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{{Short description|Proposed branch of Niger–Congo of southern Sudan}}
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
|name=Talodi–Heiban
|name=Talodi–Heiban
|region=Nuba Hills, Sudan
|region=[[Nuba Hills]], [[Sudan]]
|familycolor=Niger-Congo
|familycolor=Niger-Congo
|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]
|fam2=[[Kordofanian languages|Kordofanian]]?
|child1=[[Talodi languages|Talodi]]
|child1=[[Talodi languages|Talodi]]
|child2=[[Heiban languages|Heiban]]
|child2=[[Heiban languages|Heiban]]
|map= Kordofan-languages 02.png
|map= Kordofan-languages 02.png
|glotto=none
|sil=17-2717
|glotto2=narr1279
|sil2=17-2750
|glottoname2=Talodi
|glottorefname2=Narrow Talodi
|glotto3=heib1242
|glottoname3=Heiban
|glottorefname3=Heibanic
}}
}}


The '''Talodi–Heiban languages''' are two relatively closely related<ref>Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008. "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", ''Language and Linguistics Compass'' 2/5:842.</ref> [[language families]] of the erstwhile [[Kordofanian languages|Kordofanian]] branch of [[Niger–Congo]] posited by [[Joseph Greenberg]] (1963): '''Talodi''', also called Talodi–Masakin, and '''Heiban''', also called Koalib or Koalib–Moro.
The '''Talodi–Heiban languages''' are a proposed branch of the hypothetical [[Niger–Congo]] family, spoken in the [[Nuba Mountains]] of [[Sudan]]. The Talodi and Heiban languages are thought to be distantly related by Dimmendaal,<ref>Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008. "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", ''Language and Linguistics Compass'' 2/5:842.</ref> though ''[[Glottolog]]'' 4.4 does not accept the unity of Talodi–Heiban pending further evidence.<ref name="Guldemann">{{Cite book|title=The Languages and Linguistics of Africa|last=Güldemann|first=Tom|editor-last=Güldemann|editor-first=Tom|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|chapter=Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa|year=2018|isbn=978-3-11-042606-9|doi=10.1515/9783110421668-002|location=Berlin|pages=58–444|series=The World of Linguistics series|volume=11|s2cid=133888593 }}</ref>


==Classification==
[[Roger Blench]] notes that the Talodi and Heiban families have the [[noun class|noun-class]] systems characteristic of the [[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]] core of Niger–Congo, but that the [[Katla languages]] (another putative branch of Kordofanian) have no trace of ever having had such a system, whereas the [[Kadu languages]] and some of the [[Rashad languages]] appear to have acquired noun classes as part of a ''[[Sprachbund]],'' rather than having inherited them. He concludes that the Kordofanian languages do not form a genealogical group, but that Talodi–Heiban is core Niger–Congo, whereas Katla and Rashad form a peripheral branch (or perhaps branches) along the lines of [[Mande languages|Mande]]. The Kadu languages may be [[Nilo-Saharan]].
[[Roger Blench]] (2016) notes that the Talodi and Heiban branches share many typological similarities, but few lexical similarities. Blench (2016) considers Talodi and Heiban to each be separate, independent [[Niger-Congo]] branches that had later converged due to mutual contact.


Talodi and Heiban had each constituted a group of the [[Kordofanian languages|Kordofanian]] branch of Niger–Congo that was posited by [[Joseph Greenberg]] (1963); Talodi has also been called Talodi–Masakin, and Heiban has also been called Koalib or Koalib–Moro. [[Roger Blench]] notes that the Talodi and Heiban families have the [[noun class|noun-class]] systems characteristic of the [[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]] core of Niger–Congo, but that the [[Katla languages]] (another putative branch of Kordofanian) have no trace of ever having had such a system, whereas the [[Kadu languages]] and some of the [[Rashad languages]] appear to have acquired noun classes as part of a ''[[Sprachbund]],'' rather than having inherited them. He concludes that the Kordofanian languages do not form a genealogical group, but that Talodi–Heiban is core Niger–Congo, whereas Katla and Rashad form a peripheral branch (or perhaps branches) along the lines of [[Mande languages|Mande]]. The Kadu languages may be [[Nilo-Saharan]].
[[Lafofa languages|Lafofa]] (Tegem), sometimes classified as a divergent Talodi language, has a different set of cognates with other Niger–Congo and has been placed in its own branch.


