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{{short description|Species of moth}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| image = Lophocampa_caryae.jpg
| image = Lophocampa_caryae.jpg
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| genus = Lophocampa
⚫
| species = caryae
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| authority = [[Thaddeus William Harris|Harris]], 1841
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Arctiidae]]
| genus = ''[[Lophocampa]]''
⚫
| species = '''''L. caryae'''''
| binomial = ''Lophocampa caryae''
| binomial_authority = Harris, 1841
| synonyms = ''Halysidota caryae''
| synonyms = ''Halysidota caryae''
}}{{italic title}}
}}{{italic title}}


'''''Lophocampa caryae''''', the '''hickory tussock moth''' or '''hickory halisidota''', is a moth in the family [[Arctiidae]], widely distributed in the eastern half of [[North America]][http://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/species.php?hodges=8211]. Like most species in its family, the [[caterpillar]]s acquire chemical defenses from their host plants, so they are potentially toxic or unpalatable, though not venomous.<ref name=well>Weller, S. J., N. L. Jacobsen, and W. E. Conner. (1999). The evolution of chemical defenses and mating systems in tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). ''Biol J Linn Soc'' 68:557–578.</ref> The behaviour and [[aposematism|aposematic]] coloration of the larvae suggests chemical protection in this stage, although they have not been analyzed for alkaloid or [[cardenolide]] content, nor have the adults.
'''''Lophocampa caryae''''', the '''hickory tiger moth''', '''hickory tussock moth''', or '''hickory halisidota''', is a moth in the family [[Erebidae]] and the tribe [[Arctiini (erebid moths)|Arctiini]], the tiger moths. The species is widely distributed in the eastern half of [[North America]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/species.php?hodges=8211 | title=Moth Photographers Group – Lophocampa caryae – 8211 }}</ref> In other species in this family, the [[caterpillar]]s acquire chemical defenses from their host plants, so they are potentially toxic or unpalatable,<ref name=well>{{cite journal |last1=Weller |first1=Susan J. |last2=Jacobson |first2=Nancy L. |last3=Conner |first3=William E. |title=The evolution of chemical defences and mating systems in tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=68 |issue=4 |year=1999 |pages=557–78 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01188.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> but despite anecdotal claims that this species may also be venomous, no venom has yet been isolated or identified; adverse reactions are characterized as [[irritant contact dermatitis]].<ref name= "AJEM19">{{cite journal |last1=Kuspis |first1=Denise A. |last2=Rawlins |first2=J.E. |last3=Krenzelok |first3=Edward P. |title=Human exposures to stinging caterpillar: ''Lophocampa caryae'' exposures |journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=396–8 |year=2001 |pmid=11555796 |doi=10.1053/ajem.2001.25772 }}</ref>


==Life cycle==
==Life cycle==
There is one generation per year.<ref name=wag>Wagner, D. L. ''Caterpillars of Eastern North America.'' Princeton University Press. 2005.</ref>
There is one generation per year.<ref name=wag>Wagner, D.L. (2005). ''Caterpillars of Eastern North America.'' Princeton University Press.{{page needed|date=September 2016}}</ref>
[[Image:Lophocampa.JPG|thumb|right|Larva]]
[[File:Hickory Tussock Moth caterpillar (Lophocampa caryae) (43821841482).jpg|thumb|right|Larva]]


===Larva===
===Larva===
[[File:Lophocampa caryae caterpillar.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Caterpillar (top view)]]
⚫
{{commons category|Lophocampa caryae}}
The larva, a caterpillar, is completely covered in long, hairlike [[seta]]e arranged in spreading tufts. Most are white, but there are black tufts along the middle of the back, and four long black hair pencils, two near the front, and two near the back. These hairs cause itchy [[rash]]es (contact dermatitis) in many people, particularly those prone to allergies.<ref name=wag/> They are microscopically barbed and may cause serious medical complications if they are transferred from the hands to the eyes.<ref name=cmnh>[http://iz.carnegiemnh.org/inverts/bugpests.html Common Caterpillars are Dangerous to Touch!] Carnegie Museum of Natural History.</ref> There are black spots along the sides, and the head capsule is black.
The larva, a caterpillar, is completely covered in long, hairlike [[seta]]e arranged in spreading tufts. Most are white, but there are black tufts along the middle of the back, and four long black hair pencils, two near the front, and two near the back. There are black spots along the sides, and the head capsule is black. The hairs cause itchy [[rash]]es (contact dermatitis) in many people, particularly those prone to allergies, and may resemble exposure to [[urushiol]].<ref name=wag/> They are microscopically barbed and may rarely cause serious medical complications if they are transferred from the hands to the eyes,<ref name=cmnh>[http://iz.carnegiemnh.org/inverts/bugpests.html Common Caterpillars are Dangerous to Touch!] Carnegie Museum of Natural History.</ref> but in over 350 documented cases, most were asymptomatic within 24 hours, and none involved anaphylaxis.<ref name= "AJEM19" />


The [[instar|later-instar]] caterpillars are seen between July to October.<ref name=wag/> They feed in groups of about 100 or so in the early instars,<ref name=wag/> skeletonizing leaves. Older larvae are solitary. They grow up to 4.5 centimeters long before [[pupa]]ting.
The [[instar|later-instar]] caterpillars are seen between July and October.<ref name=wag/> They feed in groups of about 100 or so in the early instars,<ref name=wag/> skeletonizing leaves. Older larvae are solitary. They grow up to 4.5 centimeters long before [[pupa]]ting. Larvae primarily feed on [[hickory]], [[pecan]], and [[walnut]]s, but will also eat [[Fraxinus|ash]], [[elm]], [[oak]], [[willow]], and other plants.<ref name=wag/> They may occasionally cause local [[Folivore|defoliation]] of nut trees, but high densities do not last long enough to cause significant damage.<ref name=rose/>


