Mtwapa: Difference between revisions

Mtwapa
Mtwapa
	Mtwapa Location of Mtwapa
	Coordinates: 3°57′00″S 39°44′40″E / 3.95000°S 39.74444°E
Country	Kenya
County	Kilifi County
Division	Kikambala Division
Time zone	UTC+3 (EAT)

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Mtwapa is a town located in Kenya's Kilifi County. It is situated 16 kilometres (10 mi) north of Mombasa on the Mombasa-Malindi road.^[1] It is close to the Mombasa Marine National Park and Reserve and Jumba la Mtwana.^[2] Two informal settlements in Mtwapa, Majengo and Mzambarauni, are participating in the UN-HABITAT Participatory Slum Upgrading Program.^[3] It is run by resident committees and aims to provide every household with drinking water and a toilet.^[4]^[5]

Mtwapa is also a destination for sex tourism, including child sex tourism.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Mtwapa is a cosmopolitan town having a sizeable population of foreign residents and non residents mostly of Caucasian origin. The town is known for a vibrant nightlife. It also hosts a large number of hospitality joints, priced fairly, ranging from lodges, hotels Air BnBs and leased apartments.^{[citation needed]}

Archaeology of Mtwapa

Mtwapa is an important archaeological site along the Swahili coast. First discovered by Emery in the late 19th century, Mtwapa has since been excavated to reveal 64 houses, five mosques, and other unidentified structures. Artifacts found at the site include pottery, iron, beads, and glass from local and long-distance trade.^[9]^[10]

Ancient DNA analysis has been completed for human remains of 39 ancient Mtwapa individuals in order to determine the proportions of "African-like, Persian-like, and Indian-like" DNA sequences. Dating from 1500-1700 AD, analysis was completed of the individual's mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), autosomal DNA, Y chromosome DNA, and X chromosome DNA. Analysis of mtDNA in the individual, demonstrating maternal ancestry patterns, showed a L* haplotype. The L* haplotype is predominantly found in present-day Sub-Saharan African populations. Y chromosome analysis, demonstrating paternal ancestry patterns, showed that the individual was carrying the J2 haplotype, found more frequently in Southwest Asian or Persian individuals compared to Sub-Saharan African individuals. However, the gene M30d1 was found in some individuals, which is associated with South Asian populations, and the R0+16189 haplotype, which is associated with Saudi Arabian populations. However, this evidence still points to "overwhelmingly from female sources" regarding maternal ancestry. X chromosomes, containing larger maternal influence, were compared with the 22 autosomal chromosomes, which contain equal maternal and paternal influence. X chromosomes contained more indicators of African ancestry compared to autosomal DNA, further adding to evidence of African ancestry on the maternal side and Persian or Southeast Asian ancestry on the paternal side.^[10]

Introduction of foreign DNA was estimated to have occurred between 708-1219 AD. However, the authors indicate that this likely occurred over "multiple generations" and that mixture of Eurasian and African populations has continually occurred since^[10]

The population of Mtwapa

The population growth is shown in the following table.^[11]

Year	Population
1999	18,397
2009	48,426
2019	90,677

Climate

Mtwapa has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen: As). The rainiest months are April, May, June and October–November.

Jumba la Mtwana

Jumba la Mtwana is the site of archaeological relics, lying close to the Mtwapa Creek. It dates back to the fourteenth century.^[12]

In popular culture

Part of the events in the story of 2017 "Consummation in Mombasa" (by Andrei Gusev) takes place in Mtwapa. The plot describes the Catholic wedding in Mombasa of the main characters (Russian writer Andy and the girl Jennifer, who was born in Kenya) and then their life in Mtwapa.^[13]^[14]^[15]

