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#REDIRECT [[Library and information science]]
{{Short description|Branch of academic disciplines}}
{{Merge from|Library science|discuss=Talk:Library and information science#Proposed merge of Library science into Library and information science|date=May 2022}}
{{LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar}}

'''Library and information science(s) or studies''' ('''LIS''')<ref name="eolis17"/><ref name="dewey"/> is an [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]] field of study that deals generally with organization, access, collection, and protection/regulation of information, whether in physical (e.g. art, legal proceedings, etc.) or digital forms.

In spite of various trends to merge the two fields, some consider the two original disciplines, [[library science]] and [[information science]], to be separate.<ref name="Saracevic" /><ref name="concept" /> However, it is common today to use the terms synonymously or to drop the term "library" and to speak about ''information departments'' or ''[[I-school]]s''.<ref name="duedu" /> There have also been attempts to revive the concept of [[documentation]] and to speak of [[Library, information and documentation]] studies (or science).<ref>Rayward, W. B. (Ed.) (2004). Aware and responsible. Papers of the Nordic- International Colloquium on Social and Cultural Awareness and responsibility in Library, Information, and Documentation Studies (SCARLID). Lanham, MD:</ref>

== History ==
By the late 1960s, mainly due to the [[Meteoritics|meteoric]] rise of human computing power and the new academic disciplines formed therefrom, academic institutions began to add the term "information science" to their names. The first school to do this was at the [[University of Pittsburgh]] in 1964.<ref name="dekeolis" /> More schools followed during the 1970s and 1980s, and by the 1990s almost all library schools in the USA had added information science to their names. Although there are exceptions, similar developments have taken place in other parts of the world. In [[Denmark]], for example, the 'Royal School of Librarianship' changed its English name to [[The Royal School of Library and Information Science]] in 1997.

==Relations between library science, information science and LIS==
Tefko Saracevic (1992, p.&nbsp;13)<ref name="Saracevic"/> argued that library science and information science are separate fields:

{{quote|The common ground between library science and information science, which is a strong one, is in the sharing of their social role and in their general concern with the problems of effective utilization of graphic records. But there are also very significant differences in several critical respects, among them in: (1) selection of problems addressed and in the way they were defined; (2) theoretical questions asked and frameworks established;(3) the nature and degree of experimentation and empirical development and the resulting practical knowledge/competencies derived; (4) tools and approaches used; and (5) the nature and strength of interdisciplinary relations established and the dependence of the progress and evolution of interdisciplinary approaches. All of these differences warrant the conclusion that librarianship and information science are two different fields in a strong interdisciplinary relation, rather than one and the same field, or one being a special case of the other.}}

Another indication of the different uses of the two terms are the indexing in UMI's [[Dissertations Abstracts]]. In ''Dissertations Abstracts Online'' in November 2011 were 4888 dissertations indexed with the descriptor LIBRARY SCIENCE and 9053 with the descriptor INFORMATION SCIENCE. For the year 2009 the numbers were 104 LIBRARY SCIENCE and 514 INFORMATION SCIENCE. 891 dissertations were indexed with both terms (36 in 2009).{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

It should be considered that information science grew out of [[documentation science]] and therefore has a tradition for considering scientific and scholarly communication, [[bibliographic database]]s, subject knowledge and terminology etc. Library science, on the other hand has mostly concentrated on libraries and their internal processes and best practices.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} It is also relevant to consider that information science used to be done by scientists, while librarianship has been split between public libraries and scholarly research libraries. [[Library school]]s have mainly educated librarians for public libraries and not shown much interest in scientific communication and documentation. When information scientists from 1964 entered library schools, they brought with them competencies in relation to information retrieval in subject databases, including concepts such as recall and precision, boolean search techniques, query formulation and related issues. Subject bibliographic databases and citation indexes provided a major step forward in information dissemination - and also in the curriculum at library schools.

Julian Warner (2010)<ref name="Warner"/> suggests that the information and computer science tradition in [[information retrieval]] may broadly be characterized as '''query transformation''', with the query articulated verbally by the user in advance of searching and then transformed by a system into a set of records. From librarianship and indexing, on the other hand, has been an implicit stress on '''selection power''' enabling the user to make relevant selections.

