham stoa" /> Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<ref name="faversham stoa" />
While Cupitt was the founding influence of Sea of Faith and is much respected for his work for the network, it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of Sea of Faith. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that Sea of Faith should never be a fan club.<ref name="faversham stoa" /> Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.<ref name="faversham stoa" />

== Criticism ==
[[Alvin Plantinga]] called the movement "an amiable sort of dottiness,"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Graham |first=Gordon |date=July 2009 |title=Andrew Moore, Realism and Christian Faith: God, Grammar and Meaning (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. xi + 269. £17.95 ($24.00). |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0036930605001997/type/journal_article |journal=Scottish Journal of Theology |language=en |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=98–100 |doi=10.1017/S0036930605001997 |s2cid=171065426 |issn=0036-9306}}</ref> Anthony Campbell also pointed to the contradictions in Cupitt's intellectual project. At once destroying the tenets of Christianity and then claiming to be a "non-realist" Christian seemed to Campbell to be the same as being an atheist.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Anthony |date=1999 |title=Book Review of "Sea of Faith" |url=https://www.acampbell.org.uk/bookreviews/r/cupitt.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/20220702060700/https://www.acampbell.org.uk/bookreviews/r/cupitt.html |archive-date=2 July 2022 |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=www.acampbell.org.uk }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Lloyd Geering]]


==References==
==References==
Line 36: Line 43:


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4
*''The Sea of Faith'', Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: {{ISBN|0-521-34420-4}}
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987
*''God in Our Hands'', Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993
*''God in Us'', Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993
*''Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief'', David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing SoF Network'', David Boulton, SoF, 1996
*''A Reasonable Faith: Introducing Sea of Faith Network'', David Boulton, Sea of Faith, 1996
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, SoF, 1997
*''Agenda for Faith'', Stephen Mitchell, Sea of Faith, 1997
*''Emptiness & Brightness'', Don Cupitt, Polebridge Press, 2001
*''Emptiness & Brightness'', Don Cupitt, Polebridge Press, 2001
*''God in the Bath: relaxing in the everywhere presence of God'', Stephen Mitchell, O Books, 2006, ISBN 1-905047-65-7
*''God in the Bath: relaxing in the everywhere presence of God'', Stephen Mitchell, O Books, 2006, {{ISBN|1-905047-65-7}}
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3
*''Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-944344-62-3}}
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1
*''Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt'', Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0-944344-63-1}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/index.html Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/index.html Sea of Faith (United Kingdom)]
*[http://www.sof.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)]
*[http://www.sofia.org.nz Sea of Faith (New Zealand)]
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)]
*[http://www.sof-in-australia.org Sea of Faith (Australia)]
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sofia/index.html ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of SoF U.K.
*[http://www.sofn.org.uk/sofia/index.html ''Sofia''], the bi-monthly magazine of SoF U.K.
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm "The vicars who don't believe in God"] on the web site of the [[BBC]]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/393479.stm "The vicars who don't believe in God"] on the web site of the [[BBC]]
*[http://cdn3.libsyn.com/philosophybites/Don_Cupitt_on_Non-Realism_About_God.mp3?nvb=20081130174137&nva=20081201175137&t=06ec7d6f2cf6950dc6847 Interview with Don Cupitt on ''Philosophy Bites'' podcast]
*[http://traffic.libsyn.com/philosophybites/Don_Cupitt_on_Non-Realism_About_God.mp3 Interview with Don Cupitt on ''Philosophy Bites'' podcast]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Sea Of Faith}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sea Of Faith}}
[[Category:Humanism]]
[[Category:Humanist associations]]
[[Category:Religious organisations based in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Religious organisations based in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Rationalism]]
[[Category:Rationalism]]
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]
[[Category:Secularism]]
[[Category:Secularist organizations]]
[[Category:Nontheism]]
[[Category:Nontheism]]
[[Category:Interfaith organizations]]
[[Category:Interfaith organizations]]

Latest revision as of 07:06, 23 May 2024

For the television series, see Sea of Faith (TV series).
Sea of Faith logo.

