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The thiufa was the highest division of the Visigothic army in Hispania. Based on the known decimal structure of the rest of the army, it seems likely that it was nominally composed of one thousand men. Its commander was called a thiufadus (also tiuphadus).^[1]^[2]

Structure

It is unknown if the thiufae were ever actually called into service or if they existed only on paper. Perhaps smaller or larger units formed the actual basis of the Visigothic army.^{[citation needed]}

Etymology

The term thiufadus derives from either the Latin devotus or the Germanic thusundifaths. The mechanism of the transmission via the latter is, however, considered impossible by some.^[3] The Latin devotus was generally applied by the Ostrogoths and Visigoths to high-ranking Goths in the Gothic language as thiwadus.^[3]

Thiufadus

A class of officials called the confiscatores or exactores in the Codex Theodosianus, Lex Salica, and Edictum Chilperici are referred to in the early Visigothic laws of Theudis as compulsares vel executores. In the later Visigothic laws, like the Liber Iudiciorum, they go by various titles: compulsor exercitus, servus dominicus, or thiufadus.^[3] The thiufadus was elsewhere called a vassus regis (vassal of the king) and agente in rebus.^[3]

The thiufadus, however, was both a military and judicial official.^[3] His position is immediately below that of the comes (count) or vicarius (vicar): a position the same as that of the Frankish thunginus or Late Roman ducenarius.^[3] Their position in the army was above that of the centenarius (commander of a hundred), but it cannot be positively identified with the position of millenarius (commander of a thousand).^[3]

The Liber Iudiciorum augmented the powers of the thiufadi. In their double capacity as general and judge they were assisted by sayos. The thiufadus, who controlled the countryside, seems to have been weaker than the counts who controlled the civitates, city districts.

Notes

^ Thompson, E. A. (1969). The Goths in Spain. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
^ Contamine, Phillippe; trans. Michael Jones (1984). War in the Middle Ages. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd., page 20.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Wiener, Leo (1915). Commentary to the Germanic Laws and Mediaeval Documents. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Commentary to the Germanic Laws and Medieval Documents.

Sources

Thompson, E. A. The Goths in Spain. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.
Contamine, Phillippe. War in the Middle Ages. trans. Michael Jones. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd, 1984.
Wiener, Leo. Commentary to the Germanic Laws and Medieval Documents. London: Oxford University Press, 1915.

[thompson-1] Thompson, E. A. (1969). The Goths in Spain. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

[contamine-2] Contamine, Phillippe; trans. Michael Jones (1984). War in the Middle Ages. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd., page 20.

[wiener-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Wiener, Leo (1915). Commentary to the Germanic Laws and Mediaeval Documents. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Commentary to the Germanic Laws and Medieval Documents.

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[2]