==Difficulties defining LIS==
"The question, 'What is library and information science?' does not elicit responses of the same internal conceptual coherence as similar inquiries as to the nature of other fields, e.g., 'What is chemistry?', 'What is economics?', 'What is medicine?' Each of those fields, though broad in scope, has clear ties to basic concerns of their field. [...] Neither LIS theory nor practice is perceived to be monolithic nor unified by a common literature or set of professional skills. Occasionally, LIS scholars (many of whom do not self-identify as members of an interreading LIS community, or prefer names other than LIS), attempt, but are unable, to find core concepts in common. Some believe that computing and internetworking concepts and skills underlie virtually every important aspect of LIS, indeed see LIS as a sub-field of computer science! [Footnote III.1] Others claim that LIS is principally a social science accompanied by practical skills such as ethnography and interviewing. Historically, traditions of public service, bibliography, documentalism, and information science have viewed their mission, their philosophical toolsets, and their domain of research differently. Still others deny the existence of a greater metropolitan LIS, viewing LIS instead as a loosely organized collection of specialized interests often unified by nothing more than their shared (and fought-over) use of the descriptor information. Indeed, claims occasionally arise to the effect that the field even has no theory of its own." (Konrad, 2007, p.&nbsp;652–653).

=== A multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary or monodisciplinary field? ===
The Swedish researcher Emin Tengström (1993)<ref>Tengström, E. (1993). Biblioteks- och informationsvetenskapen - ett fler- eller tvär-vetenskapligt område? Svensk Biblioteksforskning,(1), 9–20.</ref> described [[cross-disciplinary]] research as a process, not a state or structure. He differentiates three levels of ambition regarding cross-disciplinary research:
* The "[[Pluridisciplinary]]" or "[[multidisciplinarity]]" level
* The genuine cross-disciplinary level: "[[interdisciplinarity]]"
* The discipline-forming level "[[transdisciplinarity]]"

What is described here is a view of social fields as dynamic and changing. Library and information science is viewed as a field that started as a multidisciplinary field based on literature, psychology, sociology, management, computer science etc., which is developing towards an [[academic discipline]] in its own right. However, the following quote seems to indicate that LIS is actually developing in the opposite direction:

Chua & Yang (2008)<ref name="amsocit"/> studied papers published in ''Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology'' in the period 1988–1997 and found, among other things: "Top authors have grown in diversity from those being affiliated predominantly with library/information-related departments to include those from information systems management, information technology, business, and the humanities. Amid heterogeneous clusters of collaboration among top authors, strongly connected crossdisciplinary
coauthor pairs have become more prevalent. Correspondingly, the distribution of top keywords’ occurrences that leans heavily on core information science has shifted towards other subdisciplines such as information technology and sociobehavioral science."

A more recent study revealed that 31% of the papers published in 31 LIS journals from 2007 through 2012 were by authors in academic departments of library and information science (i.e., those offering degree programs accredited by the [[American Library Association]] or similar professional organizations in other countries). Faculty in departments of [[computer science]] (10%), [[management]] (10%), [[communication]] (3%), the other social sciences (9%), and the other natural sciences (7%) were also represented. Nearly one-quarter of the papers in the 31 journals were by practicing librarians, and 6% were by others in non-academic (e.g., corporate) positions.<ref name="assist"/>

As a field with its own body of interrelated concepts, techniques, journals, and professional associations, LIS is clearly a discipline. But by the nature of its subject matter and methods LIS is just as clearly an [[interdiscipline]], drawing on many adjacent fields (see below).

=== A fragmented adhocracy ===
Richard Whitley (1984,<ref name="fragst"/> 2000)<ref name="intelorg"/> classified scientific fields according to their intellectual and social organization and described management studies as a 'fragmented [[adhocracy]]', a field with a low level of coordination around a diffuse set of goals and a non-specialized terminology; but with strong connections to the practice in the business sector. Åström (2006)<ref name="Astrom"/> applied this conception to the description of LIS.

