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{{Short description|Species of lemur}}
{{Taxobox | color = pink
{{Speciesbox
| name = Mongoose Lemur
| name = Mongoose lemur
| status = {{StatusVulnerable}}
⚫
| taxon = Eulemur mongoz
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[12th edition of Systema Naturae|1766]])<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=115|id=12100044}}</ref>
| image = Eulemur-mongoz 59489762.jpg
| image = Eulemur-mongoz 59489762.jpg
| image_caption = Mongoose lemur at [[Cleveland Metroparks Zoo]]
| image_width = 240px
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| status = CR
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Razafindramanana, J. |author2=Eppley, T.M. |author3=Rakotondrabe, R. |author4=Roullet, D. |author5=Irwin, M. |author6=King, T. |date=2020 |title=''Eulemur mongoz'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T8202A115561431 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T8202A115561431.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| ordo = [[Primate]]s
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| familia = [[Lemuridae]]
| status2_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url = http://checklist.cites.org/#/en/search/scientific_name=Eulemur | title = Checklist of CITES Species | website = CITES | publisher = UNEP-WCMC | access-date = 18 March 2015}}</ref>
| genus = ''[[Eulemur]]''
| synonyms =
| species = '''''E. mongoz'''''
*''Lemur albimanus'' <small>É.&nbsp;Geoffroy,&nbsp;1812</small>
⚫
| binomial = ''Eulemur mongoz''
*''Lemur anjuanensis'' <small>É.&nbsp;Geoffroy,&nbsp;1812</small>
| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766)
*''Lemur cuvieri'' <small>Fitzinger,&nbsp;1870</small>
*''Lemur dubius'' <small>F. Cuvier,&nbsp;1834</small>
*''Lemur johannae'' <small>Trouessart,&nbsp;1904</small>
*''Lemur mongoz'' <small>Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758</small>
*''Lemur nigrifrons'' <small>É. Geoffroy,&nbsp;1812</small>
*''Lemur houssardii'' <small>Boitard,&nbsp;1842</small>
*''Prosimia brissonii'' <small>Lesson,&nbsp;1840</small>
*''Prosimia bugi'' <small>Lesson,&nbsp;1840</small>
*''Prosimia macromongoz'' <small>Lesson,&nbsp;1840</small>
*''Prosimia micromongoz'' <small>Lesson,&nbsp;1840</small>
*''Prosimia ocularis'' <small>Lesson,&nbsp;1840</small>
| range_map = Eulemur mongoz range map.svg
| range_map_caption = Distribution of ''E. mongoz'':<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />{{Clear}}'''{{color|#e41a1c|red}}''' = native, '''{{color|#4daf4a|green}}''' = introduced
}}
}}


The '''mongoose lemur''' ('''''Eulemur mongoz''''') is a small [[primate]] in the family [[Lemur]]idae, native to [[Madagascar]] and introduced to the [[Comoros|Comoros Islands]]. These arboreal animals have pointed faces, long, bushy tails, dark-brown upper parts, pale bellies, and beards, which are reddish in males and white in females. They live in family groups and feed primarily on fruit, but also eat leaves, flowers, and nectar, with nectar from ''[[Ceiba pentandra]]'' trees making up a large part of their diet during the dry season. They have declined sharply in numbers because of [[habitat destruction]] and hunting, and the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] has rated their conservation status as "[[critically endangered]]".
The '''Mongoose Lemur''' (''Eulemur mongoz'') is a [[lemur]] ranging from 12 to 18 inches long plus a tail of 16 to 25 inches. The Mongoose Lemur lives in [[Madagascar dry deciduous forests]] within [[Madagascar]] as well as in [[Comoros forests]] on the islands of [[Comoros]]. The Mongoose Lemur mostly eats fruit, though flowers, leaves and nectar also make up part of its diet. It is unusual in that depending on the season it is either [[diurnal animal|diurnal]] or [[nocturnal]].