References

^ "Mombasa to B8".
^ "Mtwapa - Information Guide Mtwapa City Mombasa Coast". 4 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-03-04. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
^ "Mtwapa Informal Settlement Upgrading Programme: Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme". www.urbanagendaplatform.org. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
^ "Slum Almanac 2015/2016 Tracking Improvement in the Lives of Slum Dwellers" (PDF). UN-HABITAT. p. 49. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
^ "UN-Habitat project transform informal settlements into sustainable communities". UN-Water. 13 January 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
^ "Minors exploited in Coast sex tourism haven". Daily Nation. 30 September 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Child sex tourism thriving in Kenya's port city of Mombasa". ABC News. 19 March 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
^ Standard, The. "Inside the dark trade of child sex tourism". The Standard. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
^ Emery, Lieutenant (1833). "Short Account of Mombas and the Neighbouring Coast of Africa". The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 3: 280–283. doi:10.2307/1797614. ISSN 0266-6235. JSTOR 1797614.
^ ^a ^b ^c Brielle, Esther S.; Fleisher, Jeffrey; Wynne-Jones, Stephanie; Sirak, Kendra; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kim; Curtis, Elizabeth; Iliev, Lora; Lawson, Ann Marie; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Qiu, Lijun; Stewardson, Kristin; Workman, J. Noah; Zalzala, Fatma; Ayodo, George (March 2023). "Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of medieval peoples of the Swahili coast". Nature. 615 (7954): 866–873. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..866B. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 10060156. PMID 36991187.
^ "Kenia: Provinzen, Städte, Gemeinden & Urbane Zentren - Einwohnerzahlen in Karten und Tabellen".
^ "Jumba la Mtwana, the ancient Swahili stone town". Daily Nation.
^ Review of "Consummation in Mombasa" — on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2020 (in Russian)
^ “Consummation in Mombasa” — in Lady’s Club, 2017 (in Russian)
^ «Консуммация в Момбасе» by Andrei Gusev, 2017 (in Russian).

[1] "Mombasa to B8".

[Info-2] "Mtwapa - Information Guide Mtwapa City Mombasa Coast". 4 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-03-04. Retrieved 18 April 2021.

[UAP-3] "Mtwapa Informal Settlement Upgrading Programme: Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme". www.urbanagendaplatform.org. Retrieved 18 April 2021.

[UN-HABITAT-4] "Slum Almanac 2015/2016 Tracking Improvement in the Lives of Slum Dwellers" (PDF). UN-HABITAT. p. 49. Retrieved 18 April 2021.

[UN-Water-5] "UN-Habitat project transform informal settlements into sustainable communities". UN-Water. 13 January 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2021.

[6] "Minors exploited in Coast sex tourism haven". Daily Nation. 30 September 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2022.

[7] "Child sex tourism thriving in Kenya's port city of Mombasa". ABC News. 19 March 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2017.

[8] Standard, The. "Inside the dark trade of child sex tourism". The Standard. Retrieved 31 January 2017.

[9] Emery, Lieutenant (1833). "Short Account of Mombas and the Neighbouring Coast of Africa". The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 3: 280–283. doi:10.2307/1797614. ISSN 0266-6235. JSTOR 1797614.

[:0-10] Brielle, Esther S.; Fleisher, Jeffrey; Wynne-Jones, Stephanie; Sirak, Kendra; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kim; Curtis, Elizabeth; Iliev, Lora; Lawson, Ann Marie; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Qiu, Lijun; Stewardson, Kristin; Workman, J. Noah; Zalzala, Fatma; Ayodo, George (March 2023). "Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of medieval peoples of the Swahili coast". Nature. 615 (7954): 866–873. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..866B. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 10060156. PMID 36991187.

[11] "Kenia: Provinzen, Städte, Gemeinden & Urbane Zentren - Einwohnerzahlen in Karten und Tabellen".

[12] "Jumba la Mtwana, the ancient Swahili stone town". Daily Nation.

[13] Review of "Consummation in Mombasa" — on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2020 (in Russian)

[14] “Consummation in Mombasa” — in Lady’s Club, 2017 (in Russian)

[15] «Консуммация в Момбасе» by Andrei Gusev, 2017 (in Russian).

