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{{Short description|Regional viceroy in Qing Empire}}
{{unreferenced|date=July 2008}}
[[File:Qing_Dynasty_Liangjiang_map_1911.svg|link=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qing_Dynasty_Liangjiang_map_1911.svg|thumb|400x400px|Jurisdiction of the Viceroy of Liangjiang in 1911 (just before the abolishment of the office)]]
{{Chinese|t=兩江總督|s=两江总督|p=Liǎngjiāng Zǒngdū
{{Chinese
|altname=Governor-General of the Two Yangtze Provinces and Surrounding Areas Overseeing Military Affairs, Provisions and Funds, Manager of Waterways, Director of Civil Affairs<br>{{small|(full title)}}|t2=總督兩江等處地方，提督軍務、糧餉、管理河道兼巡撫事|s2=总督两江等处地方，提督军务、粮饷、管理河道兼巡抚事}}
| t = 兩江總督
| s = 两江总督
| p = Liǎngjiāng Zǒngdū
| altname = Governor-General of the Two River Provinces and Other Local Admirals, in Charge of Military Affairs, Food and Wages, Management of Rivers, and Administration on Nanhe Affairs<br>{{small|(full title)}}
| t2 = 總督兩江等處地方提督軍務、糧饟、操江、統轄南河事務
| s2 = 总督两江等处地方提督军务、粮饷、操江、统辖南河事务
| mnc = ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩᠨᠠᠨ <br>ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩᠰᡳ <br>ᡠᡥᡝᡵᡳ <br>ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠ <br>ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ
| mnc_rom = {{nowrap|giyangnan giyangsi uheri kadalara amban}}
}}


The '''Viceroy of Liangjiang''' or '''Viceroy of the Two Jiangs''', fully referred to in Chinese as the '''Governor-General of the Two Yangtze Provinces and Surrounding Areas Overseeing Military Affairs, Provisions and Funds, Manager of Waterways, Director of Civil Affairs''', was one of eight regional [[Viceroys in China|Viceroy]]s in [[China proper]] during the [[Qing dynasty]]. The Viceroy of Liangjiang had jurisdiction over [[Jiangsu]], [[Jiangxi]] and [[Anhui]] provinces. Because Jiangsu and Anhui were previously part of a single province, [[Jiangnan]] ("south of the Yangtze"), they were thus known, along with Jiangxi ("west of the Yangtze"), as the two ''jiang''s, hence the name "Liangjiang" ("two Jiangs").
The '''Viceroy of Liangjiang''', fully named in Chinese as the '''Governor-General of the Two River Provinces and Other Local Admirals, in Charge of Military Affairs, Food and Wages, Management of Rivers, and Administration on Nanhe Affairs''', was one of eight regional [[Viceroys in China#Qing dynasty|Viceroys]] during the [[Qing dynasty]]. The Viceroy of Liangjiang had jurisdiction of military, civil, and political affairs over then Jiangnan Province (approx. nowadays [[Jiangsu]], [[Anhui]] and [[Shanghai]]) and then Jiangxi Province (approx. nowadays [[Jiangxi]]). The position was set up in 1647 and abolished in 1912.


== History ==
== History ==
[[File:Qing viceroys.png|thumb|Map of viceroys in Qing Dynasty of China]]
The office of Viceroy of Liangjiang originated in 1647 during the reign of the [[Shunzhi Emperor]]. It was called "Viceroy of the Three Provinces of [[Jiangnan|Jiangdong]], [[Jiangxi]] and [[Henan]]" (江東江西河南三省總督) and headquartered in Jiangning (江寧; present-day [[Nanjing]], [[Jiangsu]]). In 1652, the office was renamed "Viceroy of Jiangxi" (江西總督) and its headquarters shifted to [[Nanchang]] for a short while before the old system was restored.
The office of Viceroy of Liangjiang originated in 1647 during the reign of the [[Shunzhi Emperor]]. It was called "Viceroy of the Three Provinces of [[Jiangnan|Jiangdong]], [[Jiangxi]] and [[Henan]]" (江東江西河南三省總督) and headquartered in Jiangning (江寧; present-day [[Nanjing]], [[Jiangsu]]). In 1652, the office was renamed "Viceroy of Jiangxi" (江西總督) and its headquarters shifted to [[Nanchang]] for a short while before the old system was restored.


During the reign of the [[Kangxi Emperor]], in 1661 and 1674 two separate Viceroy offices were created for Jiangdong and Jiangxi, but they were merged under the Viceroy of Liangjiang later in 1665 and 1682 respectively. The office's name had remained as "Viceroy of Liangjiang" since then.
During the reign of the [[Kangxi Emperor]], in 1661 and 1674, two separate Viceroy offices were created for Jiangdong and Jiangxi, but they were merged under the Viceroy of Liangjiang later in 1665 and 1682 respectively. The office's name had remained as "Viceroy of Liangjiang" since then.


In 1723, the [[Yongzheng Emperor]] ordered that the Viceroy of Liangjiang would concurrently hold the appointments of [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Secretary of Defence]] (兵部尚書) and Right Censor-in-Chief (右都御史) of the Detection Branch (都察院) in the [[Censorate]].
In 1723, the [[Yongzheng Emperor]] ordered that the Viceroy of Liangjiang would concurrently hold the appointments of [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Secretary of War]] (兵部尚書) and Right Censor-in-Chief (右都御史) of the Detection Branch (都察院) in the [[Censorate]].


In 1831, the [[Daoguang Emperor]] put the Viceroy of Liangjiang in charge of the [[Salt in Chinese history|salt trade]] in the [[Huai River]] area.
In 1831, the [[Daoguang Emperor]] put the Viceroy of Liangjiang in charge of the [[Salt in Chinese history|salt trade]] in the [[Huai River]] area.
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During the reign of the [[Xianfeng Emperor]], the [[Taiping Rebellion|Taiping rebels]] captured Jiangning (江寧; present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) and designated it as their capital. The headquarters of the Viceroy of Liangjiang constantly shifted across different locations, including [[Yangzhou]], [[Changzhou]], [[Shanghai]], [[Suzhou]] and [[Anqing]].
During the reign of the [[Xianfeng Emperor]], the [[Taiping Rebellion|Taiping rebels]] captured Jiangning (江寧; present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) and designated it as their capital. The headquarters of the Viceroy of Liangjiang constantly shifted across different locations, including [[Yangzhou]], [[Changzhou]], [[Shanghai]], [[Suzhou]] and [[Anqing]].