=== Scattering of the literature ===
Meho & Spurgin (2005)<ref name="amsist"/> found that in a list of 2,625 items published between 1982 and 2002 by 68 faculty members of 18 schools of library and information science, only 10 databases provided significant coverage of the LIS literature. Results also show that restricting the data sources to one, two, or even three databases leads to inaccurate rankings and erroneous conclusions. Because no database provides comprehensive coverage of the LIS literature, researchers must rely on a wide range of disciplinary and multidisciplinary databases for ranking and other research purposes. Even when the nine most comprehensive databases in LIS was searched and combined, 27.0% (or 710 of 2,635) of the publications remain not found.
{{quote|The study confirms earlier research that LIS literature is highly scattered and is not limited to standard LIS databases. What was not known or verified before, however, is that a significant amount of this literature is indexed in the interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary databases of Inside Conferences and INSPEC. Other interdisciplinary databases, such as America: History and Life, were also found to be very useful and complementary to traditional LIS databases, particularly in the areas of archives and library history. (Meho & Spurgin, 2005, p.1329).}}

==The unique concern of library and information science==
"Concern for people becoming informed is not unique to LIS, and thus is insufficient to differentiate LIS from other fields. LIS are a part of a larger enterprise." (Konrad, 2007, p.&nbsp;655).<ref name="eschol"/>

"The unique concern of LIS is recognized as: Statement of the core concern of LIS:
'''Humans becoming informed (constructing meaning) via intermediation between inquirers and instrumented records'''. No other field has this as its concern. " (Konrad, 2007, p.&nbsp;660)

"Note that the promiscuous term ''information'' does not appear in the above statement circumscribing the field's central concerns: The detrimental effects of the ambiguity this term provokes are discussed above (Part III). Furner [Furner 2004, 427] has shown that discourse in the field is improved where specific terms are utilized in place of the i-word for specific senses of that term." (Konrad, 2007, p.&nbsp;661).

Michael Buckland wrote: "Educational programs in library, information and documentation are concerned with what people know, are not limited to technology, and require wide-ranging expertise. They differ fundamentally and importantly from computer science programs and from the information systems programs found in business schools.".<ref name="scarlid"/>

Bawden and Robinson argue that while Information Science has overlaps with numerous other disciplines with interest in studying communication, it is unique in that it is concerned with all aspects of the communication chain.<ref name = "Bawden"/>{{rp|6,8}} For example, Computer Science may be interested in the indexing and retrieval, sociology with user studies, and publishing (business) with dissemination, whereas information science is interested in the study of all of these individual areas and the interactions between them.<ref name="Bawden"/>{{rp|6}}

The organization of information and information resources is one of the fundamental aspects of LIS.<ref name="Bawden"/>{{rp|106}} and is an example of both LIS's uniqueness and its multidisciplinary origins. Some of the main tools used by LIS toward this end to provide access to the digital resources of modern times (particularly theory relating to indexing and classification) originated in 19th century to assist humanity's effort to make its intellectual output accessible by recording, identifying, and providing bibliographic control of printed knowledge.<ref name="Bawden"/>{{rp|105}} The origin for some of these tools were even earlier. For example, in the 17th century, during the [[History of libraries#Enlightenment era libraries|'golden age of libraries']], publishers and sellers seeking to take advantage of the burgeoning book trade developed descriptive catalogs of their wares for distribution – a practice was adopted and further extrapolated by many libraries of the time to cover areas like philosophy, sciences, linguistics, medicine, etc.<ref name="libhist"/> {{rp|120}} In this way, a business concern of publishers – keeping track of and advertising inventory – was developed into a system for organizing and preserving information by the library.