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Use Kenyan English|date=January 2023}}
 {{Infobox settlement
 |official_name      = Mtwapa
@@ Line 16: / Line 17: @@
 |coordinates        = {{coord|3|57|00|S|39|44|40|E|region:KE|display=inline,title}}
 }}
-[[File:Mtwapa Creek Ferry early 1950s.jpg|thumb|right|Mtwapa Creek Ferry, early 1950s]]
 [[File:Hindrek Lootus 20200303 113622.jpg|thumb|right|Fresh water tank vehicle (2020)]]
 [[File:Copacabana beach at Mtwapa.jpg|thumb|Copacabana beach at Mtwapa|right]]
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 '''Mtwapa''' is a town located in [[Kenya]]'s  [[Kilifi County]]. It is situated {{convert|16|km|0}} north of [[Mombasa]] on the [[Mombasa-Malindi road]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.fr/maps/dir/Mombasa,+Kenya/-3.9389544,39.7446999/@-3.9997202,39.6708622,13z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!1m1!1s0x184012e78ec02c7d:0xcb618bbc35d0db5a!2m2!1d39.6682065!2d-4.0434771!1m0!3e0|title = Mombasa to B8}}</ref> It is close to the [[Mombasa Marine National Park and Reserve]] and [[Jumba la Mtwana]].<ref name="Info">{{cite web |title=Mtwapa - Information Guide Mtwapa City Mombasa Coast |url=http://www.mtwapa.info/ |access-date=18 April 2021 |date=4 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304143129/http://www.mtwapa.info/ |archive-date=2011-03-04 }}</ref> Two informal settlements in Mtwapa, Majengo and Mzambarauni, are participating in the [[UN-HABITAT]] Participatory Slum Upgrading Program.<ref name="UAP">{{cite web |title=Mtwapa Informal Settlement Upgrading Programme: Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme |url=https://www.urbanagendaplatform.org/best-practice/mtwapa-informal-settlement-upgrading-programme-participatory-slum-upgrading-programme |website=www.urbanagendaplatform.org |access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref> It is run by resident committees and aims to provide every household with drinking water and a toilet.<ref name="UN-HABITAT">{{cite web |title=Slum Almanac 2015/2016 Tracking Improvement in the Lives of Slum Dwellers |url=https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/download-manager-files/Slum%20Almanac%202015-2016_PSUP.pdf |website=UN-HABITAT |access-date=18 April 2021 |page=49}}</ref><ref name="UN-Water">{{cite web |title=UN-Habitat project transform informal settlements into sustainable communities |url=https://www.unwater.org/un-habitat-project-transform-informal-settlements-into-sustainable-communities/ |website=UN-Water |access-date=18 April 2021 |date=13 January 2020}}</ref>
-Mtwapa is also a destination for [[sex tourism]], including [[child sex tourism]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Child sex tourism thriving in Kenya's port city of Mombasa|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-19/child-sex-tourism-thriving-in-kenyas-port-city-of-mombasa/6333440?pfmredir=sm|accessdate=31 January 2017|work=ABC News|date=19 March 2015|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Standard|first1=The|title=Inside the dark trade of child sex tourism|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2000054242/inside-the-dark-trade-of-child-sex-tourism|accessdate=31 January 2017|work=The Standard|language=en}}</ref>
+Mtwapa is also a destination for [[sex tourism]], including [[child sex tourism]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://nation.africa/kenya/news/minors-exploited-in-coast-sex-tourism-haven-3567740 |title= Minors exploited in Coast sex tourism haven |publisher= [[Daily Nation]] |date= 30 September 2021 |access-date= 20 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Child sex tourism thriving in Kenya's port city of Mombasa|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-19/child-sex-tourism-thriving-in-kenyas-port-city-of-mombasa/6333440?pfmredir=sm|accessdate=31 January 2017|work=ABC News|date=19 March 2015|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Standard|first1=The|title=Inside the dark trade of child sex tourism|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2000054242/inside-the-dark-trade-of-child-sex-tourism|accessdate=31 January 2017|work=The Standard|language=en}}</ref>
+Mtwapa is a cosmopolitan town  having a sizeable population of foreign  residents  and non residents  mostly of Caucasian origin.
+The town is known for a vibrant nightlife.
+It also hosts  a large number of hospitality  joints, priced fairly, ranging from lodges, hotels Air BnBs and leased apartments.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}
+== Archaeology of Mtwapa ==
+Mtwapa is an important archaeological site along the Swahili coast. First discovered by Emery in the late 19th century, Mtwapa has since been excavated to reveal 64 houses, five mosques, and other unidentified structures.  Artifacts found at the site include pottery, iron, beads, and glass from local and long-distance trade.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Emery |first=Lieutenant |date=1833 |title=Short Account of Mombas and the Neighbouring Coast of Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1797614 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=3 |pages=280–283 |doi=10.2307/1797614 |jstor=1797614 |issn=0266-6235}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=Esther S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=Stephanie |last4=Sirak |first4=Kendra |last5=Broomandkhoshbacht |first5=Nasreen |last6=Callan |first6=Kim |last7=Curtis |first7=Elizabeth |last8=Iliev |first8=Lora |last9=Lawson |first9=Ann Marie |last10=Oppenheimer |first10=Jonas |last11=Qiu |first11=Lijun |last12=Stewardson |first12=Kristin |last13=Workman |first13=J. Noah |last14=Zalzala |first14=Fatma |last15=Ayodo |first15=George |date=March 2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of medieval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=10060156 |pmid=36991187|bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B }}</ref>