In 1866, during the reign of the [[Tongzhi Emperor]], the Viceroy of Liangjiang was also put in charge of trade and commerce in the [[Treaty port#Chinese treaty ports|five treaty ports]]. He also concurrently held the appointment of "Nanyang Trade Minister" (南洋通商大臣); ''[[cf.]]'' "Beiyang Trade Minister" (北洋通商大臣) held by the [[Viceroy of Zhili]].
In 1866, during the reign of the [[Tongzhi Emperor]], the Viceroy of Liangjiang was also put in charge of trade and commerce in the [[Treaty port#Chinese treaty ports|five treaty ports]]. He also concurrently held the appointment of "Southern Ocean Trade Minister" (南洋通商大臣); while "Northern Ocean Trade Minister" (北洋通商大臣) was held by the [[Viceroy of Zhili]].


After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912, the former headquarters of the Viceroy of Liangjiang in Nanjing was converted into a [[Presidential Palace (Nanjing)|Presidential Palace]] for the [[President of the Republic of China|President]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]] until 1949.
After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912, the former headquarters of the Viceroy of Liangjiang in Nanjing was converted into a [[Presidential Palace (Nanjing)|Presidential Palace]] for the [[President of the Republic of China|President]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]] until 1949.
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| 7 || [[Maleji]]<br>麻勒吉 || || 10 January 1669 || 5 July 1673 || Demoted by two grades and reassigned elsewhere
| 7 || [[Maleji]]<br>麻勒吉 || || 10 January 1669 || 5 July 1673 || Demoted by two grades and reassigned elsewhere
|-
|-
| 8 || [[Axixi]]<br>阿席熙 || || 29 July 1673 || January 1682 || Demoted
| 8 || [[Asihi]]<br>阿席熙 || || 29 July 1673 || January 1682 || Demoted
|-
|-
| 9 || [[Yu Chenglong]]<br>于成龍 || [[File:Portrait of Yu Chenglong.jpg|80px]] || 1 February 1682 || 24 June 1684 || Died in office
| 9 || [[Yu Chenglong]]<br>于成龍 || [[File:Portrait of Yu Chenglong.jpg|80px]] || 1 February 1682 || 24 June 1684 || Died in office
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| 13 || [[Fan Chengxun]]<br>范承勳 || || 10 August 1694 || 15 November 1698 || Left office for filial mourning
| 13 || [[Fan Chengxun]]<br>范承勳 || || 10 August 1694 || 15 November 1698 || Left office for filial mourning
|-
|-
| 14 || [[Zhang Penghe]]<br>張鵬翮 || || 23 December 1698 || 28 April 1700 || Reassigned to serve as the [[Viceroy of the Grand Canal]]
| 14 || [[Zhang Penghe]]<br>張鵬翮 || || 23 December 1698 || 28 April 1700 || Reassigned to serve as the [[Viceroy of Caoyun]]
|-
|-
| || [[Taodai]]<br>陶岱 || || 30 May 1699 || || Stand-in as the [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Right Vice Secretary of Personnel]]
| || [[Taodai]]<br>陶岱 || || 30 May 1699 || || Stand-in as the [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Right Vice Secretary of Personnel]]
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| 19 || [[Changnai]]<br>長鼐 || || 30 May 1717 || November 1722 || Died in office
| 19 || [[Changnai]]<br>長鼐 || || 30 May 1717 || November 1722 || Died in office
|-
|-
| 20 || [[Chabine]]<br>查弼納 || || 27 November 1722 || 18 May 1726 || Recalled to the imperial capital
| 20 || [[Cabina]]<br>查弼納 || || 27 November 1722 || 18 May 1726 || Recalled to the imperial capital
|-
|-
| || [[Fan Shiyi]]<br>范時繹 || || 18 May 1726 || 12 May 1730 || Stand-in as the ''zongbing'' of Malan Town
| || [[Fan Shiyi]]<br>范時繹 || || 18 May 1726 || 12 May 1730 || Stand-in as the ''zongbing'' of Malan Town
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| 21 || [[Gao Qizhuo]]<br>高其倬 || [[File:高其倬.jpg|80px]] || 20 June 1730 || 8 August 1731 || Stand-in as the Viceroy of Yun-Guang
| 21 || [[Gao Qizhuo]]<br>高其倬 || [[File:高其倬.jpg|80px]] || 20 June 1730 || 8 August 1731 || Stand-in as the Viceroy of Yun-Guang
|-
|-
| || [[Yin Jishan]]<br> || [[File:尹繼善.jpg|80px]] || 8 August 1731 || 24 October 1732 || Stand-in as the [[Grand coordinator and provincial governor|Provincial Governor]] of Jiangsu
| || [[Yengišan]]<br> || [[File:尹繼善.jpg|80px]] || 8 August 1731 || 24 October 1732 || Stand-in as the [[Grand coordinator and provincial governor|Provincial Governor]] of Jiangsu
|-
|-
| || [[Wei Tingzhen]]<br>魏廷珍 || || 24 October 1732 || 23 February 1733 || Stand-in as the [[Viceroy of the Grand Canal]]
| || [[Wei Tingzhen]]<br>魏廷珍 || || 24 October 1732 || 23 February 1733 || Stand-in as the [[Viceroy of Caoyun]]
|-
|-