{{clade
{{clade
Line 47: Line 54:
|label2=&nbsp;'''Talodi'''&nbsp;
|label2=&nbsp;'''Talodi'''&nbsp;
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=[[Nding language|Nding]] (Eliri)
|1=[[Lumun language|Lumun]], †[[Torona language|Torona]]
|label2=Buram–Saraf
|2=[[Jomang language|Jomang]] (Talodi)
|2={{clade
|label3=&nbsp;Tocho&nbsp;
|3=[[Tocho language|Tocho]] (Tacho), [[Acheron language|Acheron]] (Asheron), [[Lumun language|Lumun]], [[Torona language|Torona]]
|1=[[Jomang language|Jomang]] (Talodi), †[[Nding language|Nding]] (Eliri)
|label4=&nbsp;Masakin&nbsp;
|label2=&nbsp;Tocho&nbsp;
|4=[[Ngile language|Ngile]] (Daloka), [[Dengebu language|Dengebu]] (Dagik)
|2=[[Tocho language|Tocho]] (Tacho), [[Acheron language|Acheron]] (Asheron)
|label3=&nbsp;Masakin&nbsp;
|3=[[Ngile language|Ngile]] (Daloka), [[Dagik language|Dengebu]] (Dagik)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
* † = extinct
[[Lafofa languages|Lafofa]] (Tegem), sometimes classified as a divergent Talodi language, has a different set of cognates with other Niger–Congo and has been placed in its own branch of Niger–Congo.

===Norton & Alaki (2015)===
Norton & Alaki (2015: 76, 126)<ref>Norton, Russell, and Thomas Kuku Alaki. 2015. The Talodi Languages: A Comparative-Historical Analysis. ''Occasional papers in the study of Sudanese languages'' 11:31-161.</ref> classify the Talodi languages as follows. Proto-Talodi, Proto-Lumun-Torona, and Proto-Narrow Talodi have also been reconstructed by Norton & Alaki (2015).
{{clade
|label1='''Talodi'''&nbsp;
|1={{clade
|label1=Lumun-<br>Torona&nbsp;
|1=[[Torona language|Torona]], [[Lumun language|Lumun]]
|label2=Narrow<br> Talodi&nbsp;
|2={{clade
|1=[[Tocho language|Tocho]], [[Acheron language|Acheron]]
|2=[[Dagik language|Dagik]]
|3=Tuwal, [[Ngile language|Daloka]]-Aheimar
|4=[[Jomang language|Tasomi]]-Tata (Talodi), [[Nding language|Nding]]
}}
}}
}}

==Relationship==
Lexical correspondences between Proto-Heiban and Proto-Talodi according to Blench (2016):<ref name=":0"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Gloss !! Proto-Heiban !! Proto-Talodi
|-
| belly || *k-aaRi / ɲ- || *C-a[a]rәk / kә-
|-
| dry || *Ø-undu / k- || *Øandu[k] / t~k
|-
| ear || *k-ɛɛni / ɲ- || *k-ɛ[ɛ]nu / Ø-
|-
| fire || *iiga || *t̪-ɪ[ɪ]k / ḷ-
|-
| give || *N-d̪ɛ-d̪í || *N-d̪í
|-
| guts || *t̪-y / n̪-u || *t-u[u]k / n-
|-
| hear || *g-aani / n- || *g-eenu / w-
|-
| hole || *li-buŋul / ŋu- || *t-ʊbʊ / n-
|-
| horn || *l-uuba / ŋ- || *t~C-uubʊk / n~m-
|-
| left side || *t̪-agur || *Ø-ʊgʊlɛ / C-
|-
| name || *C-iriɲ || *k-әḷәŋaŋ / N~Ø-
|-
| pull || *uud̪i || *aadu
|-
| red || *k-ʊʊrɪ || *ɔɔɽɛ
|-
| rope || *d̪-aar / ŋw- || *t̪-ɔ[ɔ]ḷәk / ḷ-
|-
| small || *-itti(ɲ) || *ɔt̪t̪ɛ(ŋ)
|-
| star || *l-ʊrʊm / ŋ- || *C-ɔ[ɔ]d̪ɔt̪ / m
|-
| stone || *k-adɔl / y- || *p-әd̪ɔk / m
|-
| tongue || *d̪-iŋgәla / r- || *t̪-ʊlәŋɛ / ḷ-
|-
| tooth || *l-iŋgat / y- || *C-әɲi[t] / k-
|-
| wing || *k-ibɔ / ʧ- || *k-ʊbɪ / Ø-
|}

