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{{short description|The interacting organisms living together in a habitat}}
{{Short description|Interacting organisms living together in a habitat}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2016}}
{{Expand German|Biozönose|date=July 2015}}
{{Expand German|Biozönose|date=July 2015}}
[[Image:FoodWeb.jpg|thumb|right|280px|<center>A [[freshwater]] [[Aquatic ecosystem|aquatic]] and [[Ecoregion#Terrestrial|terrestrial]] [[food web]].</center>]]
[[Image:FoodWeb.svg|thumb|right|280px|{{center|A [[freshwater]] [[Aquatic ecosystem|aquatic]] and [[Ecoregion#Terrestrial|terrestrial]] [[food web]]}}]]


A '''biocenosis''' (UK English, ''bioc'''o'''enosis'', also '''biocenose''', '''biocoenose''', '''biotic community''', '''biological community''', '''[[Community (ecology)|ecological community]]''', '''life assemblage,''') coined by [[Karl Möbius]] in 1877, describes the [[interacting]] [[organism]]s living together in a [[habitat (ecology)|habitat]] ([[biotope]]).<ref>[[Karl Möbius|Möbius, Karl]]. 1877. ''Die Auster und die Austernwirtschaft.'' Verlag von Wiegandt, Hemple & Parey: Berlin, [https://archive.org/details/dieausterunddie00mbgoog]. (English translation: The Oyster and Oyster Farming. ''U.S. Commission Fish and Fisheries Report'', 1880: 683-751, [http://penbay.org/cof/cof_1880.html].)</ref> The use of this term has declined in the 21st Century.
A '''biocenosis''' (UK English, '''biocoenosis''', also '''biocenose''', '''biocoenose''', '''biotic community''', '''biological community''', '''[[Community (ecology)|ecological community]]''', '''life assemblage'''), coined by [[Karl Möbius]] in 1877, describes the [[Biological interaction|interacting]] [[organism]]s living together in a [[habitat (ecology)|habitat]] ([[biotope]]).<ref>[[Karl Möbius|Möbius, Karl]]. 1877. ''Die Auster und die Austernwirtschaft.'' Verlag von Wiegandt, Hemple & Parey: Berlin, [https://archive.org/details/dieausterunddie00mbgoog]. (English translation: The Oyster and Oyster Farming. ''U.S. Commission Fish and Fisheries Report'', 1880: 683-751, [http://penbay.org/cof/cof_1880.html].)</ref> The use of this term has declined in the 21st сentury.


In the [[palaeontological]] literature, the term distinguishes "life assemblages", which reflect the original living community, living together at one place and time. In other words, it is an assemblage of [[fossil]]s or a community of specific time, which is different from "death assemblages" ([[Thanatocoenosis|thanatocoenoses]]).<ref name=Ager>e.g. Ager, 1963, Principles of Palaeoecology</ref> No palaeontological assemblage will ever completely represent the original biological community (i.e. the biocoenosis, in the haploid cerebral palsy effortlessly sense used by an [[ecologist]]); the term thus has somewhat different meanings in a palaeontological and an ecological context.<ref name="Ager"/>
In the [[palaeontological]] literature, the term distinguishes "life assemblages", which reflect the original living community, living together at one place and time. In other words, it is an assemblage of [[fossil]]s or a community of specific time, which is different from "death assemblages" ([[Thanatocoenosis|thanatocoenoses]]).<ref name=Ager>e.g. Ager, 1963, Principles of Palaeoecology</ref> No palaeontological assemblage will ever completely represent the original biological community (i.e. the biocoenosis, in the sense used by an [[ecologist]]); the term thus has somewhat different meanings in a palaeontological and an ecological context.<ref name="Ager"/>


Based on the concept of biocenosis, ecological communities can take in various forms
Based on the concept of biocenosis, ecological communities can take various forms:
*Zoocenosis for the [[fauna]]l community,
*Zoocenosis for the [[fauna]]l community,
*[[Phytocenosis]] for the [[flora]] community,
*[[Phytocenosis]] for the [[flora]] community,
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==Ecosystems==
==Ecosystems==
{{main|Ecosystem}}
{{Main|Ecosystem}}
An [[ecosystem]], originally defined by [[Arthur Tansley|Tansley]] (1935), is a biotic community (or biocenosis) along with its physical environment (or ''[[biotope]]''). In ecological studies, biocenosis is the emphasis on relationships between species in an area. These relationships are an additional consideration to the interaction of each species with the physical environment.
An [[ecosystem]], originally defined by [[Arthur Tansley|Tansley]] (1935), is a biotic community (or biocenosis) along with its physical environment (or ''[[biotope]]''). In ecological studies, biocenosis is the emphasis on relationships between species in an area. These relationships are an additional consideration to the interaction of each species with the physical environment.