| 22 || [[Gao Qizhuo]]<br>高其倬 || [[File:高其倬.jpg|80px]] || 23 February 1733 || 8 October 1733 || Recalled back to the imperial capital
| 22 || [[Gao Qizhuo]]<br>高其倬 || [[File:高其倬.jpg|80px]] || 23 February 1733 || 8 October 1733 || Recalled back to the imperial capital
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| 26 || [[Hao Yulin]]<br>郝玉麟 || || 5 December 1739 || 18 June 1740 || Relieved of his appointment
| 26 || [[Hao Yulin]]<br>郝玉麟 || || 5 December 1739 || 18 June 1740 || Relieved of his appointment
|-
|-
| || [[Yang Chaozeng]]<br>楊超曾 || || 18 June 1740 || 26 September 1741 || Stand-in as [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Secretary of Defence]]
| || [[Yang Chaozeng]]<br>楊超曾 || || 18 June 1740 || 26 September 1741 || Stand-in as [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Secretary of War]]
|-
|-
| 27 || [[Nasutu]]<br>那蘇圖 || || 26 September 1741 || 9 May 1742 || Reassigned to serve as the [[Viceroy of Min-Zhe]]
| 27 || [[Nasutu]]<br>那蘇圖 || || 26 September 1741 || 9 May 1742 || Reassigned to serve as the [[Viceroy of Min-Zhe]]
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| 28 || [[Depei]]<br>德沛 || || 9 May 1742 || 11 March 1743 || Recalled to the imperial capital
| 28 || [[Depei]]<br>德沛 || || 9 May 1742 || 11 March 1743 || Recalled to the imperial capital
|-
|-
| 29 || [[Yin Jishan]]<br>尹繼善 || [[File:尹繼善.jpg|80px]] || 11 March 1743 || 28 October 1748 ||
| 29 || [[Yengišan]]<br>尹繼善 || [[File:尹繼善.jpg|80px]] || 11 March 1743 || 28 October 1748 ||
|-
|-
| 30 || [[Celeng]]<br>策楞 || || 28 October 1748 || 11 January 1749 || Reassigned to serve as the [[Viceroy of Shaan-Gan|Viceroy of Chuan-Shaan]]
| 30 || [[Ts'ereng]]<br>策楞 || || 28 October 1748 || 11 January 1749 || Reassigned to serve as the [[Viceroy of Shaan-Gan|Viceroy of Chuan-Shaan]]
|-
|-
| || [[Ya'erhashan]]<br>雅爾哈善 || || 11 January 1749 || 25 January 1749 || Stand-in
| || [[Yarhašan]]<br>雅爾哈善 || || 11 January 1749 || 25 January 1749 || Stand-in
|-
|-
| 31 || [[Huang Tinggui]]<br>黃廷桂 || || 25 January 1749 || 25 July 1751 || Reassigned to serve as the [[Viceroy of Shaan-Gan]]
| 31 || [[Huang Tinggui]]<br>黃廷桂 || || 25 January 1749 || 25 July 1751 || Reassigned to serve as the [[Viceroy of Shaan-Gan]]
|-
|-
| 32 || [[Yin Jishan]]<br>尹繼善 || [[File:尹繼善.jpg|80px]] || 25 July 1751 || 16 October 1753 ||
| 32 || [[Yengišan]]<br>尹繼善 || [[File:尹繼善.jpg|80px]] || 25 July 1751 || 16 October 1753 ||
|-
|-
| || [[Zhuang Yougong]]<br>莊有恭 || [[File:莊有恭.jpg|80px]] || 11 November 1752 || || Stand-in as [[Grand coordinator and provincial governor|Provincial Governor]] of Jiangsu
| || [[Zhuang Yougong]]<br>莊有恭 || [[File:莊有恭.jpg|80px]] || 11 November 1752 || || Stand-in as [[Grand coordinator and provincial governor|Provincial Governor]] of Jiangsu
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| 33 || [[Erong'an]]<br>鄂容安 || || 16 October 1753 || 1755 || Killed in battle
| 33 || [[Erong'an]]<br>鄂容安 || || 16 October 1753 || 1755 || Killed in battle
|-
|-
| || [[Yin Jishan]]<br>尹繼善 || [[File:尹繼善.jpg|80px]] || 26 September 1754 || 29 November 1756 || Stand-in as [[Viceroy of Southern Rivers]]
| || [[Yengišan]]<br>尹繼善 || [[File:尹繼善.jpg|80px]] || 26 September 1754 || 29 November 1756 || Stand-in as [[Viceroy of Southern Rivers]]
|-
|-
| 34 || [[Yin Jishan]]<br>尹繼善 || [[File:尹繼善.jpg|80px]] || 29 November 1756 || 9 May 1765 || Reassigned to the Imperial Cabinet
| 34 || [[Yengišan]]<br>尹繼善 || [[File:尹繼善.jpg|80px]] || 29 November 1756 || 9 May 1765 || Reassigned to the Imperial Cabinet
|-
|-
| 35 || [[Gao Jin (Qing dynasty)|Gao Jin]]<br>高晉 || || 9 May 1765 || 25 February 1779 || Died in office
| 35 || [[Gao Jin (Qing dynasty)|Gao Jin]]<br>高晉 || || 9 May 1765 || 25 February 1779 || Died in office
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| 42 || [[Shulin (Qing dynasty)|Shulin]]<br>書麟 || || 25 May 1791 || 14 August 1794 || Dismissed from office
| 42 || [[Shulin (Qing dynasty)|Shulin]]<br>書麟 || || 25 May 1791 || 14 August 1794 || Dismissed from office
|-
|-
| 43 || [[Fugang]]<br>富綱 || || 14 August 1794 || 23 January 1795 || Demoted
| 43 || Fugang<br>富綱 || || 14 August 1794 || 23 January 1795 || Demoted
|-
|-
| || [[Suringga]]<br>蘇凌阿 || || 14 August 1794 || || Stand-in as [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Secretary of Justice]]
| || [[Suringga]]<br>蘇凌阿 || || 14 August 1794 || || Stand-in as [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Secretary of Justice]]