Noun class prefix comparison between Proto-Heiban and Proto-Talodi according to Blench (2016):<ref name=":0">Blench, Roger. 2016. [https://www.academia.edu/27625214/Do_Heiban_and_Talodi_form_a_genetic_group_and_how_are_they_related_to_Niger-Congo Do Heiban and Talodi form a genetic group and how are they related to Niger-Congo?].</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Noun class !! Proto-Heiban !! Proto-Talodi
|-
| Persons || *kʷ,gʷ-/l- || *p,b-/Ø-
|-
| Trees and plants || *k,g/y- || *p-/k-
|-
| Round things, vital body parts || *li-/ŋʷ- || *ʧ-/m-
|-
| Symmetrical body parts || *l-/j- || *ʧ-/k-
|-
| Long thin objects, bushy objects || *ð-/r- || *t/n
|-
| Small objects, animals || *ŋ-, t-/ɲ- || *ŋ-/ɲ-
|-
| Liquids || *ŋ- || *ŋ-
|-
| Uncountables, [dust, grass] || *k- || *t-
|}


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Heiban Nuba people]]
*[[Heiban Nuba people]]
*[[Talodi people]]
*[[Talodi people]]
*[[Wiktionary:Appendix:List of Proto-Talodi reconstructions|List of Proto-Talodi reconstructions]] (Wiktionary)
*[[Wiktionary:Appendix:List of Proto-Heiban reconstructions|List of Proto-Heiban reconstructions]] (Wiktionary)


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
<references/>
<references/>
* Roger Blench. Unpublished. [http://rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Kordofanian%20and%20Niger-Congo.pdf Kordofanian and Niger–Congo: new and revised lexical evidence].
* Roger Blench. Unpublished. [http://rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Kordofanian%20and%20Niger-Congo.pdf Kordofanian and Niger–Congo: new and revised lexical evidence].
* Roger Blench, 2011, [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Nuba%20Hills%20conference%20paper%202011%20Kordofanian.pdf Should Kordofanian be split up?], Nuba Hills Conference, Leiden
* Roger Blench, 2011, [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Nuba%20Hills%20conference%20paper%202011%20Kordofanian.pdf Should Kordofanian be split up?], Nuba Hills Conference, Leiden
* Blench, Roger. 2016. [https://www.academia.edu/27625214/Do_Heiban_and_Talodi_form_a_genetic_group_and_how_are_they_related_to_Niger-Congo Do Heiban and Talodi form a genetic group and how are they related to Niger-Congo?].

{{Kordofanian languages}}
{{Niger-Congo branches}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Talodi-Heiban languages}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Talodi-Heiban languages}}
[[Category:Kordofanian languages|*]]
[[Category:Talodi–Heiban languages| ]]
[[Category:Kordofanian languages]]
[[Category:South Kordofan]]
[[Category:South Kordofan]]
[[Category:Proposed language families]]

Latest revision as of 00:58, 31 May 2024

Talodi–Heiban
Geographic
distribution		Nuba Hills, Sudan
Linguistic classificationNiger–Congo?
Subdivisions
Language codes
GlottologNone
narr1279  (Talodi)
heib1242  (Heiban)

The Talodi–Heiban languages are a proposed branch of the hypothetical Niger–Congo family, spoken in the Nuba Mountains of Sudan. The Talodi and Heiban languages are thought to be distantly related by Dimmendaal,[1] though Glottolog 4.4 does not accept the unity of Talodi–Heiban pending further evidence.[2]

Classification

[edit]

Roger Blench (2016) notes that the Talodi and Heiban branches share many typological similarities, but few lexical similarities. Blench (2016) considers Talodi and Heiban to each be separate, independent Niger-Congo branches that had later converged due to mutual contact.

Talodi and Heiban had each constituted a group of the Kordofanian branch of Niger–Congo that was posited by Joseph Greenberg (1963); Talodi has also been called Talodi–Masakin, and Heiban has also been called Koalib or Koalib–Moro. Roger Blench notes that the Talodi and Heiban families have the noun-class systems characteristic of the Atlantic–Congo core of Niger–Congo, but that the Katla languages (another putative branch of Kordofanian) have no trace of ever having had such a system, whereas the Kadu languages and some of the Rashad languages appear to have acquired noun classes as part of a Sprachbund, rather than having inherited them. He concludes that the Kordofanian languages do not form a genealogical group, but that Talodi–Heiban is core Niger–Congo, whereas Katla and Rashad form a peripheral branch (or perhaps branches) along the lines of Mande. The Kadu languages may be Nilo-Saharan.