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+The '''''thiufa''''' was the highest division of the [[Visigothic]] army in [[Hispania]]. Based on the known decimal structure of the rest of the army, it seems likely that it was nominally composed of one thousand men. Its commander was called a '''''thiufadus''''' (also ''tiuphadus'').<ref name=thompson>{{cite book | last =Thompson | first =E. A. | title =The Goths in Spain | publisher =Clarendon Press | year =1969 | location =Oxford}}</ref><ref name=contamine>{{cite book | last =Contamine | first =Phillippe | last2 = trans. Michael Jones | title =War in the Middle Ages | publisher =Basil Blackwell Ltd | year =1984 | location =Oxford}}, page 20.</ref>
-{{Ibid|date=April 2010}}{{Orphan|date=March 2007}}
-The '''''thiufa''''' was the highest division of the [[Visigothic]] army in [[Hispania]]. Based on the known decimal structure of the rest of the army, it seems likely that it was nominally composed of one thousand men. Its commander was called a '''''thiufadus''''' (also ''tiuphadus'').<ref>Thompson. Contamine, 20.</ref>
 ==Structure==
-It is unknown if the ''thiufae'' were every actually called into service or if they existed only on paper. Perhaps smaller or larger units formed the actual basis of the Visigothic army.
+It is unknown if the ''thiufae'' were ever actually called into service or if they existed only on paper. Perhaps smaller or larger units formed the actual basis of the Visigothic army.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}
 ==Etymology==
-The term ''thiufadus'' derives from either the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''devotus'' or the [[Germanic language|Germanic]] ''thusundifaths''. The mechanism of the transmission via the latter is, however, considered impossible by some.<ref>Wiener, II, 1.</ref> The Latin ''devotus'' was generally applied by the [[Ostrogoths]] and Visigoths to high-ranking Goths in the [[Gothic language]] as ''thiwadus''.
+The term ''thiufadus'' derives from either the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''devotus'' or the [[Germanic language|Germanic]] ''thusundifaths''. The mechanism of the transmission via the latter is, however, considered impossible by some.<ref name=wiener>{{cite book | last =Wiener | first =Leo | title = Commentary to the Germanic Laws and Mediaeval Documents | publisher =Harvard University Press | year =1915 | location =Cambridge | url = https://archive.org/details/cu31924021216217| quote =Commentary to the Germanic Laws and Medieval Documents. }}</ref> The Latin ''devotus'' was generally applied by the [[Ostrogoths]] and Visigoths to high-ranking Goths in the [[Gothic language]] as ''thiwadus''.<ref name=wiener/>
 ==Thiufadus==
-A class of officials called the ''confiscatores'' or ''exactores'' in the ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'', ''[[Lex Salica]]'', and ''[[Edictum Chilperici]]'' are referred to in the early Visigothic laws of [[Theudis]] as ''compulsares vel executores''. In the later Visigothic laws, like the ''[[Liber Iudiciorum]]'' [[Reccesuinth]] , they go by various titles: ''[[compulsor exercitus]]'', ''servus dominicus'', or ''thiufadus''.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The thiufadus was elsewhere called a ''vassus regis'' (vassal of the king) and ''agente in rebus''.<ref>Ibid.</ref>
+A class of officials called the ''confiscatores'' or ''exactores'' in the ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'', ''[[Lex Salica]]'', and ''[[Edictum Chilperici]]'' are referred to in the early [[Visigothic laws]] of [[Theudis]] as ''compulsares vel executores''. In the later Visigothic laws, like the ''[[Liber Iudiciorum]]'', they go by various titles: ''[[compulsor exercitus]]'', ''servus dominicus'', or ''thiufadus''.<ref name=wiener/> The thiufadus was elsewhere called a ''vassus regis'' ([[vassal]] of the king) and ''agente in rebus''.<ref name=wiener/>
-The thiufadus, however, was both a military and judicial official.<ref>Ibid.</ref> His position is immediately below that of the ''[[comes]]'' (count) or ''[[vicarius]]'' (vicar): a position the same as that of the [[Frankish]] ''[[thunginus]]'' or [[Late Antiquity|Late Roman]] ''[[ducenarius]]''.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Their position in the army was above that of the ''[[centurion|centenarius]]'' (commander of a hundred), but it cannot be positively indentified with the position of ''millenarius'' (commander of a thousand).<ref>Ibid.</ref>
+The thiufadus, however, was both a military and judicial official.<ref name=wiener/> His position is immediately below that of the ''[[comes]]'' (count) or ''[[vicarius]]'' (vicar): a position the same as that of the [[Franks|Frankish]] ''[[thunginus]]'' or [[Late Antiquity|Late Roman]] ''[[ducenarius]]''.<ref name=wiener/> Their position in the army was above that of the ''[[centurion|centenarius]]'' (commander of a hundred), but it cannot be positively identified with the position of ''millenarius'' (commander of a thousand).<ref name=wiener/>
 The ''Liber Iudiciorum'' augmented the powers of the ''thiufadi''. In their double capacity as general and judge they were assisted by ''sayos''. The ''thiufadus'', who controlled the countryside, seems to have been weaker than the counts who controlled the ''civitates'', city districts.
@@ Line 19: / Line 18: @@
 ==Sources==
 *Thompson, E. A. ''The Goths in Spain''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.
 *Contamine, Phillippe. ''War in the Middle Ages''. trans. Michael Jones. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd, 1984.
 *Wiener, Leo. ''[http://www.northvegr.org/lore/germaniclaw/index.php Commentary to the Germanic Laws and Medieval Documents]''. London: Oxford University Press, 1915.
+[[Category:Military units and formations of the Middle Ages]]
+[[Category:Visigothic Kingdom]]
-{{Spain-hist-stub}}
-[[Category:Visigothic Hispania]]
-[[ca:Thiufadi]]
-[[es:Thiufadus]]
-[[la:Thiufadus]]