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In mathematics and, specifically, real analysis, the Dini derivatives (or Dini derivates) are a class of generalizations of the derivative. They were introduced by Ulisse Dini, who studied continuous but nondifferentiable functions.

The upper Dini derivative, which is also called an upper right-hand derivative,^[1] of a continuous function

f:{\mathbb {R} }\rightarrow {\mathbb {R} },

is denoted by $f' +$ and defined by

f'_{+}(t)=\limsup _{h\to {0+}}{\frac {f(t+h)-f(t)}{h}},

where $lim sup$ is the supremum limit and the limit is a one-sided limit. The lower Dini derivative, $f' -$ , is defined by

f'_{-}(t)=\liminf _{h\to {0+}}{\frac {f(t)-f(t-h)}{h}},

where $lim inf$ is the infimum limit.

If $f$ is defined on a vector space, then the upper Dini derivative at $t$ in the direction $d$ is defined by

f'_{+}(t,d)=\limsup _{h\to {0+}}{\frac {f(t+hd)-f(t)}{h}}.

If $f$ is locally Lipschitz, then $f' +$ is finite. If $f$ is differentiable at $t$ , then the Dini derivative at $t$ is the usual derivative at $t$ .

Remarks

The functions are defined in terms of the infimum and supremum in order to make the Dini derivatives as "bullet proof" as possible, so that the Dini derivatives are well-defined for almost all functions, even for functions that are not conventionally differentiable. The upshot of Dini's analysis is that a function is differentiable at the point $t$ on the real line ( $ℝ$ ), only if all the Dini derivatives exist, and have the same value.

Sometimes the notation $D + f (t)$ is used instead of $f' + (t)$ and $D - f (t)$ is used instead of $f' - (t)$ .^[1]
Also,

D^{+}f(t)=\limsup _{h\to {0+}}{\frac {f(t+h)-f(t)}{h}}

and

D_{-}f(t)=\liminf _{h\to {0+}}{\frac {f(t)-f(t-h)}{h}}

.

So when using the $D$ notation of the Dini derivatives, the plus or minus sign indicates the left- or right-hand limit, and the placement of the sign indicates the infimum or supremum limit.

There are two further Dini derivatives, defined to be

D_{+}f(t)=\liminf _{h\to {0+}}{\frac {f(t+h)-f(t)}{h}}

and

D^{-}f(t)=\limsup _{h\to {0+}}{\frac {f(t)-f(t-h)}{h}}

.

which are the same as the first pair, but with the supremum and the infimum reversed. For only moderately ill-behaved functions, the two extra Dini derivatives aren't needed. For particularly badly behaved functions, if all four Dini derivatives have the same value ( $D^{+}f(t)=D_{+}f(t)=D^{-}f(t)=D_{-}f(t)$ ) then the function $f$ is differentiable in the usual sense at the point $t$ .

On the extended reals, each of the Dini derivatives always exist; however, they may take on the values $+\infty$ or $-\infty$ at times (i.e., the Dini derivatives always exist in the extended sense).

References

^ ^a ^b Khalil, Hassan K. (2002). Nonlinear Systems (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-067389-7.

Lukashenko, T.P. (2001) [1994], "Dini derivative", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press.
Royden, H. L. (1968). Real Analysis (2nd ed.). MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-02-404150-0.
Thomson, Brian S.; Bruckner, Judith B.; Bruckner, Andrew M. (2008). Elementary Real Analysis. ClassicalRealAnalysis.com [first edition published by Prentice Hall in 2001]. pp. 301–302. ISBN 978-1-4348-4161-2.

This article incorporates material from Dini derivative on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.

[Khalil02-1] Khalil, Hassan K. (2002). Nonlinear Systems (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-067389-7.