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| 45 || [[Li Fenghan]]<br>李奉翰 || || 6 November 1797 || 18 March 1799 || Died in office
| 45 || [[Li Fenghan]]<br>李奉翰 || || 6 November 1797 || 18 March 1799 || Died in office
|-
|-
| 46 || [[Fei Chun]]<br>費淳 || || 18 March 1799 || 12 August 1803 || Reassigned to serve as [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Secretary of Defence]]
| 46 || [[Fei Chun]]<br>費淳 || || 18 March 1799 || 12 August 1803 || Reassigned to serve as [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Secretary of War]]
|-
|-
| 47 || [[Chen Dawen]]<br>陳大文 || || 12 August 1803 || 25 February 1805 || Reassigned to serve as [[Censorate|Left Censor-in-Chief]]
| 47 || [[Chen Dawen]]<br>陳大文 || || 12 August 1803 || 25 February 1805 || Reassigned to serve as [[Censorate|Left Censor-in-Chief]]
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| 49 || [[Alinbao]]<br>阿林保 || || 24 August 1809 || 11 January 1810 || Died in office
| 49 || [[Alinbao]]<br>阿林保 || || 24 August 1809 || 11 January 1810 || Died in office
|-
|-
| 50 || [[Songyun]]<br>松筠 || || 11 January 1810 || 26 February 1811 || Reassigned to serve as the [[Viceroy of Liangguang]]
| 50 || [[Songyun (Qing governor)|Songyun]]<br>松筠 |||| 11 January 1810 || 26 February 1811 || Reassigned to serve as the [[Viceroy of Liangguang]]
|-
|-
| 51 || [[Lebao]]<br>勒保 || || 26 February 1811 || 27 July 1811 || Recalled back to the imperial capital
| 51 || [[Lebao]]<br>勒保 || || 26 February 1811 || 27 July 1811 || Recalled back to the imperial capital
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| 52 || [[Bailing (Qing dynasty)|Bailing]]<br>百齡 || || 27 July 1811 || 25 December 1816 ||
| 52 || [[Bailing (Qing dynasty)|Bailing]]<br>百齡 || || 27 July 1811 || 25 December 1816 ||
|-
|-
| || [[Songyun]]<br>松筠 || || 1 December 1816 || || Stand-in as [[Grand Secretariat|Grand Secretary]]
| || [[Songyun (Qing governor)|Songyun]]<br>松筠 |||| 1 December 1816 || || Stand-in as [[Grand Secretariat|Grand Secretary]]
|-
|-
| 53 || [[Sun Yuting]]<br>孫玉庭 || || 25 December 1816 || 9 September 1824 || Promoted to Grand Secretary of Tiren Cabinet (體仁閣大學士)
| 53 || [[Sun Yuting]]<br>孫玉庭 || [[File:孫玉庭.jpg|80px]] || 25 December 1816 || 9 September 1824 || Promoted to Grand Secretary of Tiren Cabinet (體仁閣大學士)
|-
|-
| 54 || [[Wei Yuanyu]]<br>魏元煜 || || 28 January 1825 || 7 July 1825 || Reassigned to serve as [[Viceroy of the Grand Canal]]
| 54 || [[Wei Yuanyu]]<br>魏元煜 || || 28 January 1825 || 7 July 1825 || Reassigned to serve as [[Viceroy of Caoyun]]
|-
|-
| 55 || [[Qishan (Manchu official)|Qishan]]<br>琦善 || || 7 July 1825 || 5 June 1827 || Dismissed from office
| 55 || [[Qishan (official)|Qishan]]<br>琦善 || || 7 July 1825 || 5 June 1827 || Dismissed from office
|-
|-
| || [[Jiang Youxian]]<br>蔣攸銛 || || 19 April 1827 || 5 June 1827 || Stand-in as Grand Secretary of Tiren Cabinet (體仁閣大學士)
| || [[Jiang Youxian]]<br>蔣攸銛 || || 19 April 1827 || 5 June 1827 || Stand-in as Grand Secretary of Tiren Cabinet (體仁閣大學士)
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| 59 || [[Deng Tingzhen]]<br>鄧廷楨 || [[File:Deng Tingzhen.png|80px]] || 5 January 1840 || || Reassigned to serve as [[Viceroy of Yun-Gui]] before he assumed office
| 59 || [[Deng Tingzhen]]<br>鄧廷楨 || [[File:Deng Tingzhen.png|80px]] || 5 January 1840 || || Reassigned to serve as [[Viceroy of Yun-Gui]] before he assumed office
|-
|-
| 60 || [[Yilibu]]<br>伊里布 || || 21 January 1840 || 3 May 1841 || Recalled to the imperial capital
| 60 || [[Yilibu|Ilibu]]<br>伊里布 || || 21 January 1840 || 3 May 1841 || Recalled to the imperial capital
|-
|-
| || [[Linqing (Qing dynasty)|Linqing]]<br>麟慶 || || 21 January 1840 || || Stand-in as [[Viceroy of the Grand Canal]]
| || [[Linqing (Qing dynasty)|Linqing]]<br>麟慶 || || 21 January 1840 || || Stand-in as [[Viceroy of Caoyun]]
|-
|-
| || [[Yuqian (Qing dynasty)|Yuqian]]<br>裕謙 || || 6 August 1840 || 10 February 1841 || Stand-in as [[Grand coordinator and provincial governor|Provincial Governor]] of Jiangsu
| || [[Yuqian (Qing dynasty)|Yuqian]]<br>裕謙 || || 6 August 1840 || 10 February 1841 || Stand-in as [[Grand coordinator and provincial governor|Provincial Governor]] of Jiangsu
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| 67 || [[He Guiqing]]<br>何桂清 || || 26 July 1857 || 8 June 1860 || Dismissed from office
| 67 || [[He Guiqing]]<br>何桂清 || || 26 July 1857 || 8 June 1860 || Dismissed from office
|-
|-