==Description==
The Mongoose Lemur is [[arboreal]] and lives in small family groups, usually consisting of a bonded pair and 1 to 4 children. These groups rarely encounter one another, but when they do, they are aggressive.
The mongoose lemur ranges in size from {{convert|12|to|18|in|abbr=on}} long plus a tail of {{convert|16|to|25|in|abbr=on}}. Both sexes are born with white beards, but become obviously [[sexual dimorphism|dimorphic]] around six weeks of age when the males develop red beards and red cheeks. The males also have lighter faces than the females.<ref name="Chicago Zoological Society" /> Males may further distinguish themselves when scent-marking territory, as they occasionally develop a bald patch on top of their heads from rubbing.<ref name="Bristol Zoo" />
[[File:LemurMongozSmit.jpg|thumb|left|Male below, female above]]

==Distribution==
The mongoose lemur lives in [[Madagascar dry deciduous forests|dry deciduous forests]] on the island of [[Madagascar]] and in the humid [[Comoros forests|forests]] on the islands of the [[Comoros]]. This makes the mongoose lemur one of only two lemurs found outside of Madagascar,<ref name="Chicago Zoological Society">[http://www.brookfieldzoo.org/czs/Brookfield/Exhibit-and-Animal-Guide/Hamill-Family-Play-Zoo/Mongoose-Lemur.aspx Chicago Zoological Society - Brookfield Zoo's Mongoose Lemur page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720051655/http://www.brookfieldzoo.org/czs/Brookfield/Exhibit-and-Animal-Guide/Hamill-Family-Play-Zoo/Mongoose-Lemur.aspx |date=2010-07-20 }}</ref> though it is an [[introduced species]] in the Comoros.<ref name="ARKive">{{Cite web |url=http://www.arkive.org/mongoose-lemur/eulemur-mongoz/info.html |title=ARKive - Mongoose Lemur (''Eulemur mongoz'') |access-date=2010-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221153455/http://www.arkive.org/mongoose-lemur/eulemur-mongoz/info.html |archive-date=2009-02-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "Pastorini2003">{{Cite journal |last1=Pastorini |first1=J. |last2=Thalmann |first2=U. |last3= Martin |first3=R. D. |title= A molecular approach to comparative phylogeography of extant Malagasy lemurs |doi= 10.1073/pnas.1031673100 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=100 |issue=10 |pages= 5879–5884 |date= 2003 |url= http://www.pnas.org/content/100/10/5879.full.pdf |pmid= 12719521|pmc= 156295 |bibcode= 2003PNAS..100.5879P |doi-access= free}}</ref>

==Ecology==
The mongoose lemur mostly eats fruit, though flowers, leaves, and nectar also make up part of its diet; (they may use the nectar of the non-native kapok tree, ''[[Ceiba pentandra]]''{{efn|''C. pentandra'', although not native to Madagascar have been used for reforestation on the island.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hending |first1=Daniel |last2=Randrianarison |first2=Heriniaina |last3=Holderied |first3=Marc |last4=McCabe |first4=Grainne |last5=Cotton |first5=Sam |title=The kapok tree (''Ceiba pentandra'' [L.] Gaertn, Malvaceae) as a food source for native vertebrate species during times of resource scarcity and its potential for reforestation in Madagascar |journal=Austral Ecology |date=December 2021 |volume=46 |issue=8 |pages=1440–1444 |doi=10.1111/aec.13076|s2cid=237889124 |hdl=1983/b86b1cc3-350c-4a70-9fee-2a8e931302ab |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gómez-Maqueo |first1=Ximena |last2=Gamboa-deBuen |first2=Alicia |title=The biology of the genus ''Ceiba'', a potential source for sustainable production of natural fiber |journal=Plants |date=15 February 2022 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=521 |doi=10.3390/plants11040521 |pmid=35214854 |pmc=8876852 |doi-access=free }}</ref>}} for nearly eighty percent of their diet during the dry season in some parts of their range).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pastor |first1=Juan Francisco |last2=Muchlinski |first2=Magdalena Natalia |last3=Potau |first3=Josep Maria |last4=Casado |first4=Aroa |last5=García-Mesa |first5=Yolanda |last6=Vega |first6=Jose Antonio |last7=Cabo |first7=Roberto |title=The tongue in three species of lemurs: Flower and nectar feeding adaptations |journal=Animals |date=27 September 2021 |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=2811 |doi=10.3390/ani11102811 |pmid=34679832 |doi-access=free }}</ref> As such, mongoose lemurs act as both pollinators and seed dispersers.<ref name="Chicago Zoological Society" /> Feeding on grubs and beetles has also been observed.<ref name="ARKive" /> They are unusual among primates in that they are [[diurnal animal|diurnal]] or [[nocturnal]], depending on the season, being more active during the day in the wet season and changing activity to the night during the hotter dry season.<ref name="Chicago Zoological Society" />