[1]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Class of generalisations of the derivative}}
-{{cleanup|reason=Clarify there's four of them for a single-variable real function. Clarify how each pair coincides with the [[left and right derivative]]s when these exist etc. Also, the function probably doesn't need to be continuous. Add EXAMPLES!|date=April 2015}}
-In [[mathematics]] and, specifically, [[real analysis]], the '''Dini derivatives''' (or '''Dini derivates''') are a class of generalizations of the [[derivative]]. They were introduced by [[Ulisse Dini]].
+In [[mathematics]] and, specifically, [[real analysis]], the '''Dini derivatives''' (or '''Dini derivates''') are a class of generalizations of the [[derivative]]. They were introduced by [[Ulisse Dini]], who studied continuous but nondifferentiable functions.
-The '''upper Dini derivative''', which is also called an '''upper right-hand derivative''',<ref name="Khalil02">{{cite book
+The '''upper Dini derivative''', which is also called an '''upper right-hand derivative''',<ref name="Khalil02">{{cite book | last = Khalil | first = Hassan K. | year = 2002 | edition = 3rd | url = http://www.egr.msu.edu/~khalil/NonlinearSystems/ | isbn = 0-13-067389-7 | title = Nonlinear Systems | publisher = [[Prentice Hall]] | location = Upper Saddle River, NJ}}</ref> of a [[continuous function]]
- | last = Khalil
- | first = H.K.
- | authorlink = Hassan K. Khalil
- | year = 2002
- | edition = 3rd
- | url = http://www.egr.msu.edu/~khalil/NonlinearSystems/
- | isbn = 0-13-067389-7
- | title = Nonlinear Systems
- | publisher = [[Prentice Hall]]
- | location = Upper Saddle River, NJ}}</ref> of a [[continuous function]]
 :<math>f:{\mathbb R} \rightarrow {\mathbb R},</math>
-is denoted by <math>f'_+,\,</math> and defined by
+is denoted by {{math|''f''{{underset|+|′}}}} and defined by
-:<math>f'_+(t) \triangleq \limsup_{h \to {0+}} \frac{f(t + h) - f(t)}{h}</math>
+:<math>f'_+(t) = \limsup_{h \to {0+}} \frac{f(t + h) - f(t)}{h},</math>
-where <math>\limsup</math> is the [[supremum limit]] and the limit is a [[one-sided limit]]. The '''lower Dini derivative''', <math>f'_-,\,</math>, is defined by
+where {{math|lim sup}} is the [[supremum limit]] and the limit is a [[one-sided limit]]. The '''lower Dini derivative''', {{math|''f''{{underset|−|′}}}}, is defined by
-:<math>f'_-(t) \triangleq \liminf_{h \to {0+}} \frac{f(t + h) - f(t)}{h}</math>
+:<math>f'_-(t) = \liminf_{h \to {0+}} \frac{f(t) - f(t - h)}{h},</math>
-where <math>\liminf</math> is the [[infimum limit]].
+where {{math|lim inf}} is the [[infimum limit]].
-If <math>f</math> is defined on a [[vector space]], then the upper Dini derivative at <math>t</math> in the direction <math>d</math> is defined by
+If {{math|''f''}} is defined on a [[vector space]], then the upper Dini derivative at {{math|''t''}} in the direction {{math|''d''}} is defined by
-:<math>f'_+ (t,d) \triangleq \limsup_{h \to {0+}} \frac{f(t + hd) - f(t)}{h}.</math>
+:<math>f'_+ (t,d) = \limsup_{h \to {0+}} \frac{f(t + hd) - f(t)}{h}.</math>
-If <math>f</math> is [[locally]] [[Lipschitz continuity|Lipschitz]], then <math>f'_+\,</math> is finite. If <math>f</math> is [[differentiable function|differentiable]] at <math>t</math>, then the Dini derivative at <math>t</math> is the usual [[derivative]] at <math>t</math>.
+If {{math|''f''}} is [[locally]] [[Lipschitz continuity|Lipschitz]], then {{math|''f''{{underset|+|′}}}} is finite. If {{math|''f''}} is [[differentiable function|differentiable]] at {{math|''t''}}, then the Dini derivative at {{math|''t''}} is the usual [[derivative]] at {{math|''t''}}.
 ==Remarks==
+* The functions are defined in terms of the [[infimum]] and [[supremum]] in order to make the Dini derivatives as "bullet proof" as possible, so that the Dini derivatives are well-defined for almost all functions, even for functions that are not conventionally differentiable. The upshot of Dini's analysis is that a function is differentiable at the point {{mvar|t}} on the real line ({{math|ℝ}}), only if all the Dini derivatives exist, and have the same value.