| || [[Zeng Guofan]]<br>曾國藩 || [[File:Zeng Guofan.png|80px]] || 8 June 1860 || 10 August 1860 || Stand-in as former [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Vice Secretary of Defence]]
| || [[Zeng Guofan]]<br>曾國藩 || [[File:Zeng Guofan.png|80px]] || 8 June 1860 || 10 August 1860 || Stand-in as former [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Vice Secretary of War]]
|-
|-
| || [[Xu Youren]]<br>徐有壬 || [[File:Xu Youren.jpg|80px]] || 8 June 1860 || 18 June 1860 || Stand-in as [[Grand coordinator and provincial governor|Provincial Governor]] of Jiangsu; killed in battle
| || [[Xu Youren]]<br>徐有壬 || [[File:Xu Youren.jpg|80px]] || 8 June 1860 || 18 June 1860 || Stand-in as [[Grand coordinator and provincial governor|Provincial Governor]] of Jiangsu; killed in battle
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| 73 || [[Liu Kunyi]]<br>劉坤一 || [[File:Liu Kunyi LOC ggbain 03677.jpg|80px]] || 27 December 1879 || 22 August 1881 || Recalled to the imperial capital
| 73 || [[Liu Kunyi]]<br>劉坤一 || [[File:Liu Kunyi LOC ggbain 03677.jpg|80px]] || 27 December 1879 || 22 August 1881 || Recalled to the imperial capital
|-
|-
| 74 || [[Peng Yulin]]<br>彭玉麟 || || 22 August 1881 || 28 October 1881 || Dismissed from office
| 74 || [[Peng Yulin]]<br>彭玉麟 || [[File:彭玉麟.jpg|80px]] || 22 August 1881 || 28 October 1881 || Dismissed from office
|-
|-
| 75 || [[Zuo Zongtang]]<br>左宗棠 || [[File:Zuo Zongtang2.jpg|80px]] || 28 October 1881 || 8 February 1884 || Left office due to illness
| 75 || [[Zuo Zongtang]]<br>左宗棠 || [[File:李善蘭 黑白.jpg|80px]] || 28 October 1881 || 8 February 1884 || Left office due to illness
|-
|-
| || [[Yulu (Qing dynasty)|Yulu]]<br>裕祿 || [[File:Yulu.jpg|80px]] || 8 February 1884 || || Stand-in as [[Grand coordinator and provincial governor|Provincial Governor]] of Anhui; never assumed office
| || [[Yulu (Qing dynasty)|Yulu]]<br>裕祿 || [[File:Yulu.jpg|80px]] || 8 February 1884 || || Stand-in as [[Grand coordinator and provincial governor|Provincial Governor]] of Anhui; never assumed office
|-
|-
| || [[Zeng Guoquan]]<br>曾國荃 || [[File:平定粵匪功臣像─曾國荃像.jpg|80px]] || 16 February 1884 || 6 September 1887 || Stand-in as [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Secretary of Rite]]
| || [[Zeng Guoquan]]<br>曾國荃 || [[File:平定粵匪功臣像─曾國荃像.jpg|80px]] || 16 February 1884 || 6 September 1887 || Stand-in as [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Secretary of Rites]]
|-
|-
| || [[Yulu (Qing dynasty)|Yulu]]<br>裕祿 || [[File:Yulu.jpg|80px]] || 6 September 1887 || October 1887 || Stand-in as [[Viceroy of Huguang]]
| || [[Yulu (Qing dynasty)|Yulu]]<br>裕祿 || [[File:Yulu.jpg|80px]] || 6 September 1887 || October 1887 || Stand-in as [[Viceroy of Huguang]]
Line 285: Line 295:
| || [[Zeng Guoquan]]<br>曾國荃 || [[File:平定粵匪功臣像─曾國荃像.jpg|80px]] || October 1887 || 22 November 1890 || Acting Viceroy of Liangjiang
| || [[Zeng Guoquan]]<br>曾國荃 || [[File:平定粵匪功臣像─曾國荃像.jpg|80px]] || October 1887 || 22 November 1890 || Acting Viceroy of Liangjiang
|-
|-
| || [[Shen Bingcheng]]<br>沈秉成 || || 22 November 1890 || || Stand-in as [[Grand coordinator and provincial governor|Provincial Governor]] of Anhui
| || [[Shen Bingcheng]]<br>沈秉成 || [[File:沈秉成.jpg|80px]] || 22 November 1890 || || Stand-in as [[Grand coordinator and provincial governor|Provincial Governor]] of Anhui
|-
|-
| 76 || [[Liu Kunyi]]<br>劉坤一 || [[File:Liu Kunyi LOC ggbain 03677.jpg|80px]] || 22 November 1890 || 7 October 1902 || Died in office
| 76 || [[Liu Kunyi]]<br>劉坤一 || [[File:Liu Kunyi LOC ggbain 03677.jpg|80px]] || 22 November 1890 || 7 October 1902 || Died in office
Line 301: Line 311:
| 78 || [[Li Xingrui]]<br>李興銳 || || 1 September 1904 || 31 October 1904 || Died in office
| 78 || [[Li Xingrui]]<br>李興銳 || || 1 September 1904 || 31 October 1904 || Died in office
|-
|-
| 79 || [[Zhou Fu]]<br>周馥 || [[File:Zhou Fu (viceroy).jpg|80px]] || 31 October 1904 || 2 September 1906 || Reassigned to serve as the [[Viceroy of Min-Zhe]]
| 79 || [[Zhou Fu]]<br>周馥 || [[File:Chou Fu.jpg|80px]] || 31 October 1904 || 2 September 1906 || Reassigned to serve as the [[Viceroy of Min-Zhe]]
|-
|-
| || [[Duanfang]]<br>端方 || [[File:Duan Fang.jpg|80px]] || 31 October 1904 || 2 September 1906 || Stand-in as [[Grand coordinator and provincial governor|Provincial Governor]] of Jiangsu
| || [[Duanfang]]<br>端方 || [[File:Duan Fang.jpg|80px]] || 31 October 1904 || 2 September 1906 || Stand-in as [[Grand coordinator and provincial governor|Provincial Governor]] of Jiangsu
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|}
|}