==Biotic communities==
==Biotic communities==
[[Image:Tide pools in santa cruz.jpg|thumb|The side of a [[tide pool]] showing [[sea star]]s (''Dermasterias''), [[sea anemone]]s (''[[Anthopleura]]'') and [[sea sponge]]s in Santa Cruz, California.]]
[[Image:Tide pools in santa cruz.jpg|thumb|The side of a [[tide pool]] showing [[sea star]]s (''Dermasterias''), [[sea anemone]]s (''[[Anthopleura]]'') and [[sea sponge]]s in Santa Cruz, California]]
Biotic communities vary in size, and larger ones may contain smaller ones. Species interactions are evident in food or feeding relationships. A method of delineating biotic communities is to map the [[food chain|food network]] to identify which species feed upon which others and then determine the system boundary as the one that can be drawn through the fewest consumption links relative to the number of species within the boundary.
Biotic communities vary in size, and larger ones may contain smaller ones. Species interactions are evident in food or feeding relationships. A method of delineating biotic communities is to map the [[food chain|food network]] to identify which species feed upon which others and then determine the system boundary as the one that can be drawn through the fewest consumption links relative to the number of species within the boundary.


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{{Biological organisation}}
{{Biological organisation}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Biogeography]]
[[Category:Biogeography]]

Latest revision as of 19:01, 26 May 2024

A freshwater aquatic and terrestrial food web

A biocenosis (UK English, biocoenosis, also biocenose, biocoenose, biotic community, biological community, ecological community, life assemblage), coined by Karl Möbius in 1877, describes the interacting organisms living together in a habitat (biotope).[1] The use of this term has declined in the 21st сentury.

In the palaeontological literature, the term distinguishes "life assemblages", which reflect the original living community, living together at one place and time. In other words, it is an assemblage of fossils or a community of specific time, which is different from "death assemblages" (thanatocoenoses).[2] No palaeontological assemblage will ever completely represent the original biological community (i.e. the biocoenosis, in the sense used by an ecologist); the term thus has somewhat different meanings in a palaeontological and an ecological context.[2]

Based on the concept of biocenosis, ecological communities can take various forms:

The geographical extent of a biocenose is limited by the requirement of a more or less uniform species composition.

Ecosystems

[edit]
Main article: Ecosystem

An ecosystem, originally defined by Tansley (1935), is a biotic community (or biocenosis) along with its physical environment (or biotope). In ecological studies, biocenosis is the emphasis on relationships between species in an area. These relationships are an additional consideration to the interaction of each species with the physical environment.

Biotic communities

[edit]
The side of a tide pool showing sea stars (Dermasterias), sea anemones (Anthopleura) and sea sponges in Santa Cruz, California

Biotic communities vary in size, and larger ones may contain smaller ones. Species interactions are evident in food or feeding relationships. A method of delineating biotic communities is to map the food network to identify which species feed upon which others and then determine the system boundary as the one that can be drawn through the fewest consumption links relative to the number of species within the boundary.

Mapping biotic communities is important identifying sites needing environmental protection, such as the British Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs). The Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage maintains a register of Threatened Species and Threatened Ecological Communities under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act).

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Möbius, Karl. 1877. Die Auster und die Austernwirtschaft. Verlag von Wiegandt, Hemple & Parey: Berlin, [1]. (English translation: The Oyster and Oyster Farming. U.S. Commission Fish and Fisheries Report, 1880: 683-751, [2].)
  2. ^ a b e.g. Ager, 1963, Principles of Palaeoecology

Further reading

[edit]
Look up biocoenosis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Kendeigh, S. Charles. 1961. Animal Ecology. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 468 p.
  • Tansley, A. G. 1935. The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms. Ecology, 16(3): 284-307.
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