The development of [[Metadata]] is another area that exemplifies the aim of LIS to be something more than an mishmash of several disciplines – that uniqueness Bawden and Robinson describe. Pre-Internet classification systems and [[cataloging]] systems were mainly concerned with two objectives: 1. to provide rich bibliographic descriptions and relations between information objects and 2. to facilitate sharing of this bibliographic information across library boundaries.<ref name = "Qin"/> {{rp|14}} The development of the Internet and the information explosion that followed found many communities needing mechanisms for the description, authentication and management of their information.<ref name = "Qin"/>{{rp|15}} These communities developed taxonomies and controlled vocabularies to describe their knowledge as well as unique information architectures to communicate these classifications and libraries found themselves as liaison or translator between these metadata systems.<ref name = "Qin"/>{{rp|15–16}} Of course the concerns of cataloging in the Internet era have gone beyond simple bibliographic descriptions. The need for descriptive information about the ownership and copyright of a digital product – a publishing concern – and description for the different formats and accessibility features of a resource – a sociological concern – show the continued development and cross discipline necessity of resource description.<ref name = "Qin"/>{{rp|15}}

In the 21st century, the usage of [[open data]], [[open source]] and [[open protocol]]s like [[OAI-PMH]] has allowed thousands of libraries and institutions to collaborate on the production of global metadata services previously offered only by increasingly expensive commercial proprietary products. Examples include [[BASE (search engine)|BASE]] and [[Unpaywall]], which automates the search of an [[academic paper]] across thousands of repositories by libraries and research institutions.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Dalmeet Singh|last1=Chawla|title=Unpaywall finds free versions of paywalled papers|url=http://www.nature.com/news/unpaywall-finds-free-versions-of-paywalled-papers-1.21765|journal=Nature News|year=2017|doi=10.1038/nature.2017.21765|s2cid=86694031}}</ref>

Christopher M. Owusu-Ansah argued that, ''Many African universities have employed distance education to expand access to education and digital libraries can ensure seamless access to information for distance learners.''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Owusu-Ansah |first1=Christopher M. |date=March 2021 |title=Going the full distance: Strategic support for digital libraries in distance education at the University of Education, Winneba in Ghana |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0961000618772871 |journal=Journal of Librarianship and Information Science |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages= 3–15|doi=10.1177/0961000618772871 |s2cid=86710064 |access-date=2022-02-10}}</ref>

==LIS theories==
Julian Warner (2010, p.&nbsp;4–5)<ref name="Warner"/> suggests that

{{quote|Two paradigms, the cognitive and the physical, have been distinguished in information retrieval research, but they share the assumption of the value of delivering relevant records (Ellis 1984, 19;<ref name="ellis84"/> Belkin and Vickery 1985, 114<ref name="blrep"/>). For the purpose of discussion here, they can be considered a single heterogeneous paradigm, linked but not united by this common assumption. The value placed on query transformation is dissonant with common practice, where users may prefer to explore an area and may value fully informed exploration. Some dissenting research discussions have been more congruent with practice, advocating explorative capability—the ability to explore and make discriminations between representations of objects—as the fundamental design principle for information retrieval systems.}}

Among other approaches, [[Evidence Based Library and Information Practice]] should also be mentioned.

==Journals==
(see also List of LIS Journals in India page, ''[[:Category:Library science journals]]'' and [[Journal Citation Reports]] for listing according to [[Impact factor]])

Some core journals in LIS are:

* [[Annual Review of Information Science and Technology]] (ARIST) (1966–2011)
* [[El Profesional de la Información]] [[:es:El Profesional de la Información|(es)]] (EPI) (1992–) (Formerly Information World en Español)
* [[Information Processing and Management]]
* [[Information Research: An International Electronic Journal]] (IR) (1995–)
* [[Italian Journal of Library and Information Studies]] (JLIS.it)
* [[Journal of Documentation]] (JDoc) (1945–)
* [[Journal of Information Science]] (JIS) (1979–)
* [[Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology]] (Formerly [[Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology]]) (JASIST) (1950–)
* [[Knowledge Organization (journal)]]
* Library Literature and Information Science Retrospective<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebsco.com/products/digital-archives/retrospective-indexes/library-literature-information-science-retrospective|title = Library Literature & Information Science Retrospective: 1905–1983 &#124; EBSCO}}</ref>
* [[Library Trends]] (1952–)
* [[Scientometrics (journal)]] (1978–)
* [[The Library Quarterly]] (LQ) (1931–)
* [[Grandhalaya Sarvaswam]] (1915–)

Important bibliographical databases in LIS are, among others, [[Social Sciences Citation Index]] and [[Library and Information Science Abstracts]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/home/lis|title=Journal of Librarianship and Information Science|website=SAGE Journals}}</ref>

==Conferences==
This is a list of some of the major conferences in the field.