==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=[[Draft History of Qing]] (Qing Shi Gao)|last=Zhao|first=Erxun|author-link=Zhao Erxun|year=1928|language=zh|volume=197–199}}
{{refend}}

{{-}}
{{Viceroys of the Qing dynasty}}
{{Viceroys of the Qing dynasty}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Viceroy of Liangjiang}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Viceroy of Liangjiang}}
[[Category:Qing dynasty]]
[[Category:1656 establishments in China]]
[[Category:1656 establishments in China]]
[[Category:Viceroys of Liangjiang| ]]

Latest revision as of 08:40, 31 May 2024

Jurisdiction of the Viceroy of Liangjiang in 1911 (just before the abolishment of the office)
Viceroy of Liangjiang
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese兩江總督
Simplified Chinese两江总督
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinLiǎngjiāng Zǒngdū
Governor-General of the Two River Provinces and Other Local Admirals, in Charge of Military Affairs, Food and Wages, Management of Rivers, and Administration on Nanhe Affairs
(full title)
Traditional Chinese總督兩江等處地方提督軍務、糧饟、操江、統轄南河事務
Simplified Chinese总督两江等处地方提督军务、粮饷、操江、统辖南河事务
Transcriptions
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩᠨᠠᠨ
ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩᠰᡳ
ᡠᡥᡝᡵᡳ
ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠ
ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ
Romanizationgiyangnan giyangsi uheri kadalara amban

The Viceroy of Liangjiang, fully named in Chinese as the Governor-General of the Two River Provinces and Other Local Admirals, in Charge of Military Affairs, Food and Wages, Management of Rivers, and Administration on Nanhe Affairs, was one of eight regional Viceroys during the Qing dynasty. The Viceroy of Liangjiang had jurisdiction of military, civil, and political affairs over then Jiangnan Province (approx. nowadays Jiangsu, Anhui and Shanghai) and then Jiangxi Province (approx. nowadays Jiangxi). The position was set up in 1647 and abolished in 1912.

History

[edit]
Map of viceroys in Qing Dynasty of China

The office of Viceroy of Liangjiang originated in 1647 during the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor. It was called "Viceroy of the Three Provinces of Jiangdong, Jiangxi and Henan" (江東江西河南三省總督) and headquartered in Jiangning (江寧; present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu). In 1652, the office was renamed "Viceroy of Jiangxi" (江西總督) and its headquarters shifted to Nanchang for a short while before the old system was restored.

During the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, in 1661 and 1674, two separate Viceroy offices were created for Jiangdong and Jiangxi, but they were merged under the Viceroy of Liangjiang later in 1665 and 1682 respectively. The office's name had remained as "Viceroy of Liangjiang" since then.

In 1723, the Yongzheng Emperor ordered that the Viceroy of Liangjiang would concurrently hold the appointments of Secretary of War (兵部尚書) and Right Censor-in-Chief (右都御史) of the Detection Branch (都察院) in the Censorate.

In 1831, the Daoguang Emperor put the Viceroy of Liangjiang in charge of the salt trade in the Huai River area.

During the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor, the Taiping rebels captured Jiangning (江寧; present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) and designated it as their capital. The headquarters of the Viceroy of Liangjiang constantly shifted across different locations, including Yangzhou, Changzhou, Shanghai, Suzhou and Anqing.

In 1866, during the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor, the Viceroy of Liangjiang was also put in charge of trade and commerce in the five treaty ports. He also concurrently held the appointment of "Southern Ocean Trade Minister" (南洋通商大臣); while "Northern Ocean Trade Minister" (北洋通商大臣) was held by the Viceroy of Zhili.

After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912, the former headquarters of the Viceroy of Liangjiang in Nanjing was converted into a Presidential Palace for the President of the Republic of China until 1949.