Mongoose lemurs are [[arboreal]], with the ability to jump several meters from one tree to another.<ref name="Chicago Zoological Society" /> They live in small family groups, usually consisting of a bonded pair and one to three offspring.<ref name="Bristol Zoo">[http://www.bristolzoo.org.uk/mongoose-lemur Bristol Zoo - Mongoose Lemur] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606040138/http://www.bristolzoo.org.uk/mongoose-lemur |date=2010-06-06 }}</ref> These groups rarely encounter one another, but when they do, they are aggressive.<ref name="ARKive" /> Young are born just prior to the rainy season, from August to October.<ref name="ARKive" /> [[Gestation]] lasts about four months and weaning takes place around five months after the young are born. The offspring then usually stay with their parents until three years of age, when they have reached full maturity.<ref name="Bristol Zoo" />

Mongoose lemurs have seasonal habits. Their breeding, eating, and activity habits are largely shaped around the season. Seasonal fluctuations in food resource availability describe the behavior of mongoose lemurs such as female dominance and small group size. Mongoose lemurs usually conceive their offspring some time during October. They present as Nocturnal during the dry season and diurnal during the wet season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mongoose Lemur |url=https://lemur.duke.edu/discover/meet-the-lemurs/mongoose-lemur/ |website=Duke Lemur Center |language=en}}</ref>

==Status==
Captive mongoose lemurs can live up to 26 years, while wild specimens live 18–20 years.<ref name="Bristol Zoo" /> Mongoose lemurs in the wild are threatened by the destruction and fragmentation of the forests in which they live, and also by hunting. Their numbers have dwindled by about 80% over a period of 25 years, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated their conservation status as "critically endangered".<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> Mongoose lemurs are more endangered in Madagascar, but there could be a way to conserve them in Comoros because of the increase of these species' population in the area.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nadhurou |first1=Bakri |last2=Righini |first2=Roberta |last3=Gamba |first3=Marco |last4=Laiolo |first4=Paola |last5=Ouledi |first5=Ahmed |last6=Giacoma |first6=Cristina |title=Effects of human disturbance on the mongoose lemur Eulemur mongoz in Comoros: implications and potential for the conservation of a Critically Endangered species |journal=Oryx |date=January 2017 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.1017/S0030605315000897|s2cid=86069333 |hdl=2318/1529022 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}


⚫
==External links==
*ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Eulemur_mongoz/ images and movies of the mongoose lemur ''(Eulemur mongoz)'']
⚫
* http://www.animalinfo.org/species/primate/lemumong.htm
⚫
* http://www.rogerwilliamsparkzoo.org/what_to_see/madagascar/lemur_mongoose.cfm
⚫
{{Wikispecies|Eulemur mongoz|Mongoose Lemur}}
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{MSW3 Groves|pages=115}}
{{clear}}