*Annual meeting of the [[American Society for Information Science and Technology]]
* [[Conceptions of Library and Information Science]]
* [[i-School]]s' iConferences
* The [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]] (IFLA): World Library and Information Congress<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://conference.ifla.org/|title=World Library and Information Congress - IFLA General Conference and Assembly|date=July 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706164140/http://conference.ifla.org/|archive-date=2015-07-06}}</ref>
* [[African Library and Information Associations and Institutions]] (AfLIA) Conference<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conferences |url=https://web.aflia.net/conferences/ |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=African Library & Information Associations & Institutions |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Common subfields==
{{Information science}}
An advertisement for a full Professor in information science at the Royal School of Library and Information Science, spring 2011, provides one view of which subdisciplines are well-established:<ref name="staten"/> "The research and teaching/supervision must be within some (and at least one) of these well-established information science areas
* a. [[Knowledge organization]]
* b. [[Library studies]]
* c. [[Information architecture]]
* d. [[Information behavior]]
* e. Interactive [[information retrieval]]
* f. [[Information systems]]
* g. [[Scholarly communication]]
* h. [[Digital literacy]] (cf [[information literacy]])
* i. [[Bibliometrics]] or [[scientometrics]]
* j. [[Interaction design]] and [[user experience]]"
* k. [[Digital library]]

There are other ways to identify subfields within LIS, for example bibliometric mapping and comparative studies of curricula.
Bibliometric maps of LIS have been produced by, among others, Vickery & Vickery (1987, frontispiece),<ref name="istp"/> White & McCain (1998),<ref name="jouram"/> Åström (2002),<ref name="visual"/> 2006) and Hassan-Montero & Herrero-Solana (2007).<ref name="visual22"/>
An example of a curriculum study is Kajberg & Lørring, 2005.<ref name="eurcur"/> In this publication are the following data reported (p 234):
"Degree of overlap of the ten curricular themes with subject areas in the current curricula of responding LIS schools
* [[Information seeking]] and [[Information retrieval]] 100%
* [[Library management]] and promotion 96%
* [[Knowledge management]] 86%
* [[Knowledge organization]] 82%
* [[Information literacy]] and learning 76%
* Library and society in a historical perspective ([[Library history]]) 66%
* The [[Information society]]: Barriers to the [[free access to information]] 64%
* [[Cultural heritage]] and digitisation of the cultural heritage ([[Digital preservation]]) 62%
* The library in the multi-cultural information society: International and intercultural communication 42%
* Mediation of culture in a special European context 26% "

There is often an overlap between these subfields of LIS and other fields of study. Most information retrieval research, for example, belongs to computer science. Knowledge management is considered a subfield of management or organizational studies.<ref name="ieos"/>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Archival science]]
* [[Authority control]]
* [[Bibliography]]
* [[Digital Asset Management]] (DAM)
* [[Documentation science]]
* [[Education for librarianship]]
* [[Glossary of library and information science]]
* [[I-school]]
* [[Information history]]
* [[Information systems]]
* [[Knowledge management]]
* [[Library and information scientist]]
* [[Metadata]]
* [[Museology]]
* [[Museum informatics]]
* [[Records Management]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="eolis17">Bates, M.J. and Maack, M.N. (eds.). (2010). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences. Vol. 1–7. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA. Also available as an electronic source.</ref>

<ref name="dewey">Library and Information Sciences is the name used in the [[Dewey Decimal Classification]] for class 20 from the 18th edition (1971) to the 22nd edition (2003)</ref>

<ref name="dekeolis">Galvin, T. J. (1977). Pittsburgh. University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Library and Information Sciences. IN: Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science (Vol. 22). Ed. by A. Kent, H. Lancour & J.E.Daily. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. (pp. 280–291)</ref>

<ref name="Saracevic">Saracevic, Tefko (1992). Information science: origin, evolution and relations. In: ''Conceptions of library and information science. Historical, empirical and theoretical perspectives''. Edited by Pertti Vakkari & Blaise Cronin. London: Taylor Graham (pp. 5–27).</ref>