List of Viceroys of Liangjiang

[edit]
# Name Portrait Start of term End of term Notes
Viceroy of Jiangnan, Jiangxi and Henan
(1647–1649)
1 Ma Guozhu
馬國柱		 19 August 1647 30 September 1649
Viceroy of Liangjiang
(1649–1661)
2 Ma Guozhu
馬國柱		 30 September 1649 30 October 1654 Left office due to illness
3 Ma Mingpei
馬鳴佩		 November 1654 23 June 1656 Left office due to illness
4 Lang Tingzuo
郎廷佐		 3 July 1656 2 November 1661
Viceroy of Jiangnan
(1661–1665)
5 Lang Tingzuo
郎廷佐		 2 November 1661 4 July 1665
Viceroy of Jiangxi
(1661–1665)
5 Zhang Chaolin
張朝璘		 2 November 1661 4 July 1665
Viceroy of Liangjiang
(1665–1911)
6 Lang Tingzuo
郎廷佐		 4 July 1665 17 December 1668 Left office due to illness
7 Maleji
麻勒吉		 10 January 1669 5 July 1673 Demoted by two grades and reassigned elsewhere
8 Asihi
阿席熙		 29 July 1673 January 1682 Demoted
9 Yu Chenglong
于成龍		 1 February 1682 24 June 1684 Died in office
10 Wang Xinming
王新命		 1 July 1684 18 April 1687 Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Min-Zhe
11 Dong Ne
董訥		 22 April 1687 24 April 1688 Demoted by five grades and reassigned elsewhere
12 Fulata
傅拉塔		 5 May 1688 22 July 1694 Died in office
13 Fan Chengxun
范承勳		 10 August 1694 15 November 1698 Left office for filial mourning
14 Zhang Penghe
張鵬翮		 23 December 1698 28 April 1700 Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Caoyun
Taodai
陶岱		 30 May 1699 Stand-in as the Right Vice Secretary of Personnel
Taodai
陶岱		 28 April 1700 27 June 1700 Stand-in as the Secretary of Justice
15 Ašan
阿山		 1 July 1700 24 December 1706
16 Shaomubu
邵穆布		 31 December 1706 August 1709
17 Gali
噶禮		 27 August 1709 10 March 1712 Relieved of his appointment
Lang Tingji
郎廷極		 10 March 1712 14 November 1712 Stand-in as the Provincial Governor of Jiangxi
18 Heshou
赫壽		 14 November 1712 22 May 1717 Promoted to Secretary of the Board for the Administration of Outlying Regions
19 Changnai
長鼐		 30 May 1717 November 1722 Died in office
20 Cabina
查弼納		 27 November 1722 18 May 1726 Recalled to the imperial capital
Fan Shiyi
范時繹		 18 May 1726 12 May 1730 Stand-in as the zongbing of Malan Town
Shi Yizhi
史貽直		 12 May 1730 Stand-in as the Left Vice Secretary of Personnel
21 Gao Qizhuo
高其倬		 20 June 1730 8 August 1731 Stand-in as the Viceroy of Yun-Guang
Yengišan
 8 August 1731 24 October 1732 Stand-in as the Provincial Governor of Jiangsu
Wei Tingzhen
魏廷珍		 24 October 1732 23 February 1733 Stand-in as the Viceroy of Caoyun
22 Gao Qizhuo
高其倬		 23 February 1733 8 October 1733 Recalled back to the imperial capital
Zhao Hong'en
趙宏恩		 8 October 1733 18 June 1734 Stand-in as the Provincial Governor of Hunan
23 Zhao Hong'en
趙宏恩		 18 June 1734 10 February 1737 Recalled to the imperial capital
24 Qingfu
慶復		 10 February 1737 4 November 1737 Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Yun-Gui
25 Nasutu
那蘇圖		 4 November 1737 5 December 1739 Left office for filial mourning
26 Hao Yulin
郝玉麟		 5 December 1739 18 June 1740 Relieved of his appointment
Yang Chaozeng
楊超曾		 18 June 1740 26 September 1741 Stand-in as Secretary of War
27 Nasutu
那蘇圖		 26 September 1741 9 May 1742 Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Min-Zhe
28 Depei
德沛		 9 May 1742 11 March 1743 Recalled to the imperial capital
29 Yengišan
尹繼善		 11 March 1743 28 October 1748
30 Ts'ereng
策楞		 28 October 1748 11 January 1749 Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Chuan-Shaan
Yarhašan
雅爾哈善		 11 January 1749 25 January 1749 Stand-in
31 Huang Tinggui
黃廷桂		 25 January 1749 25 July 1751 Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Shaan-Gan
32 Yengišan
尹繼善		 25 July 1751 16 October 1753
Zhuang Yougong
莊有恭		 11 November 1752 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu
Erong'an
鄂容安		 24 February 1753 16 October 1753 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangxi
33 Erong'an
鄂容安		 16 October 1753 1755 Killed in battle
Yengišan
尹繼善		 26 September 1754 29 November 1756 Stand-in as Viceroy of Southern Rivers
34 Yengišan
尹繼善		 29 November 1756 9 May 1765 Reassigned to the Imperial Cabinet
35 Gao Jin
高晉		 9 May 1765 25 February 1779 Died in office
36 Sazai
薩載		 25 February 1779 21 September 1780 Left office for filial mourning
37 Chen Huizu
陳輝祖		 21 September 1780 January 1781
Sazai
薩載		 January 1781 17 February 1783 Acting Viceroy of Liangjiang
38 Sazai
薩載		 17 February 1783 10 April 1786 Died in office
39 Li Shijie
李世傑		 10 April 1786 30 December 1787 Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Sichuan
Min Eyuan
閔鶚元		 11 April 1786 Stand-in as the Provincial Governor of Jiangsu
40 Shulin
書麟		 11 April 1786 11 July 1790 Dismissed from office
Fusong
福崧		 11 July 1790 Stand-in as the Provincial Governor of Jiangsu
41 Sun Shiyi
孫士毅		 14 July 1790 25 May 1791 Promoted to Secretary of Personnel
Changlin
長麟		 25 May 1791 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu
42 Shulin
書麟		 25 May 1791 14 August 1794 Dismissed from office
43 Fugang
富綱		 14 August 1794 23 January 1795 Demoted
Suringga
蘇凌阿		 14 August 1794 Stand-in as Secretary of Justice
44 Funing
福寧		 23 January 1795 2 August 1796 Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Sichuan
Suringga
蘇凌阿		 2 August 1796 6 November 1797 Stand-in as Secretary of Justice
45 Li Fenghan
李奉翰		 6 November 1797 18 March 1799 Died in office
46 Fei Chun
費淳		 18 March 1799 12 August 1803 Reassigned to serve as Secretary of War
47 Chen Dawen
陳大文		 12 August 1803 25 February 1805 Reassigned to serve as Left Censor-in-Chief
48 Tiebao
鐵保		 25 February 1805 24 August 1809 Dismissed from office
49 Alinbao
阿林保		 24 August 1809 11 January 1810 Died in office
50 Songyun
松筠		 11 January 1810 26 February 1811 Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Liangguang
51 Lebao
勒保		 26 February 1811 27 July 1811 Recalled back to the imperial capital
52 Bailing