The Sea of Faith Network is an organisation with the stated aim to explore and promote religious faith as a human creation.

History

[edit]

The Sea of Faith movement started in 1984 as a response to Don Cupitt's book and television series, both titled Sea of Faith.[1] Cupitt was educated in both science and theology at the University of Cambridge in the 1950s, and is a philosopher, theologian, Anglican priest, and former Dean of Emmanuel College, Cambridge.[2] In the book and TV series, he surveyed western thinking about religion and charted a transition from traditional realist religion to the view that religion is simply a human creation.[3]

The name Sea of Faith is taken from Matthew Arnold's nostalgic mid-19th century poem "Dover Beach," in which the poet expresses regret that belief in a supernatural world is slowly slipping away; the "sea of faith" is withdrawing like the ebbing tide.[4]

Following the television series, a small group of radical Christian clergy and laity began meeting to explore how they might promote this new understanding of religious faith. Starting with a mailing list of 143 sympathisers, they organised the first UK conference in 1988.[5] A second conference was held in the following year shortly after which the Sea of Faith Network was officially launched. Annual national conferences have been a key event of the network ever since.[6]

Organisation

[edit]

The Sea of Faith Network is a loose network rather than a formal religious organisation. It holds national and regional conferences and promotional events each year. There is an active network of local groups who meet regularly for discussion and exploration.[7]

The group's magazine Sofia is published quarterly in the United Kingdom. The group also maintains a web site and an on-line discussion group.[7]

Currently there are national networks in the UK, New Zealand and Australia with scattered membership in the USA, Northern Ireland, South Africa, France and The Netherlands. The world-wide membership, as of 2004, stood at about 2,000. Each national network is run by a steering committee elected from its members.[7]

Beliefs

[edit]

The organisation has no official creed or statement of belief to which members are required to assent. Its stated aim is to "explore and promote religious faith as a human creation,"[8] In this it spans a broad spectrum of faith positions from uncompromising non-realism at one end to critical realism at the other.[8] Some members describe themselves as on the liberal or radical wing of conventional belief (see liberal Christianity) while others choose to call themselves religious or Christian humanists (see humanism). Some even refer to themselves as agnostic, atheist, or simply nontheist (see Christian atheism).

Sea of Faith possesses no religious writings or ceremonies of its own; many members remain active in their own religion (mainly but not exclusively Christian) while others have no religious affiliation at all.[7]

Philosophy

[edit]

A number of commentators have identified Sea of Faith as closely associated with the non-realist approach to religion.[9][10] This refers to the belief that God has no "real," objective, or empirical existence, independent of human language and culture; God is "real" in the sense that he is a potent symbol, metaphor or projection, but he has no objective existence outside and beyond the practice of religion.[11] Non-realism therefore entails a rejection of all supernaturalism, including concepts such as miracles, the afterlife, and the agency of spirits.[12]

Cupitt wrote, "God is the sum of our values, representing to us their ideal unity, their claims upon us and their creative power,"[13] Cupitt calls this "a voluntarist interpretation of faith: a fully demythologized version of Christianity,"[12] It entails the claim that even after we have given up the idea that religious beliefs can be grounded in anything beyond the human realm, religion can still be believed and practised in new ways.[14]

Founder's influence

[edit]

Since he began writing in 1971, Cupitt has produced 36 books. During this time his views have continued to evolve and change.[15] In his early books such as Taking Leave of God and The Sea of Faith Cupitt talks of God alone as non-real,[16] but by the end of the 1980s he moved into postmodernism, describing his position as empty radical humanism:[17] that is, there is nothing but our language, our world, and the meanings, truths and interpretations that we have generated. Everything is non-real, including God.[18]

While Cupitt was the founding influence of Sea of Faith and is much respected for his work for the network, it would not be true to say that he is regarded as a guru or leader of Sea of Faith. Members are free to dissent from his views and Cupitt himself has argued strongly that Sea of Faith should never be a fan club.[12] Both Cupitt and the network emphasise the importance of autonomous critical thought and reject authoritarianism in all forms.[12]