<ref name="concept">Miksa, Francis L. (1992). Library and information science: two paradigms. In: ''Conceptions of library and information science. Historical, empirical and theoretical perspectives''. Edited by Pertti Vakkari & Blaise Cronin. London: Taylor Graham (pp. 229–252).</ref>

<ref name="duedu">{{Cite journal|title=Educating a new generation of library and information science professionals:A United States perspective|url=https://digitalcommons.du.edu/lis_facpub|journal=Digital Commons @ DU|volume=82|issue=2|pages=189–206}}</ref>

<ref name="Warner">Warner, Julian (2010). ''Human information retrieval.''Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press</ref>

<ref name="amsocit">{{cite journal |last1=Chua |first1=Alton Y.K. |last2=Yang |first2=Christopher C. |title=The shift towards multi-disciplinarity in information science |journal=Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology |date=November 2008 |volume=59 |issue=13 |pages=2156–2170 |doi=10.1002/asi.20929 }}</ref>

<ref name="assist">{{cite journal |last1=Walters |first1=William H. |last2=Wilder |first2=Esther Isabelle |title=Disciplinary, national, and departmental contributions to the literature of library and information science, 2007-2012 |journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology |date=June 2016 |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=1487–1506 |doi=10.1002/asi.23448 |s2cid=205441125 }}</ref>

<ref name="fragst">{{cite journal |last1=Whitley |first1=Richard |title=The fragmented state of management studies: Reasons and consequences |journal=Journal of Management Studies |date=July 1984 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=331–348 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-6486.1984.tb00415.x }}</ref>

<ref name="intelorg">Whitley, R. (2000). The intellectual and social organization of the sciences.
Oxford University Press, Oxford.</ref>

<ref name="Astrom">{{cite thesis |last1=Åström |first1=Fredrik |title=The social and intellectual development of library and information science |date=2006 |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-943 }}</ref>

<ref name="amsist">{{cite journal |last1=Meho |first1=Lokman I. |last2=Spurgin |first2=Kristina M. |title=Ranking the research productivity of library and information science faculty and schools: An evaluation of data sources and research methods |journal=Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology |date=October 2005 |volume=56 |issue=12 |pages=1314–1331 |doi=10.1002/asi.20227 }}</ref>

<ref name="eschol">{{cite thesis |last1=Konrad |first1=Allan |title=On Inquiry: Human Concept Formation and Construction of Meaning through Library and Information Science Intermediation |date=2007 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1s76b6hp }}</ref>

<ref name="scarlid">Buckland, Michael K. (2004). Reflections on social and cultural awareness and responsibility in library, information and documentation - Commentary on the SCARLID colloquium. In: Rayward, W. B. (Ed.). ''Aware and responsible. Papers of the Nordic- International Colloquium on Social and Cultural Awareness and responsibility in Library, Information, and Documentation Studies (SCARLID)''. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. (pp. 169–175).</ref>

<ref name = "Bawden">{{cite book|last1=Bawden|first1=David|last2=Robinson|first2=Lyn|title=Introduction to information science|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin0000bawd|url-access=registration|date=2013|publisher=Neal-Schuman Publishers, Incorporated|location=Chicago|isbn=9781555708610}}</ref>

<ref name="libhist">{{cite book|last1=Murray|first1=Stuart|title=Library : an illustrated history.|date=2012|publisher=W W Norton|location=New York|isbn=9781616084530}}</ref>

<ref name = "Qin">{{cite book|last1=Zeng|first1=Marcia Lei|last2=Qin|first2=Jian|title=Metadata.|date=2014|publisher=Neal-Schuman|location=New York|isbn=978-1-55570-965-5}}</ref>

<ref name="ellis84">Ellis, David (1984). Theory and explanation in information retrieval research. ''Journal of Information Science'', 8, 25-38</ref>

<ref name="blrep">Belkin, N. J. & Vickery, A. (1985)- ''Interaction in information systems: A review of research from document retrieval to knowledge-based systems.'' London: British Library (Library and Information Research Report 35).</ref>