-* Sometimes the notation <math>D^+ f(t)\,</math> is used instead of <math>f'_+(t),\,</math> and <math>D_+f(t)\,</math> is used instead of <math>f'_-(t).\,</math><ref name="Khalil02"/>
+* Sometimes the notation {{math|''D''<sup>+</sup> ''f''(''t'')}} is used instead of {{math|''f''{{underset|+|′}}(''t'')}} and {{math|''D''<sub>−</sub> ''f''(''t'')}} is used instead of {{math|''f''{{underset|−|′}}(''t'')}}.<ref name="Khalil02"/>
 * Also,
-:<math>D^-f(t) \triangleq \limsup_{h \to {0-}} \frac{f(t + h) - f(t)}{h}</math>
+:<math>D^{+}f(t) = \limsup_{h \to {0+}} \frac{f(t + h) - f(t)}{h}</math>
 and
-:<math>D_-f(t) \triangleq \liminf_{h \to {0-}} \frac{f(t + h) - f(t)}{h}.</math>
+:<math>D_{-}f(t) = \liminf_{h \to {0+}} \frac{f(t) - f(t - h)}{h}</math>.
-* So when using the <math> D </math> notation of the Dini derivatives, the plus or minus sign indicates the left- or right-hand limit, and the placement of the sign indicates the infimum or supremum limit.
+* So when using the {{math|''D''}} notation of the Dini derivatives, the plus or minus sign indicates the left- or right-hand limit, and the placement of the sign indicates the [[infimum]] or [[supremum]] limit.
+* There are two further Dini derivatives, defined to be
-* On the [[extended real number line|extended reals]], each of the Dini derivatives always exist; however, they may take on the values <math>+ \infty</math> or <math>- \infty</math> at times (i.e., the Dini derivatives always exist in the [[extended real number line|extended]] sense).
+:<math>D_{+}f(t) = \liminf_{h \to {0+}} \frac{f(t + h) - f(t)}{h}</math>
+and
+:<math>D^{-}f(t) = \limsup_{h \to {0+}} \frac{f(t) - f(t - h)}{h}</math>.
+which are the same as the first pair, but with the [[supremum]] and the [[infimum]] reversed. For only moderately ill-behaved functions, the two extra Dini derivatives aren't needed. For particularly badly behaved functions, if all four Dini derivatives have the same value (<math>D^{+}f(t) = D_{+}f(t) = D^{-}f(t) = D_{-}f(t)</math>) then the function {{mvar|f}} is differentiable in the usual sense at the point {{mvar|t}}&nbsp;.
+* On the [[extended real number line|extended reals]], each of the Dini derivatives always exist; however, they may take on the values {{math|+∞}} or {{math|−∞}} at times (i.e., the Dini derivatives always exist in the [[extended real number line|extended]] sense).
 ==See also==
-* [[Denjoy–Young–Saks theorem]]
+* {{annotated link|Denjoy–Young–Saks theorem}}
-* [[Derivative (generalizations)]]
+* {{annotated link|Derivative (generalizations)}}
+* {{annotated link|Semi-differentiability}}
 ==References==
+{{reflist|25em}}
-; In-line references
-{{reflist}}
-; General references
 {{refbegin}}
 * {{springer|id=d/d032530|title=Dini derivative|first=T.P.|last=Lukashenko|year=2001}}.
-* {{Cite book |first=H.L. |last=Royden |title=Real analysis |publisher=MacMillan |year=1968 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-02-404150-0}}
+* {{Cite book |first=H. L. |last=Royden |title=Real Analysis |publisher=MacMillan |year=1968 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-02-404150-0}}
-* {{cite book|author1=Brian S. Thomson|author2=Judith B. Bruckner|author3=Andrew M. Bruckner|title=Elementary Real Analysis|year=2008|publisher=ClassicalRealAnalysis.com [first edition published by Prentice Hall in 2001]|isbn=978-1-4348-4161-2|pages=301–302}}
+* {{cite book|first1=Brian S. |last1=Thomson|first2=Judith B. |last2=Bruckner|first3=Andrew M. |last3=Bruckner|title=Elementary Real Analysis|year=2008|publisher=ClassicalRealAnalysis.com [first edition published by Prentice Hall in 2001]|isbn=978-1-4348-4161-2|pages=301–302}}
 {{refend}}
-{{PlanetMath attribution|id=4714|title=Dini derivative}}{{failed verification|date=April 2015}}
+{{PlanetMath attribution|id=4714|title=Dini derivative}}
 [[Category:Generalizations of the derivative]]