⚫
==External links==
⚫
{{Wikispecies-inline|Eulemur mongoz|Eulemur mongoz (Mongoose Lemur)}}
⚫
* [http://www.animalinfo.org/species/primate/lemumong.htm Animalinfo.org: Mongoose lemur]
⚫
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040612201536/http://www.rogerwilliamsparkzoo.org/what_to_see/madagascar/lemur_mongoose.cfm Rogerwilliamsparkzoo.org: Mongoose lemur]
* {{ARKive}}
*[https://lemur.duke.edu/ Duke Lemur Center] A research, conservation, and education facility
*[https://www.lemurreserve.org/ Lemur Conservation Foundation] A research, conservation, and education facility


{{primate-stub}}
{{Lemuridae nav}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q543695}}
[[Category:Prosimians]]


[[de:Mongozmaki]]
[[Category:True lemurs]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of Madagascar]]
[[fr:Lémur mangouste]]
[[Category:Mammals of Madagascar]]
[[lt:Mongas]]
[[Category:Critically endangered fauna of Africa]]
[[nl:Mongozmaki]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1766]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 11:35, 30 May 2024

Mongoose lemur
Mongoose lemur at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Strepsirrhini
Family: Lemuridae
Genus: Eulemur
Species:
E. mongoz
Binomial name
Eulemur mongoz
Distribution of E. mongoz:[1]
red = native, green = introduced
Synonyms
  • Lemur albimanus É. Geoffroy, 1812
  • Lemur anjuanensis É. Geoffroy, 1812
  • Lemur cuvieri Fitzinger, 1870
  • Lemur dubius F. Cuvier, 1834
  • Lemur johannae Trouessart, 1904
  • Lemur mongoz Linnaeus, 1758
  • Lemur nigrifrons É. Geoffroy, 1812
  • Lemur houssardii Boitard, 1842
  • Prosimia brissonii Lesson, 1840
  • Prosimia bugi Lesson, 1840
  • Prosimia macromongoz Lesson, 1840
  • Prosimia micromongoz Lesson, 1840
  • Prosimia ocularis Lesson, 1840

The mongoose lemur (Eulemur mongoz) is a small primate in the family Lemuridae, native to Madagascar and introduced to the Comoros Islands. These arboreal animals have pointed faces, long, bushy tails, dark-brown upper parts, pale bellies, and beards, which are reddish in males and white in females. They live in family groups and feed primarily on fruit, but also eat leaves, flowers, and nectar, with nectar from Ceiba pentandra trees making up a large part of their diet during the dry season. They have declined sharply in numbers because of habitat destruction and hunting, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated their conservation status as "critically endangered".

Description

[edit]

The mongoose lemur ranges in size from 12 to 18 in (300 to 460 mm) long plus a tail of 16 to 25 in (410 to 640 mm). Both sexes are born with white beards, but become obviously dimorphic around six weeks of age when the males develop red beards and red cheeks. The males also have lighter faces than the females.[4] Males may further distinguish themselves when scent-marking territory, as they occasionally develop a bald patch on top of their heads from rubbing.[5]

Male below, female above

Distribution

[edit]

The mongoose lemur lives in dry deciduous forests on the island of Madagascar and in the humid forests on the islands of the Comoros. This makes the mongoose lemur one of only two lemurs found outside of Madagascar,[4] though it is an introduced species in the Comoros.[6][7]

Ecology

[edit]

The mongoose lemur mostly eats fruit, though flowers, leaves, and nectar also make up part of its diet; (they may use the nectar of the non-native kapok tree, Ceiba pentandra[a] for nearly eighty percent of their diet during the dry season in some parts of their range).[10] As such, mongoose lemurs act as both pollinators and seed dispersers.[4] Feeding on grubs and beetles has also been observed.[6] They are unusual among primates in that they are diurnal or nocturnal, depending on the season, being more active during the day in the wet season and changing activity to the night during the hotter dry season.[4]