<ref name="staten">Advertisement for a full Professor in information science at the Royal School of Library and Information Science, spring 2011: {{cite web|url=http://www.job-i-staten.dk/SearchResults/position-as-full-professor-in-information-science-lja-3723916.aspx?jobId%3DLJA-3723916%26list%3DSearchResultsJobsIds%26index%3D6%26querydesc%3DSearchJobQueryDescription%26viewedfrom%3D1 |title=Jobnet forside |access-date=2011-11-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425131559/http://www.job-i-staten.dk/SearchResults/position-as-full-professor-in-information-science-lja-3723916.aspx?jobId=LJA-3723916&list=SearchResultsJobsIds&index=6&querydesc=SearchJobQueryDescription&viewedfrom=1 |archive-date=2012-04-25 }}</ref>

<ref name="istp">Vickery, Brian & Vickery, Alina (1987). ''Information science in theory and practice. London: Bowker-Saur.</ref>

<ref name="jouram">{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=Howard D. |last2=McCain |first2=Katherine W. |title=Visualizing a discipline: An author co-citation analysis of information science, 1972–1995 |journal=Journal of the American Society for Information Science |date=1998 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=327–355 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(19980401)49:4<327::AID-ASI4>3.0.CO;2-4 |url=https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(19980401)49:4%3C327::AID-ASI4%3E3.0.CO;2-4 }}</ref>

<ref name="visual">Åström, Fredrik (2002) Visualizing Library and Information Science concept spaces through keyword and citation based maps and clusters. In: Bruce, Fidel, Ingwersen & Vakkari (Eds.). Emerging frameworks and methods: Proceedings of the fourth international conference on conceptions of Library and Information Science (CoLIS4), pp. 185–197. Greenwood Village: Libraries unlimited.</ref>

<ref name="visual22">Hassan-Montero, Y., Herrero-Soalana, V. (2007). Visualizing Library and Information Science from the practitioner's perspective. 11th International Conference of the International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics
June 25–27, 2007, Madrid (Spain). http://yusef.es/Visualizing_LIS.pdf</ref>

<ref name="eurcur">Kajberg, Leif & Lørring, Leif (eds.). (2005). ''European Curriculum Reflections on Library and Information Science Education.'' Copenhagen: The Royal School of Library and Information Science. http://library.upt.ro/LIS_Bologna.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425132736/http://library.upt.ro/LIS_Bologna.pdf |date=2012-04-25 }}</ref>

<ref name="ieos">{{cite book|editor1-last=Clegg|editor1-first=Stewart|editor2-last=Bailey|editor2-first=James R.|title=International Encyclopedia of Organizational Studies|date=2008|publisher=Sage Publications Inc.|location=Los Angeles, Calif.|isbn=978-1-4129-5390-0|pages=758–762}}</ref>


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==Further reading==
{{Infobox library classification|DDC=020}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Åström |first1=Fredrik |title=Formalizing a discipline: The institutionalization of library and information science research in the Nordic countries |journal=Journal of Documentation |date=2008-09-05 |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=721–737 |doi=10.1108/00220410810899736 }}
* {{cite book|isbn=978-1-55570-861-0|title=Introduction to Information Science|last1=Bawden|first1=David|last2=Robinson|first2=Lyn|date=20 August 2012}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Järvelin |first1=Kalervo |last2=Vakkari |first2=Pertti |title=The evolution of library and information science 1965–1985: A content analysis of journal articles |journal=Information Processing & Management |date=January 1993 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=129–144 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(93)90028-C }}
* {{cite journal |last1=McNicol |first1=Sarah |title=LIS: the interdisciplinary research landscape |journal=Journal of Librarianship and Information Science |date=March 2003 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=23–30 |doi=10.1177/096100060303500103 |s2cid=220912521 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Dick |first1=Archie L. |title=Library and Information Science as a Social Science: Neutral and Normative Conceptions |journal=The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy |date=1995 |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=216–235 |doi=10.1086/602777 |jstor=4309022 |s2cid=142825177 }}

{{Libraries and library science}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Library and information science| ]]

[[hu:Könyvtár- és információtudomány]]
[[sv:Biblioteks- och informationsvetenskap]]

Latest revision as of 12:30, 1 June 2024

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