Talodi–Heiban 
 Heiban 
 East 

Ko (Fungor, Kau, Nyaro)

Warnang (Werni)

 Central 

Kwalib (Koalib, Rere)

Logol (Lukha)

Laro–Ebang (Heiban)

Utoro (Otoro)

Shirumba (Shwai)

 West 

Tiro (Tira)

Moro

 Talodi 

Lumun, †Torona

Buram–Saraf

Jomang (Talodi), †Nding (Eliri)

 Tocho 

Tocho (Tacho), Acheron (Asheron)

 Masakin 

Ngile (Daloka), Dengebu (Dagik)

  • † = extinct

Lafofa (Tegem), sometimes classified as a divergent Talodi language, has a different set of cognates with other Niger–Congo and has been placed in its own branch of Niger–Congo.

Norton & Alaki (2015)

[edit]

Norton & Alaki (2015: 76, 126)[3] classify the Talodi languages as follows. Proto-Talodi, Proto-Lumun-Torona, and Proto-Narrow Talodi have also been reconstructed by Norton & Alaki (2015).

Talodi 
Lumun‑
Torona 

Torona, Lumun

Narrow
 Talodi 

Tocho, Acheron

Dagik

Tuwal, Daloka-Aheimar

Tasomi-Tata (Talodi), Nding

Relationship

[edit]

Lexical correspondences between Proto-Heiban and Proto-Talodi according to Blench (2016):[4]

Gloss Proto-Heiban Proto-Talodi
belly *k-aaRi / ɲ- *C-a[a]rәk / kә-
dry *Ø-undu / k- *Øandu[k] / t~k
ear *k-ɛɛni / ɲ- *k-ɛ[ɛ]nu / Ø-
fire *iiga *t̪-ɪ[ɪ]k / ḷ-
give *N-d̪ɛ-d̪í *N-d̪í
guts *t̪-y / n̪-u *t-u[u]k / n-
hear *g-aani / n- *g-eenu / w-
hole *li-buŋul / ŋu- *t-ʊbʊ / n-
horn *l-uuba / ŋ- *t~C-uubʊk / n~m-
left side *t̪-agur *Ø-ʊgʊlɛ / C-
name *C-iriɲ *k-әḷәŋaŋ / N~Ø-
pull *uud̪i *aadu
red *k-ʊʊrɪ *ɔɔɽɛ
rope *d̪-aar / ŋw- *t̪-ɔ[ɔ]ḷәk / ḷ-
small *-itti(ɲ) *ɔt̪t̪ɛ(ŋ)
star *l-ʊrʊm / ŋ- *C-ɔ[ɔ]d̪ɔt̪ / m
stone *k-adɔl / y- *p-әd̪ɔk / m
tongue *d̪-iŋgәla / r- *t̪-ʊlәŋɛ / ḷ-
tooth *l-iŋgat / y- *C-әɲi[t] / k-
wing *k-ibɔ / ʧ- *k-ʊbɪ / Ø-

Noun class prefix comparison between Proto-Heiban and Proto-Talodi according to Blench (2016):[4]

Noun class Proto-Heiban Proto-Talodi
Persons *kʷ,gʷ-/l- *p,b-/Ø-
Trees and plants *k,g/y- *p-/k-
Round things, vital body parts *li-/ŋʷ- *ʧ-/m-
Symmetrical body parts *l-/j- *ʧ-/k-
Long thin objects, bushy objects *ð-/r- *t/n
Small objects, animals *ŋ-, t-/ɲ- *ŋ-/ɲ-
Liquids *ŋ- *ŋ-
Uncountables, [dust, grass] *k- *t-

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008. "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", Language and Linguistics Compass 2/5:842.
  2. ^ Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. doi:10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN 978-3-11-042606-9. S2CID 133888593.
  3. ^ Norton, Russell, and Thomas Kuku Alaki. 2015. The Talodi Languages: A Comparative-Historical Analysis. Occasional papers in the study of Sudanese languages 11:31-161.
  4. ^ a b Blench, Roger. 2016. Do Heiban and Talodi form a genetic group and how are they related to Niger-Congo?.
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