百齡		 27 July 1811 25 December 1816
Songyun
松筠		 1 December 1816 Stand-in as Grand Secretary
53 Sun Yuting
孫玉庭		 25 December 1816 9 September 1824 Promoted to Grand Secretary of Tiren Cabinet (體仁閣大學士)
54 Wei Yuanyu
魏元煜		 28 January 1825 7 July 1825 Reassigned to serve as Viceroy of Caoyun
55 Qishan
琦善		 7 July 1825 5 June 1827 Dismissed from office
Jiang Youxian
蔣攸銛		 19 April 1827 5 June 1827 Stand-in as Grand Secretary of Tiren Cabinet (體仁閣大學士)
56 Jiang Youxian
蔣攸銛		 5 June 1827 11 October 1830 Recalled to the imperial capital
Tao Zhu
陶澍		 24 July 1830 11 October 1830 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu
57 Tao Zhu
陶澍		 11 October 1830 22 April 1839 Left office due to illness
58 Lin Zexu
林則徐		 22 April 1839 Reassigned to serve as Viceroy of Liangguang before he assumed office
Chen Luan
陳鑾		 22 April 1839 5 January 1840 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu
59 Deng Tingzhen
鄧廷楨		 5 January 1840 Reassigned to serve as Viceroy of Yun-Gui before he assumed office
60 Ilibu
伊里布		 21 January 1840 3 May 1841 Recalled to the imperial capital
Linqing
麟慶		 21 January 1840 Stand-in as Viceroy of Caoyun
Yuqian
裕謙		 6 August 1840 10 February 1841 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu
61 Yuqian
裕謙		 3 May 1841 22 October 1841 Died in office
Niu Jian
牛鑑		 19 October 1841 17 October 1842 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Henan
62 Qiying
耆英		 17 October 1842 19 March 1844
Bichang
璧昌		 6 April 1843 1 December 1843 Stand-in as General of Fuzhou
Sun Shanbao
孫善寶		 6 April 1843 1 December 1843 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu
Bichang
璧昌		 19 March 1844 21 January 1845 Stand-in as General of Fuzhou
Sun Shanbao
孫善寶		 19 March 1844 21 January 1845 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu
63 Bichang
璧昌		 21 January 1845 30 April 1847 Promoted to Interior Minister
Lu Jianying
陸建瀛		 8 March 1847 30 April 1847 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu
64 Li Xingyuan
李星沅		 30 April 1847 26 April 1849 Left office due to illness
65 Lu Jianying
陸建瀛		 26 April 1849 6 March 1853 Dismissed from office
Xianghou
祥厚		 6 March 1853 31 March 1853 Stand-in as General of Jiangning
Yang Wending
楊文定		 31 March 1853 27 May 1853 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu
66 Yiliang
怡良		 27 March 1853 5 May 1857
Zhao Dezhe
趙德轍		 5 May 1857 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu
He Guiqing
何桂清		 5 May 1857 26 July 1857 Stand-in as former Provincial Governor of Zhejiang
67 He Guiqing
何桂清		 26 July 1857 8 June 1860 Dismissed from office
Zeng Guofan
曾國藩		 8 June 1860 10 August 1860 Stand-in as former Vice Secretary of War
Xu Youren
徐有壬		 8 June 1860 18 June 1860 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu; killed in battle
Xue Huan
薛煥		 18 June 1860 Stand-in as Lieutenant-Governor of Jiangsu
68 Zeng Guofan
曾國藩		 10 August 1860 6 September 1868 Reassigned to serve as Viceroy of Zhili
Li Hongzhang
李鴻章		 23 May 1865 7 December 1866 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu
69 Ma Xinyi
馬新貽		 6 September 1868 29 August 1870 Assassinated in office
Kuiyu
魁玉		 29 August 1870 Stand-in as General of Jiangning
70 Zeng Guofan
曾國藩		 29 August 1870 20 March 1872 Died in office
He Jing
何璟		 20 March 1872 25 November 1872 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu
Zhang Shusheng
張樹聲		 25 November 1872 3 February 1873 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu
71 Li Zongxi
李宗羲		 3 February 1873 12 January 1875 Left office due to illness
Liu Kunyi
劉坤一		 12 January 1875 1 September 1875 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangxi
72 Shen Baozhen
沈葆楨		 30 May 1875 26 December 1879 Died in office
Wu Yuanbing
吳元炳		 28 March 1878 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu
Wu Yuanbing
吳元炳		 26 December 1879 July 1880 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu
73 Liu Kunyi
劉坤一		 27 December 1879 22 August 1881 Recalled to the imperial capital
74 Peng Yulin
彭玉麟		 22 August 1881 28 October 1881 Dismissed from office
75 Zuo Zongtang
左宗棠		 28 October 1881 8 February 1884 Left office due to illness
Yulu
裕祿		 8 February 1884 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Anhui; never assumed office
Zeng Guoquan
曾國荃		 16 February 1884 6 September 1887 Stand-in as Secretary of Rites
Yulu
裕祿		 6 September 1887 October 1887 Stand-in as Viceroy of Huguang
Zeng Guoquan
曾國荃		 October 1887 22 November 1890 Acting Viceroy of Liangjiang
Shen Bingcheng
沈秉成		 22 November 1890 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Anhui
76 Liu Kunyi
劉坤一		 22 November 1890 7 October 1902 Died in office
Zhang Zhidong
張之洞		 2 November 1894 2 January 1896 Stand-in as Viceroy of Huguang
Lu Chuanlin
鹿傳霖		 24 December 1899 3 May 1900 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu
Li Youfen
李有棻		 7 October 1902 Stand-in as Lieutenant-Governor of Jiangning
Zhang Zhidong
張之洞		 7 October 1902 20 March 1903 Stand-in as Viceroy of Huguang
77 Wei Guangtao
魏光燾		 5 December 1902 1 September 1904 Reassigned to serve as Viceroy of Min-Zhe
78 Li Xingrui
李興銳		 1 September 1904 31 October 1904 Died in office
79 Zhou Fu
周馥		 31 October 1904 2 September 1906 Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Min-Zhe
Duanfang
端方		 31 October 1904 2 September 1906 Stand-in as Provincial Governor of Jiangsu
80 Duanfang
端方		 2 September 1906 28 June 1909 Reassigned to serve as Viceroy of Zhili
Fan Zengxiang
樊增祥		 28 June 1909 Stand-in as Lieutenant-Governor of Jiangning
81 Zhang Renjun
張人駿		 28 June 1909 23 January 1912 Dismissed from office
Zhang Xun
張勳		 23 January 1912 Stand-in as Provincial Military Commander of Jiangnan

References

[edit]
  • Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao) (in Chinese). Vol. 197–199.
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