Criticism

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Alvin Plantinga called the movement "an amiable sort of dottiness,"[19] Anthony Campbell also pointed to the contradictions in Cupitt's intellectual project. At once destroying the tenets of Christianity and then claiming to be a "non-realist" Christian seemed to Campbell to be the same as being an atheist.[20]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Cooke, Bill (2005). Dictionary of Atheism, Skepticism, and Humanism. Amherst NY: Prometheus Books. p. 470. ISBN 978-1591022992.
  2. ^ "Don Cupitt: Life Fellow and former Dean of Emmanuel College Cambridge, England". Westar Institute. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  3. ^ Stangroom, Jeremy; Baggini, Julian (2005). What Philosophers Think. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 95–104. ISBN 978-0826484741.
  4. ^ Cupitt, Don (1988). The Sea of Faith. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0521344203.
  5. ^ Clarke, Peter B. (2005). Encyclopedia Of New Religious Movements. New York: Routledge. p. 595. ISBN 978-0415453837.
  6. ^ "The Sea of Faith Network: Key facts". That Religious Studies Website. Pelusa Media Group. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  7. ^ a b c d Sea of Faith Network retrieved 21 May 2013
  8. ^ a b "The Sea of Faith Network - Who we are". Sea of Faith Network. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  9. ^ Moore, Andrew (2003). Realism and Christian Faith: God, Grammar, and Meaning. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0521524155.
  10. ^ Cathey, Robert Andrew (2009). God In Postliberal Perspective: Between Realism and Non-Realism. Burlington VT: Ashgate Publishing. p. 188. ISBN 978-0754616801.
  11. ^ Mullen, Peter (31 Dec 1994). "Faith and Reason Cupitt's arrows lie blunted by the reality of reasoned discussion". The Independent. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  12. ^ a b c d "The Sea of Faith Network". Faversham Stoa. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  13. ^ Taking Leave of God, Don Cupitt, SCM, 1980, 2001 edition: ISBN 0-334-02840-X
  14. ^ Vines, Gail (19 July 1996). "A Godless creed". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  15. ^ Leaves, Nigel (2004). Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life & Writings of Don Cupitt. Santa Rosa CA: Polebridge Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0944344620.
  16. ^ "Don Cupitt on Non-Realism About God". philosophy bites. Institute of Philosophy. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  17. ^ "About Non-Realism". Don Cupitt. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  18. ^ Hyman, Gavin (2001). The Predicament of Postmodern Theology: Radical Orthodoxy or Nihilist Textualism?. Louisville KY: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 44–49. ISBN 978-0664223663.
  19. ^ Graham, Gordon (July 2009). "Andrew Moore, Realism and Christian Faith: God, Grammar and Meaning (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. xi + 269. £17.95 ($24.00)". Scottish Journal of Theology. 62 (1): 98–100. doi:10.1017/S0036930605001997. ISSN 0036-9306. S2CID 171065426.
  20. ^ Campbell, Anthony (1999). "Book Review of "Sea of Faith"". www.acampbell.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.

Bibliography

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  • The Sea of Faith, Don Cupitt, BBC Books, 1984, Cambridge University Press 1988 edition: ISBN 0-521-34420-4
  • God in Our Hands, Graham Shaw, SCM, 1987
  • God in Us, Antony Freeman, SCM, 1993
  • Faith in Doubt: Non-realism and Christian Belief, David Hart, Mowbrays, 1993
  • A Reasonable Faith: Introducing Sea of Faith Network, David Boulton, Sea of Faith, 1996
  • Agenda for Faith, Stephen Mitchell, Sea of Faith, 1997
  • Emptiness & Brightness, Don Cupitt, Polebridge Press, 2001
  • God in the Bath: relaxing in the everywhere presence of God, Stephen Mitchell, O Books, 2006, ISBN 1-905047-65-7
  • Odyssey on the Sea of Faith: The Life and Writings of Don Cupitt, Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2004, ISBN 0-944344-62-3
  • Surfing on the Sea of Faith: The Ethics and Religion of Don Cupitt, Nigel Leaves, Polebridge Press, 2005, ISBN 0-944344-63-1
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