===Pupa===
===Pupa===
The [[cocoon (silk)|cocoon]] is loose and has setae woven into it. It overwinters in the leaf litter.<ref name=wag/>
The [[cocoon (silk)|cocoon]] is loose and has [[setae]] woven into it. It overwinters in the leaf litter.<ref name=wag/>


===Adult===
===Adult===
The adult moth flies in May and June. The forewings are yellowish-brown marked with white splotches, reminiscent of [[stained glass]]. The hindwings are mostly white. The body is hairy and pale brown.<ref name=rose>Rose, A. H. and O. H. Lindquist. (1982). ''Insects of Eastern Hardwood Trees.'' Canadian Forestry service, Forestry Tech Rep 29. Government of Canada, Ottawa. ISBN 0-660-11205-1.</ref>
The adult moth flies in May and June. The forewings are yellowish-brown marked with white splotches, reminiscent of [[stained glass]]. The hindwings are mostly white. The body is hairy and pale brown.<ref name=rose>Rose, A. H. and O. H. Lindquist. (1982). ''Insects of Eastern Hardwood Trees.'' Canadian Forestry service, Forestry Tech Rep 29. Government of Canada, Ottawa. {{ISBN|0-660-11205-1}}.{{page needed|date=September 2016}}</ref>

The moth primarily feeds on [[hickory]], [[pecan]] and [[walnut]]s, but will also eat [[Fraxinus|ash]], [[elm]], [[oak]], [[willow]], and other plants.<ref name=wag/> It occasionally causes local [[Folivore|defoliation]] of nut trees, but high densities do not last long enough to cause significant damage.<ref name=rose/>


==References==
==References==
⚫
{{Commons category|Lophocampa caryae}}
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Hossler |first1=Eric W. |title=Caterpillars and moths: Part II. Dermatologic manifestations of encounters with Lepidoptera |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=13–28; quiz 29–30 |year=2010 |pmid=20082887 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2009.08.061 |doi-access=free }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q6676356}}


[[Category:Lophocampa|caryae]]
[[Category:Lophocampa|caryae]]
[[Category:Aposematic species]]
[[Category:Aposematic species]]
[[Category:Moths of Canada]]
[[Category:Moths of North America]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1841]]

Latest revision as of 05:13, 26 May 2024

Lophocampa caryae
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Superfamily: Noctuoidea
Family: Erebidae
Subfamily: Arctiinae
Genus: Lophocampa
Species:
L. caryae
Binomial name
Lophocampa caryae
Harris, 1841
Synonyms

Halysidota caryae

Lophocampa caryae, the hickory tiger moth, hickory tussock moth, or hickory halisidota, is a moth in the family Erebidae and the tribe Arctiini, the tiger moths. The species is widely distributed in the eastern half of North America.[1] In other species in this family, the caterpillars acquire chemical defenses from their host plants, so they are potentially toxic or unpalatable,[2] but despite anecdotal claims that this species may also be venomous, no venom has yet been isolated or identified; adverse reactions are characterized as irritant contact dermatitis.[3]

Life cycle

[edit]

There is one generation per year.[4]

Larva

Larva

[edit]
Caterpillar (top view)

The larva, a caterpillar, is completely covered in long, hairlike setae arranged in spreading tufts. Most are white, but there are black tufts along the middle of the back, and four long black hair pencils, two near the front, and two near the back. There are black spots along the sides, and the head capsule is black. The hairs cause itchy rashes (contact dermatitis) in many people, particularly those prone to allergies, and may resemble exposure to urushiol.[4] They are microscopically barbed and may rarely cause serious medical complications if they are transferred from the hands to the eyes,[5] but in over 350 documented cases, most were asymptomatic within 24 hours, and none involved anaphylaxis.[3]

The later-instar caterpillars are seen between July and October.[4] They feed in groups of about 100 or so in the early instars,[4] skeletonizing leaves. Older larvae are solitary. They grow up to 4.5 centimeters long before pupating. Larvae primarily feed on hickory, pecan, and walnuts, but will also eat ash, elm, oak, willow, and other plants.[4] They may occasionally cause local defoliation of nut trees, but high densities do not last long enough to cause significant damage.[6]

Pupa

[edit]

The cocoon is loose and has setae woven into it. It overwinters in the leaf litter.[4]

Adult

[edit]

The adult moth flies in May and June. The forewings are yellowish-brown marked with white splotches, reminiscent of stained glass. The hindwings are mostly white. The body is hairy and pale brown.[6]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lophocampa caryae.
  1. ^ "Moth Photographers Group – Lophocampa caryae – 8211".
  2. ^ Weller, Susan J.; Jacobson, Nancy L.; Conner, William E. (1999). "The evolution of chemical defences and mating systems in tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 68 (4): 557–78. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01188.x.
  3. ^ a b Kuspis, Denise A.; Rawlins, J.E.; Krenzelok, Edward P. (2001). "Human exposures to stinging caterpillar: Lophocampa caryae exposures". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 19 (5): 396–8. doi:10.1053/ajem.2001.25772. PMID 11555796.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Wagner, D.L. (2005). Caterpillars of Eastern North America. Princeton University Press.[page needed]
  5. ^ Common Caterpillars are Dangerous to Touch! Carnegie Museum of Natural History.
  6. ^ a b Rose, A. H. and O. H. Lindquist. (1982). Insects of Eastern Hardwood Trees. Canadian Forestry service, Forestry Tech Rep 29. Government of Canada, Ottawa. ISBN 0-660-11205-1.[page needed]

Further reading

[edit]
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