+Ancient DNA analysis has been completed for human remains of 39 ancient Mtwapa individuals in order to determine the proportions of "African-like, Persian-like, and Indian-like" DNA sequences. Dating from 1500-1700 AD, analysis was completed of the individual's mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), autosomal DNA, Y chromosome DNA, and X chromosome DNA. Analysis of mtDNA in the individual, demonstrating maternal ancestry patterns, showed a L* haplotype. The L* haplotype is predominantly found in present-day Sub-Saharan African populations. Y chromosome analysis, demonstrating paternal ancestry patterns, showed that the individual was carrying the J2 haplotype, found more frequently in Southwest Asian or Persian individuals compared to Sub-Saharan African individuals. However, the gene M30d1 was found in some individuals, which is associated with South Asian populations, and the R0+16189 haplotype, which is associated with Saudi Arabian populations. However, this evidence still points to "overwhelmingly from female sources" regarding maternal ancestry. X chromosomes, containing larger maternal influence, were compared with the 22 autosomal chromosomes, which contain equal maternal and paternal influence. X chromosomes contained more indicators of African ancestry compared to autosomal DNA, further adding to evidence of African ancestry on the maternal side and Persian or Southeast Asian ancestry on the paternal side.<ref name=":0" />
+Introduction of foreign DNA was estimated to have occurred between 708-1219 AD. However, the authors indicate that this likely occurred over "multiple generations" and that mixture of Eurasian and African populations has continually occurred since<ref name=":0" />
 == The population of Mtwapa ==
-The population growth is shown in the following table.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Kenya-Cities_d.html |titel=Kenia: Provinzen, Städte, Gemeinden & Urbane Zentren - Einwohnerzahlen in Karten und Tabellen |abruf=2019-01-03}}</ref>
+The population growth is shown in the following table.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kenia: Provinzen, Städte, Gemeinden & Urbane Zentren - Einwohnerzahlen in Karten und Tabellen|periodical=|publisher=|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Kenya-Cities_d.html|url-status=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}</ref>
-{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
-| valign="top" |
 {| class="wikitable"
 ! style="background:#EFEFEF;" |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Year &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
@@ Line 32: / Line 43: @@
 |-
 |1999
-| align="right" |18.397
+| align="right" |18,397
 |-
 |2009
-| align="right" |48.426
+| align="right" |48,426
 |-
 |2019
-| align="right" |90.677
+| align="right" |90,677
 |}
+== Climate ==
+Mtwapa has a [[tropical wet and dry climate]] ([[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system|Köppen]]: ''As''). The rainiest months are April, May, June and October–November.
+[[File:Mtwapa climate.jpg|500px|climate in mtwapa]]
+== Jumba la Mtwana ==
+[[Jumba la Mtwana]] is the site of archaeological relics, lying close to the Mtwapa Creek. It dates back to  the fourteenth century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/counties/kilifi/Jumba-la-Mtwana-ancient-Swahili-stone-town/1183282-5084502-rcld5a/index.html|title=Jumba la Mtwana, the ancient Swahili stone town|website=Daily Nation}}</ref>
+== In popular culture ==
+Part of the events in the story of 2017 ''"Consummation in Mombasa"'' (by [[Andrei Gusev]]) takes place in Mtwapa. The plot describes the Catholic wedding in Mombasa of the main characters (Russian writer Andy and the girl Jennifer, who was born in Kenya) and then their life in Mtwapa.<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa.htm  Review of  ''"Consummation in Mombasa"'']  — on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2020 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[http://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 ''“Consummation in Mombasa”'']  — in Lady’s Club, 2017 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28  ''«Консуммация в Момбасе»'']  by [[Andrei Gusev]], 2017 {{in lang|ru}}.</ref>
+==See also==
+*[[List of Swahili settlements of the East African coast|Historic Swahili Settlements]]
+*[[Swahili architecture]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 45: / Line 71: @@
 {{Wikivoyage}}
-{{Wikicommons}}
+{{Commons}}
 {{Mombasa}}
 {{Authority control}}
+[[Category:Swahili people]]
+[[Category:Swahili city-states]]
+[[Category:Swahili culture]]
 [[Category:Populated places in Coast Province]]
 [[Category:Mombasa]]
 [[Category:Kilifi County]]
 [[Category:Monuments and memorials in Kenya]]
-{{CoastKE-geo-stub}}

v t e Mombasa
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Geography	Settlements on the Kenyan mainland: Bamburi Bombolulu Changamwe Diani Beach Kipevu Likoni Miritini Magongo Mikindani Mtwapa Port Reitz Subdivisions of Mombasa Island: Ganjoni Majengo Old Town Railway Tononoka Tudor
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