Mongoose lemurs are arboreal, with the ability to jump several meters from one tree to another.[4] They live in small family groups, usually consisting of a bonded pair and one to three offspring.[5] These groups rarely encounter one another, but when they do, they are aggressive.[6] Young are born just prior to the rainy season, from August to October.[6] Gestation lasts about four months and weaning takes place around five months after the young are born. The offspring then usually stay with their parents until three years of age, when they have reached full maturity.[5]

Mongoose lemurs have seasonal habits. Their breeding, eating, and activity habits are largely shaped around the season. Seasonal fluctuations in food resource availability describe the behavior of mongoose lemurs such as female dominance and small group size. Mongoose lemurs usually conceive their offspring some time during October. They present as Nocturnal during the dry season and diurnal during the wet season.[11]

Status

[edit]

Captive mongoose lemurs can live up to 26 years, while wild specimens live 18–20 years.[5] Mongoose lemurs in the wild are threatened by the destruction and fragmentation of the forests in which they live, and also by hunting. Their numbers have dwindled by about 80% over a period of 25 years, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated their conservation status as "critically endangered".[1] Mongoose lemurs are more endangered in Madagascar, but there could be a way to conserve them in Comoros because of the increase of these species' population in the area.[12]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ C. pentandra, although not native to Madagascar have been used for reforestation on the island.[8][9]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Razafindramanana, J.; Eppley, T.M.; Rakotondrabe, R.; Roullet, D.; Irwin, M.; King, T. (2020). "Eulemur mongoz". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T8202A115561431. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T8202A115561431.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Checklist of CITES Species". CITES. UNEP-WCMC. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  3. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 115. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  4. ^ a b c d e Chicago Zoological Society - Brookfield Zoo's Mongoose Lemur page Archived 2010-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ a b c d Bristol Zoo - Mongoose Lemur Archived 2010-06-06 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ a b c d "ARKive - Mongoose Lemur (Eulemur mongoz)". Archived from the original on 2009-02-21. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
  7. ^ Pastorini, J.; Thalmann, U.; Martin, R. D. (2003). "A molecular approach to comparative phylogeography of extant Malagasy lemurs" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (10): 5879–5884. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.5879P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1031673100. PMC 156295. PMID 12719521.
  8. ^ Hending, Daniel; Randrianarison, Heriniaina; Holderied, Marc; McCabe, Grainne; Cotton, Sam (December 2021). "The kapok tree (Ceiba pentandra [L.] Gaertn, Malvaceae) as a food source for native vertebrate species during times of resource scarcity and its potential for reforestation in Madagascar". Austral Ecology. 46 (8): 1440–1444. doi:10.1111/aec.13076. hdl:1983/b86b1cc3-350c-4a70-9fee-2a8e931302ab. S2CID 237889124.
  9. ^ Gómez-Maqueo, Ximena; Gamboa-deBuen, Alicia (15 February 2022). "The biology of the genus Ceiba, a potential source for sustainable production of natural fiber". Plants. 11 (4): 521. doi:10.3390/plants11040521. PMC 8876852. PMID 35214854.
  10. ^ Pastor, Juan Francisco; Muchlinski, Magdalena Natalia; Potau, Josep Maria; Casado, Aroa; García-Mesa, Yolanda; Vega, Jose Antonio; Cabo, Roberto (27 September 2021). "The tongue in three species of lemurs: Flower and nectar feeding adaptations". Animals. 11 (10): 2811. doi:10.3390/ani11102811. PMID 34679832.
  11. ^ "Mongoose Lemur". Duke Lemur Center.
  12. ^ Nadhurou, Bakri; Righini, Roberta; Gamba, Marco; Laiolo, Paola; Ouledi, Ahmed; Giacoma, Cristina (January 2017). "Effects of human disturbance on the mongoose lemur Eulemur mongoz in Comoros: implications and potential for the conservation of a Critically Endangered species". Oryx. 51 (1): 60–67. doi:10.1017/S0030605315000897. hdl:2318/1529022. S2CID 86069333.
[edit]

Data related to Eulemur mongoz (Mongoose Lemur) at Wikispecies

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